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Singh P, Singh RK, Song QQ, Li HB, Yang LT, Li YR. Methods for Estimation of Nitrogen Components in Plants and Microorganisms. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2057:103-112. [PMID: 31595474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N2) is the most necessary element in the atmosphere, it is an energetic micronutrient for plant growth and development after water, besides its key role in chlorophyll production, which is crucial for photosynthesis process. Biological nitrogen fixation is measured to be the most potent method to deliver a fixed way of nitrogen to the plants. Plant depends on free-living and symbiotic microbes present in the soil for nitrogen because it cannot be absorbed by the plant itself directly from the atmosphere. Many techniques were reported in the laboratory for nitrogen estimation till now, but Kjeldahl digestion and acetylene reduction assay (ARA) techniques became the most popular. In this chapter, we focus on the most common and popular methods used to determine plant N2; awareness obtained through the wide application of these methods should offer the source for the N2 fixation rate in agriculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Singh
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guang, China.,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guang, China.,Guangxi key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, Guang, China
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guang, China. .,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guang, China. .,Guangxi key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, Guang, China.
| | - Qi-Qi Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guang, China.,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guang, China
| | - Hai-Bi Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guang, China.,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guang, China
| | - Li-Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guang, China.,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guang, China
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guang, China.,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guang, China
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Inomura K, Deutsch C, Masuda T, Prášil O, Follows MJ. Quantitative models of nitrogen-fixing organisms. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3905-3924. [PMID: 33335688 PMCID: PMC7733014 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing organisms are of importance to the environment, providing bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere. Quantitative models have been used to complement the laboratory experiments and in situ measurements, where such evaluations are difficult or costly. Here, we review the current state of the quantitative modeling of nitrogen-fixing organisms and ways to enhance the bridge between theoretical and empirical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Inomura
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Curtis Deutsch
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Takako Masuda
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Prášil
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J. Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Das S, De TK. Microbial assay of N 2 fixation rate, a simple alternate for acetylene reduction assay. MethodsX 2018; 5:909-914. [PMID: 30151350 PMCID: PMC6107887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for living creatures in every ecosystem but nitrogen cannot be absorbed by the plant itself directly from the atmosphere, so for nitrogen, plant depends on both free living and symbiotic microbes present in the soil. Nitrogen fixation potentiality of the soil thus reveals its fertility with respect to nitrogen. Researchers developed and modified techniques for measuring nitrogen fixation rate of the soil and acetylene reduction assay (ARA) technique became the most popular till now. At the same time this technique has few limitations especially for the researchers from third world country due to lack of special infrastructure in the laboratory and the most required instrument for this technique, gas chromatograph machine, is very expensive. Any alternation of this technique is deserved highly for the researchers from the developing countries. The present work/method explained a new approach for determination of nitrogen fixation rate and this new method was named as "Microbial bio-assay". In this technique nitrogen fixers were cultured in specific medium and condition and after required time of interval the amount of nitrogen fixed by them were calculated. Exploration of soil of the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem was performed regarding the microbial N2 fixing capacity of that particular ecosystem. •The nitrogen fixation rate measured by acetylene reduction assay (ARA) was 1.13 times lower than the N2 fixation rate measured by microbial bio-assay.•Microbial bio-assay can be used as an alternate of ARA method to measure N2 fixation rate. The rates of N2 fixation measured by both two methods were positively correlated with the population of N2 fixing bacteria present in the soil of that particular ecosystem (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.005, n = 85 for microbial bio-assay and R2 = 0.78, p < 0.005, n = 85 for ARA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Das
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Calcutta, 700 019, India
| | - Tarun Kumar De
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Calcutta, 700 019, India
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4
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Bremner JM, Hauck RD. Advances in Methodology for Research on Nitrogen Transformations in Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr22.c13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. D. Hauck
- Tennessee Valley Authority; Muscle Shoals Alabama
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5
