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Ranger M, Dumartin C, Nasso R, Péfau M, Parneix P, Venier AG. Factors associated with better alcohol hand rub in 2020. Results from the French national audit "Pulpe'friction". J Infect Prev 2023; 24:252-258. [PMID: 37975071 PMCID: PMC10638948 DOI: 10.1177/17571774231208305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The application of alcohol-based hand rub on hands (ABHR) can prevent the transmission of microorganisms. But, in some situations the practices remain perfectible. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the self-reported ABHR practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) and to identify the factors associated with better ABHR compliance. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using the French national "Pulpe'friction" audit, from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2020, in healthcare facilities and social welfare facilities in France. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Of the 6769 HCWs, the average ABHR compliance was 75% "before patient contact," 95% "before an invasive technique," 86% "after patient contact," and 79% "after contact with patient surroundings." The main reported barriers were the availability, the discomfort and the harmfulness of the product. The factors significantly associated with a better compliance were the individual importance given to hand hygiene (HH); working in a healthcare facility, except in the situation "before an invasive technique"; medical profession "after patient contact"; paramedical profession "after contact with patient surroundings." Discussion These results call for national actions to fight the most reported barriers and raise awareness on the importance of HH, especially before touching the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Ranger
- Center for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections, CPias Nouvelle Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Dumartin
- Center for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections, CPias Nouvelle Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raymond Nasso
- Center for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections, CPias Îles de Guadeloupe, CHU de Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Muriel Péfau
- Center for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections, CPias Nouvelle Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Parneix
- Center for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections, CPias Nouvelle Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Venier
- Center for Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections, CPias Nouvelle Aquitaine, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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How SW, Low DYS, Leo BF, Manickam S, Goh BH, Tang SY. A Critical Review on the Current State of Antimicrobial Glove Technologies: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00111-1. [PMID: 37044283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Following recent viral outbreaks, there has been a significant increase in global demand for gloves. Biomedical research increasingly focuses on antimicrobial gloves to combat microbial transmission and hospital-acquired infections. Most antimicrobial gloves are manufactured using antimicrobial chemicals such as disinfectants, biocides, and sanitizers. The design of antimicrobial gloves incorporates advanced technologies, including colloidal particles and nanomaterials, to enhance antimicrobial effectiveness. A category of antimicrobial gloves also explores and integrates natural antimicrobial benefits from animals, plants, and microorganisms. Many types of antimicrobial agents are available; however, it is crucial that the selected agent exhibits a broad spectrum of activity and is not susceptible to promoting resistance. Additionally, future research should focus on the potential effect of antimicrobial gloves on the skin microbiota and irritation during extended wear. Careful integration of the antimicrobial agent is essential to ensure optimal effectiveness without compromising the mechanical properties of the gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Wei How
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Darren Yi Sern Low
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Bey Fen Leo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Phuna ZX, Panda BP, Hawala Shivashekaregowda NK, Madhavan P. Nanoprotection from SARS-COV-2: would nanotechnology help in Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to control the transmission of COVID-19? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022:1-30. [PMID: 35253535 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2046710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a worldwide outbreak. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus can be transmitted human-to-human through droplets and close contact where personal protective equipment (PPE) is imperative to protect the individuals. The advancement of nanotechnology with significant nanosized properties can confer a higher form of protection. Incorporation of nanotechnology into facemasks can exhibit antiviral properties. Nanocoating on surfaces can achieve self-disinfecting purposes and be applied in highly populated places. Moreover, nano-based hand sanitizers can confer better sterilizing efficacies with low skin irritation as compared to alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The present review discusses the incorporation of nanotechnology into nano-based materials and coatings in facemasks, self-surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers, in the hope to contribute to the current understanding of PPE to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Schoolof Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Crosse KR. Pre-surgical hand preparation in veterinary practice. N Z Vet J 2021; 70:69-78. [PMID: 34586948 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1987348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review the evidence for different methods of surgical hand preparation applicable to veterinary practice. Surgical hand preparation is an essential step in performing surgery as a veterinarian. Recommended protocols and products for surgical hand preparation have varied since its inception in the late 1800s. Many factors must be considered when assessing the efficacy, safety, and users' compliance with any available product. Traditional scrub methods employing chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone-iodine have been compared to alcohol-based rub protocols with respect to immediate and prolonged efficacy, safety, compliance, requirements for theatre furniture, cost and water usage. Although much of the comparative data has been generated in human medical facilities, extrapolation of the data to veterinary surgery is appropriate. Considerations for veterinary practice are specifically discussed. Overall, the benefits of alcohol-based rubs indicate that this should be the preferred method of pre-surgical hand preparation for veterinarians in all types of practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Crosse
