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Photosensitizing Medications and Skin Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102344. [PMID: 34066301 PMCID: PMC8152064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the United States (US) despite scientific advances in our understanding of skin cancer risk factors and treatments. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that suggests that certain photosensitizing medications (PSMs) increase skin cancer risk. This review summarizes current epidemiological evidence on the association between common PSMs and skin cancer. (2) A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify meta-analyses, observational studies and clinical trials that report on skin cancer events in PSM users. The associated risks of keratinocyte carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) and melanoma are summarized, for each PSM. (3) There are extensive reports on antihypertensives and statins relative to other PSMs, with positive and null findings, respectively. Fewer studies have explored amiodarone, metformin, antimicrobials and vemurafenib. No studies report on the individual skin cancer risks in glyburide, naproxen, piroxicam, chlorpromazine, thioridazine and nalidixic acid users. (4) The research gaps in understanding the relationship between PSMs and skin cancer outlined in this review should be prioritized because the US population is aging. Thus the number of patients prescribed PSMs is likely to continue to rise.
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Eljaaly K, Alkhalaf A, Alhifany AA, Alshibani M. Photosensitivity induced by lomefloxacin versus other fluoroquinolones: A meta-analysis. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:535-539. [PMID: 32081646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lomefloxacin may be more likely than other fluoroquinolones to cause photosensitivity. However, the rate of photosensitivity is variable and a meta-analysis has yet to be performed. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the rate of photosensitivity between outpatients who received lomefloxacin and those who received other fluoroquinolones. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases and trial registries were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of outpatients through June 12, 2019. The study outcome was the rate of photosensitivity based on the intention-to-treat principle, estimated by risk difference (RD) as the primary analysis and Peto odds ratio (Peto OR) as the secondary analysis, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. Four RCTs (total of 2295 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. A statistically higher risk of photosensitivity was found with lomefloxacin than with other fluoroquinolones (RD, 3.4%; 95% CI, 0.7%-6.2%; P-value = 0.013; I2 = 10.9%). The odds of photosensitivity was also significantly higher with lomefloxacin (Peto OR, 5.81; 95% CI, 3.34 to 10.11; P-value <0.001; I2 = 0%). This meta-analysis of RCTs found significantly higher photosensitivity with lomefloxacin compared to other fluoroquinolones. Considering this finding and given its lack of additional efficacy compared to other fluoroquinolones, lomefloxacin as a fluoroquinolone option should potentially be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Eljaaly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Practice and Science Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Amina Alkhalaf
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alhifany
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad Alshibani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Practice and Science Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF. Drug-Induced Photosensitivity-An Update: Culprit Drugs, Prevention and Management. Drug Saf 2020; 42:827-847. [PMID: 30888626 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-019-00806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive drug eruptions are cutaneous adverse events due to exposure to a medication and either ultraviolet or visible radiation. In this review, the diagnosis, prevention and management of drug-induced photosensitivity is discussed. Diagnosis is based largely on the history of drug intake and the appearance of the eruption primarily affecting sun-exposed areas of the skin. This diagnosis can also be aided by tools such as phototesting, photopatch testing and rechallenge testing. The mainstay of management is prevention, including informing patients of the possibility of increased photosensitivity as well as the use of appropriate sun protective measures. Once a photosensitivity reaction has occurred, it may be necessary to discontinue the culprit medication and treat the reaction with corticosteroids. For certain medications, long-term surveillance may be indicated because of a higher risk of developing melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma at sites of earlier photosensitivity reactions. A large number of medications have been implicated as causes of photosensitivity, many with convincing clinical and scientific supporting evidence. We review the medical literature regarding the evidence for the culpability of each drug, including the results of phototesting, photopatch testing and rechallenge testing. Amiodarone, chlorpromazine, doxycycline, hydrochlorothiazide, nalidixic acid, naproxen, piroxicam, tetracycline, thioridazine, vemurafenib and voriconazole are among the most consistently implicated and warrant the most precaution by both the physician and patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Blakely
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron M Drucker
