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Elahinik A, de Clercq F, Pabst M, Xevgenos D, van Loosdrecht MCM, Pronk M. Effects of salinity on glycerol conversion and biological phosphorus removal by aerobic granular sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121737. [PMID: 38723353 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater often has high levels of salt, either due to seawater or e.g. sodium chloride (NaCl) usage in the processing. Previous work indicated that aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is differently affected by seawater or saline water at similar osmotic strength. Here we investigate in more detail the impact of NaCl concentrations and seawater on the granulation and conversion processes for AGS wastewater treatment. Glycerol was used as the carbon source since it is regularly present in industrial wastewaters, and to allow the evaluation of microbial interactions that better reflect real conditions. Long-term experiments were performed to evaluate and compare the effect of salinity on granulation, anaerobic conversions, phosphate removal, and the microbial community. Smooth and stable granules as well as enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) were achieved up to 20 g/L NaCl or when using seawater. However, at NaCl levels comparable to seawater strength (30 g/L) incomplete anaerobic glycerol uptake and aerobic phosphate uptake were observed, the effluent turbidity increased, and filamentous granules began to appear. The latter is likely due to the direct aerobic growth on the leftover substrate after the anaerobic feeding period. In all reactor conditions, except the reactor with 30 g/L NaCl, Ca. Accumulibacter was the dominant microorganism. In the reactor with 30 g/L NaCl, the relative abundance of Ca. Accumulibacter decreased to ≤1 % and an increase in the genus Zoogloea was observed. Throughout all reactor conditions, Tessaracoccus and Micropruina, both actinobacteria, were present which were likely responsible for the anaerobic conversion of glycerol into volatile fatty acids. None of the glycerol metabolizing proteins were detected in Ca. Accumulibacter which supports previous findings that glycerol can not be directly utilized by Ca. Accumulibacter. The proteome profile of the dominant taxa was analysed and the results are further discussed. The exposure of salt-adapted biomass to hypo-osmotic conditions led to significant trehalose and PO43--P release which can be related to the osmoregulation of the cells. Overall, this study provides insights into the effect of salt on the operation and stability of the EBPR and AGS processes. The findings suggest that maintaining a balanced cation ratio is likely to be more important for the operational stability of EBPR and AGS systems than absolute salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Elahinik
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Fleur de Clercq
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Xevgenos
- Department of Technology, Policy, and Management, Delft University of Technology, van der Jaffalaan 5 2628 BX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands; Royal HaskoningDHV, Laan 1914 no 35 3800AL, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Douterelo I, Dutilh BE, Calero C, Rosales E, Martin K, Husband S. Impact of phosphate dosing on the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems: Fieldwork studies in chlorinated networks. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116416. [PMID: 33039899 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate is routinely dosed to ensure regulatory compliance for lead in drinking water distribution systems. Little is known about the impact of the phosphate dose on the microbial ecology in these systems and in particular the endemic biofilms. Disturbance of the biofilms and embedded material in distribution can cause regulatory failures for turbidity and metals. To investigate the impact of phosphate on developing biofilms, pipe wall material from four independent pipe sections was mobilised and collected using two twin-flushing operations a year apart in a chlorinated UK network pre- and post-phosphate dosing. Intensive monitoring was undertaken, including turbidity and water physico-chemistry, traditional microbial culture-based indicators, and microbial community structure via sequencing the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS2 gene for fungi. Whole metagenome sequencing was used to study shifts in functional characteristics following the addition of phosphate. As an operational consequence, turbidity responses from the phosphate-enriched water were increased, particularly from cast iron pipes. Differences in the taxonomic composition of both bacteria and fungi were also observed, emphasising a community shift towards microorganisms able to use or metabolise phosphate. Phosphate increased the relative abundance of bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Massilia, Acinetobacter and the fungi Cadophora, Rhizophagus and Eupenicillium. Whole metagenome sequencing showed with phosphate a favouring of sequences related to Gram-negative bacterium type cell wall function, virions and thylakoids, but a reduction in the number of sequences associated to vitamin binding, methanogenesis and toxin biosynthesis. With current faecal indicator tests only providing risk detection in bulk water samples, this work improves understanding of how network changes effect microbial ecology and highlights the potential for new approaches to inform future monitoring or control strategies to protect drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Douterelo
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom.