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abuga K, Nyamweya N. Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective. PHARMACY 2021; 9:64. [PMID: 33808754 PMCID: PMC8006002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Abuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya
| | - Nasser Nyamweya
- Pharma Manufacturing Solutions, Nairobi P.O. Box 21297-00505, Kenya;
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Madan I, Parsons V, Ntani G, Wright A, English J, Coggon D, McCrone P, Smedley J, Rushton L, Murphy C, Cookson B, Lavender T, Williams H. A behaviour change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in health care: the SCIN cluster RCT. Health Technol Assess 2020; 23:1-92. [PMID: 31635689 DOI: 10.3310/hta23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although strategies have been developed to minimise the risk of occupational hand dermatitis in nurses, their clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness remain unclear. OBJECTIVES The Skin Care Intervention in Nurses trial tested the hypothesis that a behaviour change package intervention, coupled with provision of hand moisturisers, could reduce the point prevalence of hand dermatitis when compared with standard care among nurses working in the NHS. The secondary aim was to assess the impact of the intervention on participants' beliefs and behaviour regarding hand care, and the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in comparison with normal care. DESIGN Cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING Thirty-five NHS hospital trusts/health boards/universities. PARTICIPANTS First-year student nurses with a history of atopic tendency, and full-time intensive care unit nurses. INTERVENTION Sites were randomly allocated to be 'intervention plus' or 'intervention light'. Participants at 'intervention plus' sites received access to a bespoke online behaviour change package intervention, coupled with personal supplies of moisturising cream (student nurses) and optimal availability of moisturising cream (intensive care unit nurses). Nurses at 'intervention light' sites received usual care, including a dermatitis prevention leaflet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The difference between intervention plus and intervention light sites in the change of point prevalence of visible hand dermatitis was measured from images taken at baseline and at follow-up. RANDOMISATION Fourteen sites were randomised to the intervention plus arm, and 21 sites were randomised to the intervention light arm. BLINDING The participants, trial statistician, methodologist and the dermatologists interpreting the hand photographs were blinded to intervention assignment. NUMBERS ANALYSED An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted on data from 845 student nurses and 1111 intensive care unit nurses. RESULTS The intention-to-treat analysis showed no evidence that the risk of developing dermatitis was greater in the intervention light group than in the intervention plus group (student nurses: odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 0.59 to 2.69; intensive care unit nurses: odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 2.44). Both groups had high levels of baseline beliefs about the benefits of using hand moisturisers before, during and after work. The frequency of use of hand moisturisers before, during and after shifts was significantly higher in the intensive care unit nurses in the intervention plus arm at follow-up than in the comparator group nurses. For student nurses, the intervention plus group mean costs were £2 lower than those for the comparator and 0.00002 more quality-adjusted life-years were gained. For intensive care unit nurses, costs were £4 higher and 0.0016 fewer quality-adjusted life-years were gained. HARMS No adverse events were reported. LIMITATIONS Only 44.5% of participants in the intervention plus arm accessed the behaviour change package. CONCLUSION The intervention did not result in a statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of hand dermatitis in the intervention plus group. FUTURE WORK Participants had a high level of baseline beliefs about the importance of using hand moisturisers before, during and after work. Future research should focus on how workplace culture can be changed in order for that knowledge to be actioned. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN53303171. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 58. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Madan
- Occupational Health Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vaughan Parsons
- Occupational Health Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | - Georgia Ntani
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison Wright
- Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John English
- Dermatology, Circle Nottingham NHS Treatment Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Coggon
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Smedley
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lesley Rushton
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Murphy
- King's Clinical Trial Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barry Cookson
- Medical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tina Lavender
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hywel Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Vahidnezhad H, Moravvej H, Bahmanjahromi A, Youssefian L, Abdollahimajd F. Epidermolysis bullosa and the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:1178-1179. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1788701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hamideh Moravvej