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl F Rosen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Dermatology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Kuga K, Yasuno H, Sakai Y, Harada Y, Shimizu F, Miyamoto Y, Takamatsu Y, Miyamoto M, Sato K. The abdominal skin of female Sprague-Dawley rats is more sensitive than the back skin to drug-induced phototoxicity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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XXXIV International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 27–30 May 2014, Brussels, Belgium. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.906213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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AYAKI MASAHIKO, IWASAWA ATSUO, NIWANO YOSHIMI. In vitro Assessment of the Cytotoxicity of Six Topical Antibiotics to Four Cultured Ocular Surface Cell Lines. Biocontrol Sci 2012; 17:93-9. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.17.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Zoltan T, Vargas F, Izzo C. UV-Vis spectrophotometrical and analytical methodology for the determination of singlet oxygen in new antibacterials drugs. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007; 2:111-8. [PMID: 19662185 PMCID: PMC2716814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have determined and quantified spectrophotometrically the capacity of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) as (1)O(2) during the photolysis with UV-A light of 5 new synthesized naphthyl ester derivates of well-known quinolone antibacterials (nalidixic acid (1), cinoxacin (2), norfloxacin (3), ciprofloxacin (4) and enoxacin (5)). The ability of the naphthyl ester derivatives (6-10) to generate singlet oxygen were detecting and for the first time quantified by the histidine assay, a sensitive, fast and inexpensive method. The following tendency of generation of singlet oxygen was observed: compounds 7 > 10 > 6 > 8 > 9 >> parent drugs 1-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zoltan
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Franklin Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Carla Izzo
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Zoltan T, Vargas F, Izzo C. UV-Vis Spectrophotometrical and Analytical Methodology for the Determination of Singlet Oxygen in New Antibacterials Drugs. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have determined and quantified spectrophotometrically the capacity of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) as 1O2 during the photolysis with UV-A light of 5 new synthesized naphthyl ester derivates of well-known quinolone antibacterials (nalidixic acid (1), cinoxacin (2), norfloxacin (3), ciprofloxacin (4) and enoxacin (5)). The ability of the naphthyl ester derivatives (6-10) to generate singlet oxygen were detecting and for the first time quantified by the histidine assay, a sensitive, fast and inexpensive method. The following tendency of generation of singlet oxygen was observed: compounds 7 >10 > 6 > 8 > 9 >> parent drugs 1-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zoltan
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Franklin Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Carla Izzo
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Belvedere A, Boscá F, Cuquerella MC, Guidi G, Miranda MA. Photoinduced N-Demethylation of Rufloxacin and its Methyl Ester Under Aerobic Conditions¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760252pndora2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tamura A, Onishi Y, An R, Koshiba S, Wakabayashi K, Hoshijima K, Priebe W, Yoshida T, Kometani S, Matsubara T, Mikuriya K, Ishikawa T. In Vitro Evaluation of Photosensitivity Risk Related to Genetic Polymorphisms of Human ABC Transporter ABCG2 and Inhibition by Drugs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22:428-40. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.22.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hayashi N. New Findings on the Structure-Phototoxicity Relationship and Photostability of Fluoroquinolones. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2005; 125:255-61. [PMID: 15738624 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.125.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the phototoxicities of a series of 7-(3-aminopyrrolidinyl) quinolones containing various substituents at position 1 by use of a mouse model. For the 7-(3-aminopyrrolidinyl) quinolones with a halogen atom at position 8, well-known substituent groups such as a cyclopropyl, an ethyl, or a difluorophenyl at position 1 were found to be responsible for severe phototoxicity. However, when an aminodifluorophenyl or an isoxazolyl group was placed at position 1, even 8-halogeno quinolones were found to be mildly phototoxic. This is the first report of 8-halogeno quinolones that are not severely phototoxic. Two structurally similar 8-chloro quinolones (the 1-aminodifluorophenyl 8-chloro quinolone and the 1-difluorophenyl 8-chloro quinolone) were investigated further. The former was mildly phototoxic; the latter was severely phototoxic. We demonstrate that these two 8-chloro quinolones have practically the same areas under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 4 h in auricular tissue, suggesting that the mild phototoxicity is not due to pharmacokinetic instability. The rates of UV photodegradation of these compounds were also measured. We found that these two quinolones photodegrade at similar rates, suggesting that the mild phototoxicity is not attained through increased photostability. In conclusion, the phototoxic potentials of fluoroquinolones are influenced not only by the substituent at position 8 but also by that at position 1. We also discovered a mildly phototoxic 8-chloro quinolone which did not have increased photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Hayashi
- New Lead Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata City 739-1195, Japan.