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Watanabe I, Cabrera DR. Nitrogen fixation associated with the rice plant grown in water culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 37:373-8. [PMID: 16345351 PMCID: PMC243224 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.3.373-378.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylene reduction activity of intact rice plants was measured in closed assay chambers with plants grown in water culture. Acetylene was added to the liquid medium, and the ethylene formed was measured from both gas and liquid phases. After cutoff of mineral nitrogen supply and inoculation of fresh soil, rice plants grown from the seedling stage in water culture exhibited acetylene reduction activity after a lag period. However, rice plants grown in a paddy field and transferred to water culture were more suitable for N(2) fixation studies because of their higher, less variable acetylene reduction activity. The time course of acetylene reduction was monitored by continuous circulation of gas between the gas phase and the liquid phase, and the result showed an initial 2- or 3-h period of lower activity, followed by increased and almost constant activity up to 24 h. The effects on acetylene reduction activity of aeration, ammonium, chloramphenicol, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea addition are reported. Ammonium was inhibitive at 0.33 mM, and its depressive effect was alleviated by ammonium uptake by the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Watanabe
- The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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Watanabe I, Barraquio WL, De Guzman MR, Cabrera DA. Nitrogen-fixing (acetylene redution) activity and population of aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with wetland rice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 37:813-9. [PMID: 16345379 PMCID: PMC243307 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.5.813-819.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing activity associated with different wetland rice varieties was measured at various growth stages by an in situ acetylene reduction method after the activities of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in the flood water and on the lower portion of the rice stem were eliminated. Nitrogen-fixing activities associated with rice varieties differed with plant growth stages. The activities increased with plant age, and the maximum was about at heading stage. The nitrogen fixed during the whole cropping period was estimated at 5.9 kg of N per ha for variety IR26 (7 days) and 4.8 kg of N per ha for variety IR36 (95 days). The population of aerobic heterotrophic N(2)-fixing bacteria associated with rice roots and stems was determined by the most-probable-number method, using semisolid glucose-yeast extract and semisolid malate-yeast extract media. The addition of yeast extract to the glucose medium increased the number and activity of aerobic heterotrophic N(2)-fixing bacteria. The glucose-yeast extract medium gave higher counts of aerobic N(2)-fixing bacteria associated with rice roots than did the malate-yeast extract medium, on which Spirillum-like bacteria were usually observed. The lower portion of the rice stem was also inhabited by N(2)-fixing bacteria and was an active site of N(2) fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Watanabe
- The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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7
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van Berkum P, Sloger C. Comparing time course profiles of immediate acetylene reduction by grasses and legumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 41:184-9. [PMID: 16345684 PMCID: PMC243660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.1.184-189.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The time course profiles of C(2)H(2) reduction by intact Scirpus olneyi (bulrush), Oryza sativa (rice) and Spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) with roots in atmospheres of N(2) and 30-day-old Glycine max (soybean) in air were all immediately linear. This is the first report of immediately linear rates of C(2)H(2) reduction by grass roots removed from soil. The immediately linear profile of C(2)H(2) reduction by soil-free grass roots was achieved by preventing contact between the roots and air. Roots of soybeans and S. olneyi receiving pretreatments of O(2) above normal environmental levels for 15 min before assay exhibited a short delay in C(2)H(2) reduction. These initially nonlinear rates of C(2)H(2) reduction are attributable to transient O(2) inhibition of nitrogenase. Initial nonlinear rates of C(2)H(2) reduction were also observed with immature soybean plants and with intact plant assays of O. sativa and S. olneyi in which C(2)H(2) was injected into cylinders surrounding the plant tops. These results indicate that, apart from O(2) inhibition of nitrogenase, the diffusion of C(2)H(2) and C(2)H(4) between the nitrogen-fixing sites and the sampling ports may cause initial nonlinear rates of C(2)H(2) reduction. We conclude that in situ plant-associated nitrogenase activity should result in immediate reduction of C(2)H(2) and that linear rates are observed when the proper assay conditions are used. Our data suggest that nitrogen fixation is closely associated with the roots of S. olneyi, O. sativa, and S. alterniflora growing in salt marsh sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van Berkum
- Cell Culture and Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Plant Physiology Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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Prasanna R, Nain L, Pandey AK, Nayak S. Exploring the Ecological Significance of Microbial Diversity and Networking in the Rice Ecosystem. SOIL BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05076-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Swarnalakshmi K, Dhar D, Singh P. Evaluation of blue-green algal inoculation on specific soil parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/aagr.55.2007.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal (BGA) strains, namely
Anabaena variabilis, Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum
and
Tolypothrix tenuis