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayda Bahmanjahromi
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fahimeh Abdollahimajd
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hand Hygiene Among Health Care Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Recommendations. Dermatitis 2020; 31:233-237. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jing JLJ, Pei Yi T, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3326. [PMID: 32403261 PMCID: PMC7246736 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization. It can be achieved with contact isolation and strict infection control tool like maintaining good hand hygiene in hospital settings and in public. The success of the hand sanitization solely depends on the use of effective hand disinfecting agents formulated in various types and forms such as antimicrobial soaps, water-based or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, with the latter being widely used in hospital settings. To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses. This systematic review correlated with the data available in Pubmed, and it will investigate the range of available hand sanitizers and their effectiveness as well as the formulation aspects, adverse effects, and recommendations to enhance the formulation efficiency and safety. Further, this article highlights the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Lee Jia Jing
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (J.L.J.J.); (T.P.Y.)
| | - Thong Pei Yi
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (J.L.J.J.); (T.P.Y.)
| | - Rajendran J. C. Bose
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (R.J.C.B.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Jason R. McCarthy
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (R.J.C.B.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Nagendran Tharmalingam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Kingston LM, O'Connell NH, Dunne CP. A comparative study of hand hygiene and alcohol-based hand rub use among Irish nursing and medical students. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2018; 63:112-118. [PMID: 29432997 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ireland, the setting for this study, the national prevalence rate of health care-associated infection (HCAI) in acute-care facilities is 5.2%. Hand hygiene and in particular hand rubbing using alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is highly efficacious in preventing HCAI transmission. Yet, compliance among healthcare professionals is sub-optimal. Less is known about the practices of nursing and medical students and no study comparing practices among these groups in Ireland was found. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide insight into the current hand hygiene and hand rubbing practices of nursing and medical students in Ireland and, by doing so, contribute to the broader understanding of this topic. METHODS This observational study employed a cross-sectional, self-reported design. An electronically administered questionnaire was sent to all nursing and medical students from one university. Data were analysed using appropriate software. RESULTS The response rate was 37% (323/872). Higher compliance with the World Health Organisation 'my five moments for hand hygiene' model was reported among nursing students (NS) than medical students (MS), with scope for improvement in both disciplines identified. Hand hygiene compliance was highest after body fluid exposure (99.5% NS, 91% MS) and lowest after touching a patient's surroundings (61.5% NS, 57.5% MS). Attitudes towards hand rubbing were largely positive in both disciplines. 16% of NS were not aware of the clinical contraindications to ABHR use, compared to 45% of MS. 9% of NS did not know when to use soap and water and when to use ABHR, compared to 36% of MS. In contrast, more medical students (46%) than nursing students (22%) were routinely using alcohol-based hand rub for decontamination of hands as recommended. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest scope to review current hand hygiene curricula focusing on the knowledge gaps, the practice deficits and the barriers to ABHR usage identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz M Kingston
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Nuala H O'Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Graduate Entry Medical School, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Kingston LM, Slevin BL, O'Connell NH, Dunne CP. Hand hygiene: Attitudes and practices of nurses, a comparison between 2007 and 2015. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:1300-1307. [PMID: 29050908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand hygiene reduces health care-associated infections significantly. However, international evidence suggests that practices are suboptimal. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast hand hygiene attitudes and practices and alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) use among nurses between 2007 and 2015. METHODS In 2007, a random sample of nurses in a large teaching hospital was invited to complete a postal survey using a validated questionnaire. In 2015, the study was replicated among all nurses employed in a university hospital group, including the setting of the original study. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using appropriate software. RESULTS Attitudes to hand hygiene were positive and >90% of respondents' self-reported compliance before and after patient contact. However, 13% fewer in 2015 (42%) reported using ABHR >90% of the time compared with in 2007 (55%). Of nurses with <2 years' experience, 90% reported using ABHR >50% of the time compared with 73% of nurses with 2-5 years' experience. Barriers to ABHR improved, but remained high (skin sensitivity: 2007: 23%, 2015: 17%; skin damage: 2007: 18%, 2015: 13%; poor user acceptability and tolerance: 2007 and 2015: 25%). CONCLUSIONS Use of positive role models, the adoption of a positive social and cultural norm within the organization, and the provision of continuing professional development opportunities may prove useful strategies in harnessing good practice among graduate nurses and in preventing negative socialization from occurring.
