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Furugaito M, Arai Y, Uzawa Y, Kamisako T, Ogura K, Okamoto S, Kikuchi K. Antimicrobial Susceptibility to 27 Drugs and the Molecular Mechanisms of Macrolide, Tetracycline, and Quinolone Resistance in Gemella sp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1538. [PMID: 37887239 PMCID: PMC10604004 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemella is a catalase-negative, facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus that is commensal in humans but can become opportunistic and cause severe infectious diseases, such as infective endocarditis. Few studies have tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gemella. We tested its antimicrobial susceptibility to 27 drugs and defined the resistant genes using PCR in 58 Gemella strains, including 52 clinical isolates and six type strains. The type strains and clinical isolates included 22 G. morbillorum, 18 G. haemolysans (GH) group (genetically indistinguishable from G. haemolysans and G. parahaemolysans), 13 G. taiwanensis, three G. sanguinis, and two G. bergeri. No strain was resistant to beta-lactams and vancomycin. In total, 6/22 (27.3%) G. morbillorum strains were erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant ermB-positive, whereas 4/18 (22.2%) in the GH group, 7/13 (53.8%) G. taiwanensis, and 1/3 (33.3%) of the G. sanguinis strains were erythromycin-non-susceptible mefE- or mefA-positive and clindamycin-susceptible. The MIC90 of minocycline and the ratios of tetM-positive strains varied across the different species-G. morbillorum: 2 µg/mL and 27.3% (6/22); GH group: 8 µg/mL and 27.8% (5/18); G. taiwanensis: 8 µg/mL and 46.2% (6/13), respectively. Levofloxacin resistance was significantly higher in G. taiwanensis (9/13 69.2%) than in G. morbillorum (2/22 9.1%). Levofloxacin resistance was associated with a substitution at serine 83 for leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine in GyrA. The mechanisms of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin differed across Gemella species. In addition, the rate of susceptibility to levofloxacin differed across Gemella sp., and the quinolone resistance mechanism was caused by mutations in GyrA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Furugaito
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (M.F.); (S.O.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kindai University Hospital, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yuko Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.U.)
| | - Yutaka Uzawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.U.)
| | - Toshinori Kamisako
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan;
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan;
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (M.F.); (S.O.)
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.U.)
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Wang Y, Taylor SL, Choo JM, Papanicolas LE, Keating R, Hindmarsh K, Thomson RM, Morgan L, Rogers GB, Burr LD. Carriage and Transmission of Macrolide Resistance Genes in Patients With Chronic Respiratory Conditions and Their Close Contacts. Chest 2022; 162:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Singer Z, Leis B, Nosib S, Kogilwaimath S. Gemella morbillorum endocarditis and osteomyelitis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2021; 6:69-72. [PMID: 36340212 PMCID: PMC9612437 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a rare case of Gemella morbillorum endocarditis of the native aortic and mitral valves, and native vertebral osteomyelitis, in a 49-year-old male with HLA-B27 negative ankylosing spondylitis (AKS). G. morbillorum is a rare cause of endocarditis; the incidence of which is unknown. AKS may predispose patients to endocarditis through chronic valvulitis. G. morbillorum bacteremia in patients with AKS should prompt consideration of infective endocarditis and a search for possible portals of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Singer
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Benjamin Leis
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shravankumar Nosib
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Detection of a Novel, and Likely Ancestral, Tn 916-Like Element from a Human Saliva Metagenomic Library. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050548. [PMID: 32422869 PMCID: PMC7288454 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tn916 is a conjugative transposon (CTn) and the first reported and most well characterised of the Tn916/Tn1545 family of CTns. Tn916-like elements have a characteristic modular structure and different members of this family have been identified based on similarities and variations in these modules. In addition to carrying genes encoding proteins required for their conjugation, Tn916-like elements also carry accessory, antimicrobial resistance genes; most commonly the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M). Our study aimed to identify and characterise tetracycline resistance genes from the human saliva metagenome using a functional metagenomic approach. We identified a tetracycline-resistant clone, TT31, the sequencing of which revealed it to encode both tet(M) and tet(L). Comparison of the TT31 sequence with the accessory, regulation, and recombination modules of other Tn916-like elements indicated that a partial Tn916-like element encoding a truncated orf9 was cloned in TT31. Analysis indicated that a previous insertion within the truncated orf9 created the full length orf9 found in most Tn916-like transposons; demonstrating that orf9 is, in fact, the result of a gene fusion event. Thus, we hypothesise that the Tn916-like element cloned in TT31 likely represents an ancestral Tn916.