, was studied at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on specific soil parameters such as microbial populations, pH, EC, redox potential, chlorophyll, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity under a rice crop. The inoculation of the soil with BGA strains resulted in higher microbial populations (BGA, bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and had a significant influence on redox potential. A significant increase in soil chlorophyll, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity was observed during crop growth due to BGA application.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Swarnalakshmi
- 1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue-Green Algae (CCUBGA) New Delhi India
| | - D. Dhar
- 1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue-Green Algae (CCUBGA) New Delhi India
| | - P. Singh
- 1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue-Green Algae (CCUBGA) New Delhi India
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ROTHER JA, MILLBANK JW, THORNTON I. Seasonal fluctuations in nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by free-living bacteria in soils contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Granhall U, Kulassoriya SA, Hirimburegama WK, Silva RSY, Lindberg T. Nitrogen fixation in some rice soils in Sri Lanka. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00935696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Oláh J, Abdel Moneim MA, Tóth L. Nitrogen Fixation in the Sediment of Shallow Lake Balaton, a Reservoir and Fishponds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19830680103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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van Berkum P, Sloger C. Physiology of Root-Associated Nitrogenase Activity in Oryza sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 69:1161-4. [PMID: 16662363 PMCID: PMC426377 DOI: 10.1104/pp.69.5.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An intact method for measuring immediately linear rates of acetylene reduction was used to investigate the relationship between temperature, pH, O(2) concentration, and light intensity with the rate of root-associated nitrogenase activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Nitrogenase activity varied over a temperature range of 10 to 50 degrees C and optimal rates of acetylene reduction were recorded at 35 degrees C. Nitrogenase activity was also influenced by the pH of the liquid surrounding the roots prior to assay. Maximal rates of acetylene reduction were recorded over a pH range from 5.8 to 7.5. Nitrogenase activity was significantly reduced by concentrations of O(2) 0.5% (v/v) or more when the intact plant assay method was used, and no optimum was detected. However, when the plant tops were removed and the cut ends sealed from the atmosphere for 4 hours, acetylene reduction rates were maximal at 0.25% O(2) (v/v). When plants were moved from sunlight (1,400 microeinsteins per square meter per second) to shade (9.6) root-associated nitrogenase activity at 35 degrees C significantly decreased 15 min later to one-fourth the rate and recovered upon return to sunlight. When the light intensity reaching the leaf canopy was progressively reduced from 1,050 to 54 microeinsteins per square meter per second the rate of root-associated nitrogenase activity decreased from 550 +/- 135 to 192 +/- 55 nanomoles ethylene per gram dry root per hour. The study suggests that the rate of root-associated nitrogenase activity in rice at constant temperature may well be mediated by variations in the concentration of O(2) resulting from changes in the rate of photosynthesis as well as variations in the rate of transport of photosynthate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van Berkum
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Physiology Institute, Rm. 116, Bldg. 011-A, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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15
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Barraquio WL, de Guzman MR, Barrion M, Watanabe I. Population of Aerobic Heterotrophic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Associated with Wetland and Dryland Rice. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43:124-8. [PMID: 16345914 PMCID: PMC241791 DOI: 10.1128/aem.43.1.124-128.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing activity and populations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with two varieties of rice grown in dryland and wetland conditions were measured at various growth stages during the dry season. Acetylene reduction activities were measured both in the field and for the hydroponically grown rice, which was transferred from the field to water culture 1 day before assay. The activities measured by both methods were higher in wetland than in dryland rice. The population of nitrogen-fixing heterotrophic bacteria associated with rhizosphere soil, root, and basal shoots was determined by the most probable number method with semisolid glucose-yeast extract and semisolid malate-yeast extract media. The number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was higher in wetland conditions than in dryland conditions. The difference between two conditions was most pronounced in the population associated with the basal shoot. The glucose medium gave higher counts than did the malate medium. Colonies were picked from tryptic soy agar plates, and their nitrogen-fixing activity was tested on a semisolid glucose-yeast extract medium. The incidence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria among aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in association with rhizosphere soil, root, and basal shoots was much lower in dryland rice than in wetland rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Barraquio
- The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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Watanabe I, Furusaka C. Microbial Ecology of Flooded Rice Soils. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8291-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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