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Abstract
The medical field has long recognized the importance of hand hygiene in preventing health care-associated infections, yet studies indicate that this important task is performed only 40% of the time. Health care workers cite several barriers to optimal performance of hand hygiene, but the time required to perform this task is foremost among them. Introduction of alcohol-based hand rubs, bundled interventions, and incorporation of technologies designed to monitor and promote hand hygiene all represent promising advances in this field.
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13
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Kingston LM, Slevin BL, O'Connell NH, Dunne CP. Attitudes and practices of Irish hospital-based physicians towards hand hygiene and hand rubbing using alcohol-based hand rub: a comparison between 2007 and 2015. J Hosp Infect 2017; 97:17-25. [PMID: 28532815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of infection prevention and control practices, and reduces healthcare-associated infections significantly. However, international evidence suggests that medical doctors demonstrate poor compliance. AIM To explore and compare practices and attitudes towards hand hygiene, particularly hand rubbing using alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR), among hospital-based physicians in Ireland between 2007 and 2015. METHODS In 2007, a random sample of doctors in a large teaching hospital was invited to complete a postal survey using a validated questionnaire. In 2015, the study was replicated among all doctors employed in a university hospital group, including the setting of the original study, using an online survey. Data were analysed using SPSS and Survey Monkey. FINDINGS Predominately positive and improving attitudes and practices were found, with 86% of doctors compliant with hand hygiene before patient contact in 2015, compared with 58% in 2007. Ninety-one percent of doctors were compliant after patient contact in 2015, compared with 76% in 2007. In 2015, only 39% of respondents reported that they 'almost always' used ABHR for hand hygiene. However, this represents 13.5% more than in 2007. Stated barriers to use of ABHR included dermatological issues, poor acceptance, tolerance and poor availability of ABHR products. CONCLUSION Greater awareness of hand hygiene guidelines and greater governance appear to have had a positive impact on practice. However, despite this, practice remains suboptimal and there is scope for substantial improvement. Continued and sustained efforts are required in order to build on progress achieved since the World Health Organization hand hygiene guidelines were published in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kingston
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - B L Slevin
- Infection Prevention and Control Team, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - N H O'Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - C P Dunne
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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14
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Noor NM, Khan AA, Hasham R, Talib A, Sarmidi MR, Aziz R, Aziz AA. Empty nano and micro-structured lipid carriers of virgin coconut oil for skin moisturisation. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 10:195-9. [PMID: 27463789 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidant activity and contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). In this work formulation, characterisation and penetration of VCO-solid lipid particles (VCO-SLP) have been studied. VCO-SLP were prepared using ultrasonication of molten stearic acid and VCO in an aqueous solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that VCO-SLP were solid and spherical in shape. Ultrasonication was performed at several power intensities which resulted in particle sizes of VCO-SLP ranged from 0.608 ± 0.002 µm to 44.265 ± 1.870 µm. The particle size was directly proportional to the applied power intensity of ultrasonication. The zeta potential values of the particles were from -43.2 ± 0.28 mV to -47.5 ± 0.42 mV showing good stability. The cumulative permeation for the smallest sized VCO-SLP (0.608 µm) was 3.83 ± 0.01 µg/cm(2) whereas for larger carriers it was reduced (3.59 ± 0.02 µg/cm(2)). It is concluded that SLP have the potential to be exploited as a micro/nano scale cosmeceutical carrying vehicle for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhayati Mohamed Noor
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shehzad, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rosnani Hasham
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ayesha Talib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shehzad, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Aziz
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Azila Abd Aziz
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
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Making change easy: A peer-to-peer guide on transitioning to new hand hygiene products. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:46-50. [PMID: 27544793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes our experiences planning and implementing the transition to a new commercial line of hand hygiene products and their dispensing systems in a large academic health care facility in Toronto, Canada. Our lessons learned are organized into a practical guide made available in 2 different formats: this article and an illustrated peer-to-peer guide (http://www.baycrest.org/wp-content/uploads/HCE-PROG-HH_HighQuality.pdf).
