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Augendre L, Costa D, Escotte-Binet S, Aubert D, Villena I, Dumètre A, La Carbona S. Surrogates of foodborne and waterborne protozoan parasites: A review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 33:e00212. [PMID: 38028241 PMCID: PMC10661733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Toxoplasma gondii are major causes of waterborne and foodborne diseases worldwide. The assessment of their removal or inactivation during water treatment and food processing remains challenging, partly because research on these parasites is hindered by various economical, ethical, methodological, and biological constraints. To address public health concerns and gain new knowledge, researchers are increasingly seeking alternatives to the use of such pathogenic parasites. Over the past few decades, several non-pathogenic microorganisms and manufactured microparticles have been evaluated as potential surrogates of waterborne and foodborne protozoan parasites. Here, we review the surrogates that have been reported for C. parvum, C. cayetanensis, and T. gondii oocysts, and discuss their use and relevance to assess the transport, removal, and inactivation of these parasites in food and water matrices. Biological surrogates including non-human pathogenic Eimeria parasites, microorganisms found in water sources (anaerobic and aerobic spore-forming bacteria, algae), and non-biological surrogates (i.e. manufactured microparticles) have been identified. We emphasize that such surrogates have to be carefully selected and implemented depending on the parasite and the targeted application. Eimeria oocysts appear as promising surrogates to investigate in the future the pathogenic coccidian parasites C. cayetanensis and T. gondii that are the most challenging to work with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Augendre
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
- ACTALIA Food Safety, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Damien Costa
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Rouen Normandie, University Hospital of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 7510 ESCAPE Epidemiosurveillance and Circulation of Parasites in the Environment, University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vectors - Tropical and Mediterranean Infections, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Derx J, Kılıç HS, Linke R, Cervero-Aragó S, Frick C, Schijven J, Kirschner AKT, Lindner G, Walochnik J, Stalder G, Sommer R, Saracevic E, Zessner M, Blaschke AP, Farnleitner AH. Probabilistic fecal pollution source profiling and microbial source tracking for an urban river catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159533. [PMID: 36270368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed an innovative approach to estimate the occurrence and extent of fecal pollution sources for urban river catchments. The methodology consists of 1) catchment surveys complemented by literature data where needed for probabilistic estimates of daily produced fecal indicator (FIBs, E. coli, enterococci) and zoonotic reference pathogen numbers (Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and Giardia) excreted by human and animal sources in a river catchment, 2) generating a hypothesis about the dominant sources of fecal pollution and selecting a source targeted monitoring design, and 3) verifying the results by comparing measured concentrations of the informed choice of parameters (i.e. chemical tracers, C. perfringensspores, and host-associated genetic microbial source tracking (MST) markers) in the river, and by multi-parametric correlation analysis. We tested the approach at a study area in Vienna, Austria. The daily produced microbial particle numbers according to the probabilistic estimates indicated that, for the dry weather scenario, the discharge of treated wastewater (WWTP) was the primary contributor to fecal pollution. For the wet weather scenario, 80-99 % of the daily produced FIBs and pathogens resulted from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) according to the probabilistic estimates. When testing our hypothesis in the river, the measured concentrations of the human genetic fecal marker were log10 4 higher than for selected animal genetic fecal markers. Our analyses showed for the first-time statistical relationships between C. perfringens spores (used as conservative microbial tracer for communal sewage) and a human genetic fecal marker (i.e. HF183/BacR287) with the reference pathogen Giardia in river water (Spearman rank correlation: 0.78-0.83, p < 0.05. The developed approach facilitates urban water safety management and provides a robust basis for microbial fate and transport models and microbial infection risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria.