| | - B E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Hugo R. Kruytgebouw, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C Calero
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - E Rosales
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - K Martin
- Dwr Cymru Welsh Water, Pentwyn Road, Nelson, Treharris, Mid Glamorgan CF46 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - S Husband
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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Sanz-Luque E, Bhaya D, Grossman AR. Polyphosphate: A Multifunctional Metabolite in Cyanobacteria and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32670331 PMCID: PMC7332688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer of orthophosphate (PO4 3-) of varying lengths, has been identified in all kingdoms of life. It can serve as a source of chemical bond energy (phosphoanhydride bond) that may have been used by biological systems prior to the evolution of ATP. Intracellular polyP is mainly stored as granules in specific vacuoles called acidocalcisomes, and its synthesis and accumulation appear to impact a myriad of cellular functions. It serves as a reservoir for inorganic PO4 3- and an energy source for fueling cellular metabolism, participates in maintaining adenylate and metal cation homeostasis, functions as a scaffold for sequestering cations, exhibits chaperone function, covalently binds to proteins to modify their activity, and enables normal acclimation of cells to stress conditions. PolyP also appears to have a role in symbiotic and parasitic associations, and in higher eukaryotes, low polyP levels seem to impact cancerous proliferation, apoptosis, procoagulant and proinflammatory responses and cause defects in TOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the metabolism, storage, and function of polyP in photosynthetic microbes, which mostly includes research on green algae and cyanobacteria. We focus on factors that impact polyP synthesis, specific enzymes required for its synthesis and degradation, sequestration of polyP in acidocalcisomes, its role in cellular energetics, acclimation processes, and metal homeostasis, and then transition to its potential applications for bioremediation and medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Devaki Bhaya
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
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Solovchenko A, Khozin-Goldberg I, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Ismagulova T, Lukyanov A, Mamedov I, Vinogradova E, Karpova O, Konyukhov I, Vasilieva S, Mojzes P, Dijkema C, Vecherskaya M, Zvyagin I, Nedbal L, Gorelova O. Phosphorus starvation and luxury uptake in green microalgae revisited. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Voronkov A, Sinetova M. Polyphosphate accumulation dynamics in a population of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells under phosphate overplus. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1153-1164. [PMID: 30972564 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and rapid DAPI-based protocol was developed and optimized to visualize polyphosphates (polyPs) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The optimum dye concentration and incubation time were determined, and formaldehyde fixation was shown to significantly improve polyP detection in Synechocystis cells. Using the developed protocol, for the first time, it was shown that 80% of Synechocystis cells under phosphate overplus were able to accumulate phosphorus as polyP 3 min after the addition of K2HPO4. After 1 h, the number of cells with polyP began to decrease, and after 24 h, polyP granules were detected in only 30% of the cells. Thus, the Synechocystis cells appeared to be heterogeneous in their ability to accumulate and mobilize polyP. Like other photosynthetic organisms, Synechocystis synthesized less polyP in the dark than in the light. The accumulation of polyP was not inhibited under conditions of cold and heat stresses, and some cells were even able to synthesize polyP at a temperature of approximately 0 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Voronkov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Maria Sinetova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
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Gebremariam SY, Beutel MW, Christian D, Hess TF. Research advances and challenges in the microbiology of enhanced biological phosphorus removal--a critical review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2011; 83:195-219. [PMID: 21466069 DOI: 10.2175/106143010x12780288628534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a well-established technology for removing phosphorus from wastewater. However, the process remains operationally unstable in many systems, primarily because there is a lack of understanding regarding the microbiology of EBPR. This paper presents a review of advances made in the study of EBPR microbiology and focuses on the identification, enrichment, classification, morphology, and metabolic capacity of polyphosphate- and glycogen-accumulating organisms. The paper also highlights knowledge gaps and research challenges in the field of EBPR microbiology. Based on the review, the following recommendations regarding the future direction of EBPR microbial research were developed: (1) shifting from a reductionist approach to a more holistic system-based approach, (2) using a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques in characterizing microbial composition, (3) integrating ecological principles into system design to enhance stability, and (4) reexamining current theoretical explanations of why and how EBPR occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoum Yami Gebremariam
- Washington State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pullman, Washington 99164-2910, USA.