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Higgins CL, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Occupational skin disease among Australian healthcare workers: a retrospective analysis from an occupational dermatology clinic, 1993-2014. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:213-22. [PMID: 27436328 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of developing occupational skin disease (OSD). OBJECTIVES To ascertain the causes of OSD in Australian HCWs in a tertiary referral clinic. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of patients assessed at the Occupational Dermatology Clinic in Melbourne from 1993 to 2014. RESULTS Of 685 HCWs assessed in the clinic over a period of 22 years, 555 (81.0%) were diagnosed with OSD. The most common diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) (79.1%), followed by allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) (49.7%). Natural rubber latex allergy was also relatively frequent (13.0%). The major substances causing ACD were rubber glove chemicals (thiuram mix and tetraethylthiuram disulfide), preservatives (formaldehyde, formaldehyde releasers, and isothiazolinones), excipients in hand cleansers, which are hard-to-avoid weak allergens, and antiseptics. ACD caused by commercial hand cleansers occurred more frequently than ACD caused by alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs). Occupational ICD was mostly caused by water/wet work and hand cleansers, and environmental irritants such as heat and sweating. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the causes of OSD in HCWs is important in order to develop strategies for prevention. We suggest that skin care advice should be incorporated into hand hygiene education. The use of ABHRs should be encouraged, weak allergens in skin cleansers should be substituted, and accelerator-free gloves should be recommended for HCWs with OSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Higgins
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
| | - Amanda M Palmer
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cahill
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc., Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
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Liu LQ, Mehigan S. The Effects of Surgical Hand Scrubbing Protocols on Skin Integrity and Surgical Site Infection Rates: A Systematic Review. AORN J 2016; 103:468-82. [PMID: 27129749 DOI: 10.1016/j.aorn.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to critically appraise and synthesize updated evidence regarding the effect of surgical-scrub techniques on skin integrity and the incidence of surgical site infections. Databases searched include the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central. Our review was limited to eight peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials and two nonrandomized controlled trials published in English from 1990 to 2015. Comparison models included traditional hand scrubbing with chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone-iodine against alcohol-based hand rubbing, scrubbing with a brush versus without a brush, and detergent-based antiseptics alone versus antiseptics incorporating alcohol solutions. Evidence showed that hand rubbing techniques are as effective as traditional scrubbing and seem to be better tolerated. Hand rubbing appears to cause less skin damage than traditional scrub protocols, and scrub personnel tolerated brushless techniques better than scrubbing using a brush.