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García López E, Martín-Galiano AJ. The Versatility of Opportunistic Infections Caused by Gemella Isolates Is Supported by the Carriage of Virulence Factors From Multiple Origins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 32296407 PMCID: PMC7136413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the pathogenesis of the opportunistic invasive infections caused by isolates of the Gemella genus remains largely unknown. Moreover, inconsistencies in the current species assignation were detected after genome-level comparison of 16 public Gemella isolates. A literature search detected that, between the two most pathogenic species, Gemella morbillorum causes about twice the number of cases compared to Gemella haemolysans. These two species shared their mean diseases - sepsis and endocarditis - but differed in causing other syndromes. A number of well-known virulence factors were harbored by all species, such as a manganese transport/adhesin sharing 83% identity from oral endocarditis-causing streptococci. Likewise, all Gemellae carried the genes required for incorporating phosphorylcholine into their cell walls and encoded some choline-binding proteins. In contrast, other proteins were species-specific, which may justify the known epidemiological differences. G. haemolysans, but not G. morbillorum, harbor a gene cluster potentially encoding a polysaccharidic capsule. Species-specific surface determinants also included Rib and MucBP repeats, hemoglobin-binding NEAT domains, peptidases of C5a complement factor and domains that recognize extracellular matrix molecules exposed in damaged heart valves, such as collagen and fibronectin. Surface virulence determinants were associated with several taxonomically dispersed opportunistic genera of the oral microbiota, such as Granulicatella, Parvimonas, and Streptococcus, suggesting the existence of a horizontally transferrable gene reservoir in the oral environment, likely facilitated by close proximity in biofilms and ultimately linked to endocarditis. The identification of the Gemella virulence pool should be implemented in whole genome-based protocols to rationally predict the pathogenic potential in ongoing clinical infections caused by these poorly known bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto García López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martín-Galiano
- Intrahospital Infections Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain
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Yamagishi T, Hikone M, Sugiyama K, Tanabe T, Wada Y, Furugaito M, Arai Y, Uzawa Y, Mizushima R, Kamada K, Itakura Y, Iguchi S, Yoshida A, Kikuchi K, Hamabe Y. Purpura fulminans with Lemierre's syndrome caused by Gemella bergeri and Eikenella corrodens: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:523. [PMID: 30340466 PMCID: PMC6194612 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemella bergeri is one of the nine species of the genus Gemella and is relatively difficult to identify. We herein describe the first case of septic shock due to a Gemella bergeri coinfection with Eikenella corrodens. CASE PRESENTATION A 44-year-old Asian man with a medical history of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease who was prescribed corticosteroids (prednisolone) presented to our hospital with dyspnea. On arrival, he was in shock, and a purpuric eruption was noted on both legs. Contrast enhanced computed tomography showed fluid retention at the right maxillary sinus, left lung ground glass opacity, and bilateral lung irregular opacities without cavitation. Owing to suspected septic shock, fluid resuscitation and a high dose of vasopressors were started. In addition, meropenem, clindamycin, and vancomycin were administered. Repeat computed tomography confirmed left internal jugular and vertebral vein thrombosis. Following this, the patient was diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome. Furthermore, he went into shock again on day 6 of hospitalization. Additional soft tissue infections were suspected; therefore, bilateral below the knee amputations were performed for source control. Cultures of the exudates from skin lesions and histopathological samples did not identify any pathogens, and histopathological findings showed arterial thrombosis; therefore it was concluded that the second time shock was associated with purpura fulminans. Following this, his general status improved. He was transferred to another hospital for rehabilitation. The blood culture isolates were identified as Gemella bergeri and Eikenella corrodens. Gemella bergeri was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing later. The primary focus of the infection was thought to be in the right maxillary sinus, because the resolution of the fluid retention was confirmed by repeat computed tomography. CONCLUSIONS Gemella bergeri can be the causative pathogen of septic shock. If this pathogen cannot be identified manually or through commercial phenotypic methods, 16S rRNA gene sequencing should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Yamagishi
- Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan.
| | - Mayu Hikone
- Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugiyama
- Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanabe
- Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Michiko Furugaito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuko Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yutaka Uzawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ryo Mizushima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kamada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Itakura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Iguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hamabe
- Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
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Antibiotic-induced perturbations of the intestinal microbiota alter host susceptibility to enteric infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4726-36. [PMID: 18678663 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00319-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota comprises microbial communities that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and are critical to normal host physiology. Understanding the microbiota's role in host response to invading pathogens will further advance our knowledge of host-microbe interactions. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was used as a model enteric pathogen to investigate the effect of intestinal microbiota perturbation on host susceptibility to infection. Antibiotics were used to perturb the intestinal microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were treated with clinically relevant doses of streptomycin and vancomycin in drinking water for 2 days, followed by oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Alterations in microbiota composition and numbers were evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization, differential plating, and Sybr green staining. Antibiotics had a dose-dependent effect on intestinal microbiota composition. The chosen antibiotic regimen did not significantly alter the total numbers of intestinal bacteria but altered the microbiota composition. Greater preinfection perturbations in the microbiota resulted in increased mouse susceptibility to Salmonella serovar Typhimurium intestinal colonization, greater postinfection alterations in the microbiota, and more severe intestinal pathology. These results suggest that antibiotic treatment alters the balance of the microbial community, which predisposes the host to Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection, demonstrating the importance of a healthy microbiota in host response to enteric pathogens.
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