| | - H Seda Kılıç
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Rita Linke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Sílvia Cervero-Aragó
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Frick
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Division of Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jack Schijven
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gerhard Lindner
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Austria.; Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Oudega TJ, Lindner G, Derx J, Farnleitner AH, Sommer R, Blaschke AP, Stevenson ME. Upscaling Transport of Bacillus subtilis Endospores and Coliphage phiX174 in Heterogeneous Porous Media from the Column to the Field Scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11060-11069. [PMID: 34318669 PMCID: PMC8375017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination and transport of viruses and bacteria in aquifers are a major concern worldwide. To ascertain the ability of these aquifers to remove pathogens, tracer tests with microbial surrogates are carried out. These tests are laborious and may require special permits, and therefore, column tests are often done instead. Unfortunately, results from column tests tend to grossly overestimate removal rates when compared to the field scale, which can lead to an underestimation of groundwater contamination risks. Scale is an important consideration when examining pathogen transport through porous media, as pathogen removal is rarely a linear process. In this study, field tests were carried out with endospores of Bacillus subtilis and coliphage phiX174 over a distance of 25 m in an alluvial gravel aquifer near Vienna, Austria. The sandy gravel material from the field site was also used in column tests with the same tracers. Both attachment-detachment and colloid filtration theory were used to model these tests, as well as log-removal rates per meter. The results show that the spatial removal rate (log/m) is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher on the column scale, when compared to the field. A comparison with the literature showed a correlation between the heterogeneity of the porous media and the difference in removal rates between the column and field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Oudega
- Institute
of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Lindner
- Institute
of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Medical
University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene
and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Derx
- Institute
of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas H. Farnleitner
- Research
Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3,
Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
- Karl
Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Department Physiology, Pharmacology and Microbiology,
Research Division Water Quality & Health, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Medical
University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene
and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred P. Blaschke
- Institute
of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margaret E. Stevenson
- Institute
of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity
Cooperation Centre (ICC) Water & Health, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Surface Waters and Urban Brown Rats as Potential Sources of Human-Infective Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Vienna, Austria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081596. [PMID: 34442675 PMCID: PMC8400309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are waterborne protozoa that cause intestinal infections in a wide range of warm-blooded animals. Human infections vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening in immunocompromised people, and can cause growth retardation in children. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban surface water and in brown rats trapped in the center of Vienna, Austria, using molecular methods, and to subsequently identify their source and potential transmission pathways. Out of 15 water samples taken from a side arm of the River Danube, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts were detected in 60% and 73% of them, with concentrations ranging between 0.3-4 oocysts/L and 0.6-96 cysts/L, respectively. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were identified in 13 and 16 out of 50 rats, respectively. Eimeria, a parasite of high veterinary importance, was also identified in seven rats. Parasite co-ocurrence was detected in nine rats. Rat-associated genotypes did not match those found in water, but matched Giardia previously isolated from patients with diarrhea in Austria, bringing up a potential role of rats as sources or reservoirs of zoonotic pathogenic Giardia. Following a One Health approach, molecular typing across potential animal and environmental reservoirs and human cases gives an insight into environmental transmission pathways and therefore helps design efficient surveillance strategies and relevant outbreak responses.
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Derx J, Demeter K, Linke R, Cervero-Aragó S, Lindner G, Stalder G, Schijven J, Sommer R, Walochnik J, Kirschner AKT, Komma J, Blaschke AP, Farnleitner AH. Genetic Microbial Source Tracking Support QMRA Modeling for a Riverine Wetland Drinking Water Resource. