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Li J, Chen S, Yu B, Li Q, Liu R, Wang Z, Wan L, Zhao Y. TIR immune signalling is blocked by phosphorylation to maintain plant growth. NATURE PLANTS 2025:10.1038/s41477-025-02012-x. [PMID: 40490532 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-025-02012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 06/11/2025]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins are immune signalling components and function as NAD+-cleaving enzymes to activate defence responses. In plants, TIR activation triggers cell death and severely represses growth, especially under osmotic stress, while in animals, it promotes axon degeneration. However, the mechanisms regulating TIR suppression remain unclear. Here we show that TIR NADase activity requires a conserved serine residue spatially close to the catalytic glutamate. The osmotic-stress-activated plant Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), the mammalian Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta (CAMK2D) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) phosphorylate TIR domains at this conserved serine, which blocks TIR NADase activities and functions, thereby maintaining growth in plants and suppressing SARM1 TIR signalling in animals. Our findings define a fundamental molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue inhibits TIR signalling in plants and animals and sustains plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zaiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Sutherland CA, Stevens DM, Seong K, Wei W, Krasileva KV. The resistance awakens: Diversity at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels informs engineering of plant immune receptors from Arabidopsis to crops. THE PLANT CELL 2025; 37:koaf109. [PMID: 40344182 PMCID: PMC12118082 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaf109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2025] [Revised: 04/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
Plants rely on germline-encoded, innate immune receptors to sense pathogens and initiate the defense response. The exponential increase in quality and quantity of genomes, RNA-seq datasets, and protein structures has underscored the incredible biodiversity of plant immunity. Arabidopsis continues to serve as a valuable model and theoretical foundation of our understanding of wild plant diversity of immune receptors, while expansion of study into agricultural crops has also revealed distinct evolutionary trajectories and challenges. Here, we provide the classical context for study of both intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors and surface-localized pattern recognition receptors at the levels of DNA sequences, transcriptional regulation, and protein structures. We then examine how recent technology has shaped our understanding of immune receptor evolution and informed our ability to efficiently engineer resistance. We summarize current literature and provide an outlook on how researchers take inspiration from natural diversity in bioengineering efforts for disease resistance from Arabidopsis and other model systems to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler A Sutherland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyungyong Seong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ksenia V Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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3
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Li Z, Zhou X, Li F. H 2O 2-driven plant immunity requires post-translational modification as a switch. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025:S1360-1385(25)00097-4. [PMID: 40268562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2025.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2025] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has an essential role in plant stress and immunity responses, but how H2O2 regulates these processes remain unclear. Recent findings showed that H2O2 enhances resistance in infected or distal tissues by fine-tuning the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of two key transcription factors, basic helix-loop-helix 25 (bHLH25) and CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE), within plant immunity signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China.
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4
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Tian H, Zhang Y. Activation and inhibition of helper NLRs in TIR signaling of higher plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2025:S2095-9273(25)00234-8. [PMID: 40118723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2025.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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5
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Xiao Y, Wu X, Wang Z, Ji K, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wan L. Activation and inhibition mechanisms of a plant helper NLR. Nature 2025; 639:438-446. [PMID: 39939758 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/14/2025]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors sense pathogen effectors and form resistosomes to confer immunity1. Some sensor NLR resistosomes produce small molecules to induce formation of a heterotrimer complex with two lipase-like proteins, EDS1 and SAG101, and a helper NLR called NRG1 (refs. 2,3). Activation of sensor NLR resistosomes also triggers NRG1 oligomerization and resistosome formation at the plasma membrane4,5. We demonstrate that the Arabidopsis AtEDS1-AtSAG101-AtNRG1A heterotrimer formation is stabilized by the AtNRG1A loss-of-oligomerization mutant L134E5,6. We report structures of AtEDS1-AtSAG101-AtNRG1A L134E and AtEDS1-AtSAG101-AtNRG1C heterotrimers with similar assembly mechanisms. AtNRG1A signalling is activated by the interaction with the AtEDS1-AtSAG101 heterodimer in complex with their small-molecule ligand. The truncated AtNRG1C maintains core interacting domains of AtNRG1A but develops further interactions with AtEDS1-AtSAG101 to outcompete AtNRG1A. Moreover, AtNRG1C lacks an N-terminal signalling domain and shows nucleocytoplasmic localization, facilitating its sequestration of AtEDS1-AtSAG101, which is also nucleocytoplasmic. Our study shows the activation and inhibition mechanisms of a plant helper NLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Zhang Q, Gao D, Tian L, Feussner K, Li B, Yang L, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Feussner I, Xu F. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-only genes contribute to immune responses in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2025; 197:kiaf030. [PMID: 39843224 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaf030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