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Madan I, Parsons V, Cookson B, English J, Lavender T, McCrone P, Murphy C, Ntani G, Rushton L, Smedley J, Williams H, Wright A, Coggon D. A behavioural change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in the national health service (the SCIN trial): study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:145. [PMID: 26987818 PMCID: PMC4797222 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand dermatitis can be a serious health problem in healthcare workers. While a range of skin care strategies and policy directives have been developed in recent years to minimise the risk, their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness remain unclear. Evidence now suggests that psychological theory can facilitate behaviour change with respect to improved hand care practices. Therefore, we will test the hypothesis that a behavioural change intervention to improve hand care, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and implementation intentions, coupled with provision of hand moisturisers, can produce a clinically useful reduction in the occurrence of hand dermatitis, when compared to standard care, among nurses working in the UK National Health Service (NHS) who are particularly at risk. Secondary aims will be to assess impacts on participants’ beliefs and behaviour regarding hand care. In addition, we will assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in comparison with normal care. Methods/Design We will conduct a cluster randomised controlled trial at 35 NHS hospital trusts/health boards/universities, focussing on student nurses with a previous history of atopic disease or hand eczema and on nurses in intensive care units. Nurses at ‘intervention-light’ sites will be managed according to what would currently be regarded as best practice, with provision of an advice leaflet about optimal hand care to prevent hand dermatitis and encouragement to contact their occupational health (OH) department early if hand dermatitis occurs. Nurses at ‘intervention-plus’ sites will additionally receive a behavioural change programme (BCP) with on-going active reinforcement of its messages, and enhanced provision of moisturising cream. The impact of the interventions will be compared using information collected by questionnaires and through standardised photographs of the hands and wrists, collected at baseline and after 12 months follow-up. In addition, we will assemble relevant economic data for an analysis of costs and benefits, and collect information from various sources to evaluate processes. Statistical analysis will be by multi-level regression modelling to allow for clustering by site, and will compare the prevalence of outcome measures at follow-up after adjustment for values at baseline. The principal outcome measure will be the prevalence of visible hand dermatitis as assessed by the study dermatologists. In addition, several secondary outcome measures will be assessed. Discussion This trial will assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of an intervention to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses in the United Kigdom. Trial registration ISRCTN53303171: date of registration, 21 June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Madan
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Occupational Health Service, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | | | | | - John English
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Smedley
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Gorj M, Revol M. Les rituels en chirurgie : quels fondements scientifiques ? ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2015; 60:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Hand hygiene and healthcare system change within multi-modal promotion: a narrative review. J Hosp Infect 2013; 83 Suppl 1:S3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stewardson A, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Kilpatrick C, Pittet D. Back to the future: rising to the Semmelweis challenge in hand hygiene. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:855-76. [PMID: 21861619 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand hygiene is the single most important intervention for reducing healthcare associated infections and preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This sentence begins most publications regarding hand hygiene in the medical literature. But why - as we mark 150 years since the publication of Ignaz Semmelweis' landmark monograph on the subject - do we continue to repeat it? One might be tempted to regard it as a truism. However, while tremendous progress has certainly been made in this field, a significant amount of work is yet to be done in both strengthening the evidence regarding the impact of hand hygiene and maximizing its implementation. Hand hygiene cannot yet be taken for granted. This article summarizes historical perspectives, dynamics of microbial colonization and efficacy of hand cleansing methods and agents, elements and impacts of successful hand hygiene promotion, as well as scale-up and sustainability. We also explore hand hygiene myths and current challenges such as monitoring, behavior change, patient participation and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stewardson
- Infection Control Program & World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety (Infection Control & Practice Improvement), University of Geneva Hospitals, Switzerland
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22
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Van De Mortel TF, Kermode S, Progano T, Sansoni J. A comparison of the hand hygiene knowledge, beliefs and practices of Italian nursing and medical students. J Adv Nurs 2011; 68:569-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Allergic contact dermatitis in health care workers to diazolidinyl urea present in antimicrobial hand gel. Med J Aust 2011; 194:664-5. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cahill
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Victoria, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation Victoria, Melbourne, VIC
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25
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Nicholson PJ, Llewellyn D, English JS. Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention, identification and management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 63:177-86. [PMID: 20831687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational contact dermatitis is the most frequently reported work-related skin disease in many countries. A systematic review was commissioned by the British Occupational Health Research Foundation in response to a House of Lords Science and Technology Committee recommendation. OBJECTIVES The systematic review aims to improve the prevention, identification and management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria by providing evidence-based recommendations. METHODS The literature was searched systematically using Medline and Embase for English-language articles published up to the end of September 2009. Evidence-based statements and recommendations were graded using the Royal College of General Practitioner's three-star system and the revised Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network grading system. RESULTS Three thousand one hundred and fifty-five abstracts were identified and screened. From these, 786 full papers were obtained and appraised. One hundred and nineteen of these studies were used to produce 36 graded evidence statements and 10 key recommendations. CONCLUSIONS This evidence review and its recommendations focus on interventions and outcomes to provide a robust approach to the prevention, identification and occupational management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria, based on and using the best available medical evidence.