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Fasani E, Mella M, Albini A. Photochemistry of the Phototoxic Drug Lomefloxacin: Paths Observed in the Presence of Amines or NaOH and from the Methyl Ester. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hayashi N, Nakata Y, Yazaki A. New findings on the structure-phototoxicity relationship and photostability of fluoroquinolones with various substituents at position 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:799-803. [PMID: 14982767 PMCID: PMC353053 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.3.799-803.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the phototoxicities of a series of 7-(3-aminopyrrolidinyl) quinolones containing various substituents at position 1 (in which the substituent at R8 is a hydrogen or a halogen) by use of a mouse model. For the 7-(3-aminopyrrolidinyl) quinolones with a halogen atom at position 8, well-known substituent groups such as a cyclopropyl, an ethyl, or a difluorophenyl at position 1 were found to be responsible for severe phototoxicity. However, when an aminodifluorophenyl or an isoxazolyl group was placed at position 1, even 8-halogeno quinolones were found to be mildly phototoxic. This is the first report of 8-halogeno quinolones that are not severely phototoxic. Two structurally similar 8-chloro quinolones (the 1-aminodifluorophenyl 8-chloro quinolone and the 1-difluorophenyl 8-chloro quinolone) were investigated further. The former was mildly phototoxic; the latter was severely phototoxic. We demonstrate that these two 8-chloro quinolones have practically the same areas under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 4 h in auricular tissue, suggesting that the mild phototoxicity is not due to pharmacokinetic instability. The rates of UV photodegradation of these compounds were also measured. We found that these two quinolones photodegrade at similar rates, suggesting that the mild phototoxicity is not attained through increased photostability. In conclusion, the phototoxic potentials of fluoroquinolones are influenced not only by the substituent at position 8 but also by that at position 1 (a new finding from this study). We also discovered a mildly phototoxic 8-chloro quinolone which did not have increased photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Hayashi
- Institute for Medical Research, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
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Belvedere A, Boscá F, Cuquerella MC, de Guidi G, Miranda MA. Photoinduced N-demethylation of rufloxacin and its methyl ester under aerobic conditions. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:252-8. [PMID: 12403445 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0252:pndora>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of rufloxacin (RF) under aerobic conditions gives rise to N-demethylation of the piperazinyl ring, which is enhanced in aerated D2O. Two primary processes seem to be involved in RF N-demethylation: photoionization from 1RF and singlet oxygen generation from 3RF. Both processes may lead to the same key intermediates, namely, RF*+ and superoxide radical anion; coupling of these intermediates explains N-demethylation of RF via an iminium cation. Formation of the hydrated electron by a monophotonic process (with a quantum yield of 0.09) is detected along with 3RF (with a intersystem-crossing quantum yield phiISC = 0.36) by laser flash photolysis. Studies performed on RF methyl ester give qualitatively similar results.
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Drug-induced skin phototoxicity: lessons from the fluoroquinolones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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de Vries H, van Henegouwen GM. Photochemical decomposition of lomefloxacin in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 58:6-12. [PMID: 11195854 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To obtain an idea of the photostability of Lomefloxacin (Lom) under in vivo conditions the compound was exposed to UV-A (310-360 nm) in PBS buffer pH 7.4. Exposure of 10 microg/ml of Lom in PBS pH 7.4 led to more than 50% decomposition within 10 min. Loss of the fluorine atom at C-8 and partial breakdown of the piperazine ring occurred. The only two photoproducts formed under these conditions were AEA, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-aminoethyl-amino)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, and APA, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(2-aminopropyl-amino)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. When Lom was exposed in whole blood in vitro, the same photochemical decomposition was observed in the plasma as in PBS buffer: APA and AEA were the only products. During UV-A exposure, Lom was shown to be taken up by the leukocytes. This process appeared to be less rapid during UV-A exposure than in the dark. As soon as UV-A exposure commenced, AEA and APA were found. As in the plasma, the total amount of Lom and the two photoproducts in the leukocytes was not significantly different from the amount of Lom found in unexposed cells at the same time point. The erythrocytes did not take up Lom, but exposure of whole blood to Lom and UV-A under the above conditions led to more than 7% haemolysis. Treatment of rats with a combination of Lom and UV-A demonstrated photodecomposition of Lom in vivo. In urine produced during exposure and by the irradiated rats during the twilight period after exposure, a considerable amount of AEA and APA was found. The blood plasma from rats exposed simultaneously to UV-A and Lom proved to contain AEA and APA and, in the leukocytes, APA. This was not the case with animals kept in twilight.
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Affiliation(s)
- H de Vries
- Gorlaeus Laboratoria - 642HB, Medicinal Photochemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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