Proteins with Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are widely distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, serving as essential components of immune signaling. Although monocots lack the major TIR nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-type (TNL) immune receptors, they possess a small number of TIR-only proteins, the function of which remains largely unknown. In the monocot maize (Zea mays), there are 3 conserved TIR-only genes in the reference genome, namely ZmTIR1 to ZmTIR3. A genome-wide scan for TIR genes and comparative analysis revealed that these genes exhibit low sequence diversity and do not show copy number variation among 26 diverse inbred lines. ZmTIR1 and ZmTIR3, but not ZmTIR2, specifically trigger cell death and defense gene expression when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These responses depend on the critical glutamic acid and cysteine residues predicted to be essential for TIR-mediated NADase and 2',3'-cAMP/cGMP synthetase activity, respectively, as well as the key TIR downstream regulator Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1). Overexpression of ZmTIR3 in N. benthamiana produces signaling molecules, including 2'cADPR, 2',3'-cAMP, and 2',3'-cGMP, a process that requires the enzymatic glutamic acid and cysteine residues of ZmTIR3. ZmTIR expression in maize is barely detectable under normal conditions but is substantially induced by different pathogens. Importantly, the maize Zmtir3 knockout mutant exhibits enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus, highlighting the role of ZmTIR3 in maize immunity. Overall, our results unveil the function of the maize ZmTIRs. We propose that the pathogen-inducible ZmTIRs play an important role in maize immunity, likely through their enzymatic activity and via EDS1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Derong Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Bin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Long Yang
- Agricultural Big-Data Research Center and College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Maize Biology and Genetic Breeding in Arid Area of Northwest Region of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Fang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Precision Molecular Crop Design and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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7
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Maruta N, Sorbello M, Kobe B. TIR-mediated immune signaling through the EDS1:PAD4:ADR1 node is conserved in monocots and dicots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2025; 18:192-194. [PMID: 40420534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 12/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against pathogens by activating two interconnected layers of immunity: pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Recent studies shed light on a number of unanswered questions in these pathways and demonstrate a conserved structural basis, in monocots and dicots, of signaling through the EDS1:PAD4:ADR1 module, downstream of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing immune receptors that cleave the dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The studies define a new function for TIR domain proteins in monocots and suggest that the signaling molecule 5″-phosphoribosyl (pRib)-AMP is derived from the TIR product 2'-adenosine diphosphate ribose (2'cADPR). These findings have important implications for developing the strategies to breed resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Sorbello
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Nie JA, Ding XH, Zhong XRY, Shi WC, Gao Z. Transcellular regulation of ETI-induced cell death. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025:S1360-1385(25)00005-6. [PMID: 39884915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2025.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
To address the persistent challenge of cell death spread and limitation during effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we propose a 'concentric circle' model. This model outlines a regulatory framework, integrating multiple cells and diverse signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and Ca2+. By accounting for the varying concentrations and spatiotemporal distributions of these molecules, our model aims for precision in immune defense and regulated cell death. To validate this model, a pathosystem-triggering ETI without pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is required. Here, we review potential ETI elicitors, including victorin, thaxtomin A, and second messengers. We anticipate that future discovery of 'pure' ETI-triggering effectors will provide deeper insights into the transcellular regulation of immune response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Hua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xie-Ruo-Ying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Wen-Chong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbial Restoration for Saline-Alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Zheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center of Plant-Microbial Restoration for Saline-Alkali Land, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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9
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Wu Y, Xu W, Zhao G, Lei Z, Li K, Liu J, Huang S, Wang J, Zhong X, Yin X, Wang Y, Zhang H, He Y, Ye Z, Meng Y, Chang X, Lin H, Wang X, Gao Y, Chai J, Parker JE, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Gao M, He Z. A canonical protein complex controls immune homeostasis and multipathogen resistance. Science 2024; 386:1405-1412. [PMID: 39509474 DOI: 10.1126/science.adr2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
The calcium (Ca2+) sensor ROD1 (RESISTANCE OF RICE TO DISEASES1) is a master regulator of immunity in rice. By screening suppressors of rod1 mutants, we show that ROD1 governs immune homeostasis by surveilling the activation of a canonical immune pathway. Mutations in OsTIR (TIR-only protein), OsEDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1), OsPAD4 (phytoalexin deficient 4), and OsADR1 (activated disease resistance 1) all abolish enhanced disease resistance of rod1 plants. OsTIR catalyzes the production of second messengers 2'-(5″-phosphoribosyl)-5'-adenosine monophosphate (pRib-AMP) and diphosphate (pRib-ADP), which trigger formation of an OsEDS1-OsPAD4-OsADR1 (EPA) immune complex. ROD1 interacts with OsTIR and inhibits its enzymatic activity, whereas mutation of ROD1 leads to constitutive activation of the EPA complex. Thus, we unveil an immune network that fine-tunes immune homeostasis and multipathogen resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiying Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ziyao Lei
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kui Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiangbin Zhong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Yin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuandong Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haochen Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang He
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zian Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yonggang Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hui Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yiwen Deng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingjun Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zuhua He
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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