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Widmer A, Rotter M, Voss A, Nthumba P, Allegranzi B, Boyce J, Pittet D. Surgical hand preparation: state-of-the-art. J Hosp Infect 2010; 74:112-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J. The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:611-22. [PMID: 19508124 DOI: 10.1086/600379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization's Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care have been issued by WHO Patient Safety on 5 May 2009 on the occasion of the launch of the Save Lives: Clean Your Hands initiative. The Guidelines represent the contribution of more than 100 international experts and provide a comprehensive overview of essential aspects of hand hygiene in health care, evidence- and consensus-based recommendations, and lessons learned from testing their Advanced Draft and related implementation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Pittet
- Infection Control Program, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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28
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Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J, Barr IG, Ballard SA, Johnson PDR, Mastorakos T, Birch C. Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:285-91. [PMID: 19115974 DOI: 10.1086/595845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pandemic and avian influenza are known to be transmitted via human hands, there are minimal data regarding the effectiveness of routine hand hygiene (HH) protocols against pandemic and avian influenza. METHODS Twenty vaccinated, antibody-positive health care workers had their hands contaminated with 1 mL of 10(7) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)(50)/0.1 mL live human influenza A virus (H1N1; A/New Caledonia/20/99) before undertaking 1 of 5 HH protocols (no HH [control], soap and water hand washing [SW], or use of 1 of 3 alcohol-based hand rubs [61.5% ethanol gel, 70% ethanol plus 0.5% chlorhexidine solution, or 70% isopropanol plus 0.5% chlorhexidine solution]). H1N1 concentrations were assessed before and after each intervention by viral culture and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The natural viability of H1N1 on hands for >60 min without HH was also assessed. RESULTS There was an immediate reduction in culture-detectable and PCR-detectable H1N1 after brief cutaneous air drying--14 of 20 health care workers had H1N1 detected by means of culture (mean reduction, 10(3-4) TCID(50)/0.1 mL), whereas 6 of 20 had no viable H1N1 recovered; all 20 health care workers had similar changes in PCR test results. Marked antiviral efficacy was noted for all 4 HH protocols, on the basis of culture results (14 of 14 had no culturable H1N1; (P< .002) and PCR results (P< .001; cycle threshold value range, 33.3-39.4), with SW statistically superior (P< .001) to all 3 alcohol-based hand rubs, although the actual difference was only 1-100 virus copies/microL. There was minimal reduction in H1N1 after 60 min without HH. CONCLUSIONS HH with SW or alcohol-based hand rub is highly effective in reducing influenza A virus on human hands, although SW is the most effective intervention. Appropriate HH may be an important public health initiative to reduce pandemic and avian influenza transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindsay Grayson
- Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Messina MJ, Brodell LA, Brodell RT, Mostow EN. Hand hygiene in the dermatologist's office: To wash or to rub? J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:1043-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Aldeyab MA, Monnet DL, López-Lozano JM, Hughes CM, Scott MG, Kearney MP, Magee FA, McElnay JC. Modelling the impact of antibiotic use and infection control practices on the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a time-series analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:593-600. [PMID: 18467307 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen worldwide. A wide range of factors have been suggested to influence the spread of MRSA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial drug use and infection control practices on nosocomial MRSA incidence in a 426-bed general teaching hospital in Northern Ireland. METHODS The present research involved the retrospective collection of monthly data on the usage of antibiotics and on infection control practices within the hospital over a 5 year period (January 2000-December 2004). A multivariate ARIMA (time-series analysis) model was built to relate MRSA incidence with antibiotic use and infection control practices. RESULTS Analysis of the 5 year data set showed that temporal variations in MRSA incidence followed temporal variations in the use of fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (coefficients = 0.005, 0.03, 0.002 and 0.003, respectively, with various time lags). Temporal relationships were also observed between MRSA incidence and infection control practices, i.e. the number of patients actively screened for MRSA (coefficient = -0.007), the use of alcohol-impregnated wipes (coefficient = -0.0003) and the bulk orders of alcohol-based handrub (coefficients = -0.04 and -0.08), with increased infection control activity being associated with decreased MRSA incidence, and between MRSA incidence and the number of new patients admitted with MRSA (coefficient = 0.22). The model explained 78.4% of the variance in the monthly incidence of MRSA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm the value of infection control policies as well as suggest the usefulness of restricting the use of certain antimicrobial classes to control MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon A Aldeyab