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:668778. [PMID: 34335498 PMCID: PMC8317494 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.668778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Riverine wetlands are important natural habitats and contain valuable drinking water resources. The transport of human- and animal-associated fecal pathogens into the surface water bodies poses potential risks to water safety. The aim of this study was to develop a new integrative modeling approach supported by microbial source tracking (MST) markers for quantifying the transport pathways of two important reference pathogens, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, from external (allochthonous) and internal (autochthonous) fecal sources in riverine wetlands considering safe drinking water production. The probabilistic-deterministic model QMRAcatch (v 1.1 python backwater) was modified and extended to account for short-time variations in flow and microbial transport at hourly time steps. As input to the model, we determined the discharge rates, volumes and inundated areas of the backwater channel based on 2-D hydrodynamic flow simulations. To test if we considered all relevant fecal pollution sources and transport pathways, we validated QMRAcatch using measured concentrations of human, ruminant, pig and bird associated MST markers as well as E. coli in a Danube wetland area from 2010 to 2015. For the model validation, we obtained MST marker decay rates in water from the literature, adjusted them within confidence limits, and simulated the MST marker concentrations in the backwater channel, resulting in mean absolute errors of < 0.7 log10 particles/L (Kruskal–Wallis p > 0.05). In the scenarios, we investigated (i) the impact of river discharges into the backwater channel (allochthonous sources), (ii) the resuspension of pathogens from animal fecal deposits in inundated areas, and (iii) the pathogen release from animal fecal deposits after rainfall (autochthonous sources). Autochthonous and allochthonous human and animal sources resulted in mean loads and concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in the backwater channel of 3–13 × 109 particles/hour and 0.4–1.2 particles/L during floods and rainfall events, and in required pathogen treatment reductions to achieve safe drinking water of 5.0–6.2 log10. The integrative modeling approach supports the sustainable and proactive drinking water safety management of alluvial backwater areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katalin Demeter
- Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Linke
- Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sílvia Cervero-Aragó
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Lindner
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jack Schijven
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Regina Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jürgen Komma
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria.,Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Liu L, Wang Y, Narain R, Liu Y. Functionalized polystyrene microspheres as Cryptosporidium surrogates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:680-687. [PMID: 30590329 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a waterborne protozoan pathogen that can cause gastrointestinal illness, is often found in surface waters that are used to supply drinking water. Filtration is a major process to remove Cryptosporidium in drinking water treatment. However, interactions between oocysts and filter media are still unclear and no satisfactory surrogates have been identified for quantifying their filtration removal in porous media. In the present study, polystyrene microsphere with a size, density, and shape similar to Cryptosporidium was modified with glycoprotein or synthesized biomolecules to mimic the surface properties of live Cryptosporidium oocyst. Deposition kinetics between live Cryptosporidium/modified microspheres and filter media were studied at the molecular scale using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and at the laboratory-scale using sand-packed columns. Both QCM-D and column experiments underlined the importance of Cryptosporidium surface charge and hydrophobicity on their attenuation and transport in porous media. As compared to live Cryptosporidium, glycopolymer and zwitterionic polymer co- odified polystyrene microspheres (later called copolymers-modified microspheres) represent comparable surface properties, adsorption kinetics on filter surfaces, and transport and deposition behaviors in filter columns; hence were selected as appropriate Cryptosporidium surrogates. This study improves our understanding on how surface characteristics impact Cryptosporidium transport behaviors in porous media and contributes to our capacity to evaluate the attenuation of Cryptosporidium in natural and engineered aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Microbial-sized, Carboxylate-modified Microspheres as Surrogate Tracers in a Variety of Subsurface Environments: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stevenson ME, Sommer R, Lindner G, Farnleitner AH, Toze S, Kirschner AKT, Blaschke AP, Sidhu JPS. Attachment and Detachment Behavior of Human Adenovirus and Surrogates in Fine Granular Limestone Aquifer Material. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1392-1401. [PMID: 26436257 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.01.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transport of human adenovirus, nanoparticles, and PRD1 and MS2 bacteriophages was tested in fine granular limestone aquifer material taken from a borehole at a managed aquifer recharge site in Adelaide, South Australia. Comparison of transport and removal of virus surrogates with the pathogenic virus is necessary to understand the differences between the virus and surrogate. Because experiments using pathogenic viruses cannot be done in the field, laboratory tests using flow-through soil columns were used. Results show that PRD1 is the most appropriate surrogate for adenovirus in an aquifer dominated by calcite material but not under high ionic strength or high pH conditions. It was also found that straining due to size and the charge of the colloid were not dominant removal mechanisms in this system. Implications of this study indicate that a certain surrogate may not represent a specific pathogen solely based on similar size, morphology, and/or surface charge. Moreover, if a particular surrogate is representative of a pathogen in one aquifer system, it may not be the most appropriate surrogate in another porous media system. This was apparent in the inferior performance of MS2 as a surrogate, which is commonly used in virus transport studies.
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