- Clinical and Practice Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Larson E, Girard R, Pessoa-Silva CL, Boyce J, Donaldson L, Pittet D. Skin reactions related to hand hygiene and selection of hand hygiene products. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34:627-35. [PMID: 17161737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In October 2004, The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the World Alliance for Patient Safety. Within the alliance, the first priority of the Global Patient Safety Challenge is to reduce health care-associated infection. A key action within the challenge is to promote hand hygiene in health care globally as well as at the country level through the campaign "Clean Care is Safer Care." As a result, the WHO is developing Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care, designed to be applicable throughout the world. METHODS This paper summarizes one component of the global WHO guidelines related to the impact of hand hygiene on the skin of health care personnel, including a discussion of types of skin reactions associated with hand hygiene, methods to reduce adverse reactions, and factors to consider when selecting hand hygiene products. RESULTS Health care professionals have a higher prevalence of skin irritation than seen in the general population because of the necessity for frequent hand hygiene during patient care. CONCLUSION Ways to minimize adverse effects of hand hygiene include selecting less irritating products, using skin moisturizers, and modifying certain hand hygiene practices such as unnecessary washing. Institutions need to consider several factors when selecting hand hygiene products: dermal tolerance and aesthetic preferences of users as well as practical considerations such as convenience, storage, and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Larson
- School of Nursing, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Johnson PDR, Grayson ML. Efficacy of an alcohol/chlorhexidine hand hygiene program in a hospital with high rates of nosocomial methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Med J Aust 2006. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D R Johnson
- Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084
| | - M Lindsay Grayson
- Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084
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Johnson PDR, Martin R, Burrell LJ, Grabsch EA, Kirsa SW, O'Keeffe J, Mayall BC, Edmonds D, Barr W, Bolger C, Naidoo H, Grayson ML. Efficacy of an alcohol/chlorhexidine hand hygiene program in a hospital with high rates of nosocomial methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Med J Aust 2005; 183:509-14. [PMID: 16296963 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a multifaceted hand hygiene culture-change program on health care worker behaviour, and to reduce the burden of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. DESIGN AND SETTING Timetabled introduction of interventions (alcohol/chlorhexidine hand hygiene solution [ACHRS], improved cleaning of shared ward equipment, targeted patient decolonisation, comprehensive "culture change" package) to five clinical areas of a large university teaching hospital that had high levels of MRSA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Health care worker hand hygiene compliance; volume of ACHRS used; prevalence of patient and health care worker MRSA colonisation; environmental MRSA contamination; rates of clinical MRSA infection; and rates of laboratory detection of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. RESULTS In study wards, health care worker hand hygiene compliance improved from a pre-intervention mean of 21% (95% CI, 20.3%-22.9%) to 42% (95% CI, 40.2%-43.8%) 12 months post-intervention (P < 0.001). ACHRS use increased from 5.7 to 28.6 L/1000 bed-days. No change was observed in patient MRSA colonisation or environmental colonisation/contamination, and, except in the intensive care unit, colonisation of health care workers was unchanged. Thirty-six months post-intervention, there had been significant reductions in hospital-wide rates of total clinical MRSA isolates (40% reduction; P < 0.001), patient-episodes of MRSA bacteraemia (57% reduction; P = 0.01), and clinical isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp (90% reduction; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Introduction of ACHRS and a detailed culture-change program was effective in improving hand hygiene compliance and reducing nosocomial MRSA infections, despite high-level MRSA endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D R Johnson
- Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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