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Müller S, Nebe-von-Caron G. Functional single-cell analyses: flow cytometry and cell sorting of microbial populations and communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:554-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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9
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Günther S, Trutnau M, Kleinsteuber S, Hause G, Bley T, Röske I, Harms H, Müller S. Dynamics of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria in wastewater treatment plant microbial communities detected via DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and tetracycline labeling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2111-21. [PMID: 19181836 PMCID: PMC2663203 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01540-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal represent a state-of-the-art technology. Nevertheless, the process of phosphate removal is prone to occasional failure. One reason is the lack of knowledge about the structure and function of the bacterial communities involved. Most of the bacteria are still not cultivable, and their functions during the wastewater treatment process are therefore unknown or subject of speculation. Here, flow cytometry was used to identify bacteria capable of polyphosphate accumulation within highly diverse communities. A novel fluorescent staining technique for the quantitative detection of polyphosphate granules on the cellular level was developed. It uses the bright green fluorescence of the antibiotic tetracycline when it complexes the divalent cations acting as a countercharge in polyphosphate granules. The dynamics of cellular DNA contents and cell sizes as growth indicators were determined in parallel to detect the most active polyphosphate-accumulating individuals/subcommunities and to determine their phylogenetic affiliation upon cell sorting. Phylotypes known as polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, such as a "Candidatus Accumulibacter"-like phylotype, were found, as well as members of the genera Pseudomonas and Tetrasphaera. The new method allows fast and convenient monitoring of the growth and polyphosphate accumulation dynamics of not-yet-cultivated bacteria in wastewater bacterial communities.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacteria/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Genes, rRNA
- Indoles/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polyphosphates/metabolism
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Staining and Labeling
- Tetracycline/metabolism
- Water Microbiology
- Water Purification
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Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Machnicka A, Grubel K, Suschka J. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal and recovery. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2008; 80:617-623. [PMID: 18710145 DOI: 10.2175/106143008x268461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge systems designed for enhanced nutrient removal are based on the principle of altering anaerobic and aerobic conditions for growth of microorganisms with a high capacity of phosphorus accumulation. Most often, filamentous bacteria constitute a component of the activated sludge microflora. The filamentous microorganisms are responsible for foam formation and activated sludge bulking. The results obtained confirm unanimously that the filamentous bacteria have the ability of phosphorus uptake and accumulation as polyphosphates. Hydrodynamic disintegration of the foam microorganisms results in the transfer of phosphorus and metal cations and ammonium-nitrogen into the liquid phase. It was demonstrated that the disintegration of foam permits the removal of a portion of the nutrients in the form of struvite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Machnicka
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland.
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11
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Metzler BU, Mosenthin R, Baumgärtel T, Rodehutscord M. The effect of dietary phosphorus and calcium level, phytase supplementation, and ileal infusion of pectin on the chemical composition and carbohydrase activity of fecal bacteria and the level of microbial metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1544-55. [PMID: 18344312 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments with growing pigs were conducted to determine the effects of dietary P and Ca level, phytase supplementation, and ileal pectin infusion on ileal and fecal P and Ca balance, chemical composition of fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), and bacterial metabolic activity. Pigs (initial BW = 30 kg) were fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum. They were fed a low-P corn-soybean meal control diet (3 g of P/kg) or the control diet supplemented with monocalcium phosphate (MCP; 7 g of P/kg; Exp. 1) or 1,000 FTU phytase/kg (Exp. 2). The daily infusion treatments consisted of 60 g of pectin dissolved in 1.8 L of demineralized water or 1.8 L of demineralized water as the control infusion, infused via the ileal cannula. In each experiment, 8 barrows were assigned to 4 dietary treatments according to a double, incomplete 4 x 2 Latin square. The dietary treatments in Exp. 1 were the control (Con-) diet with water infusion; the control (Con+) diet with pectin infusion; the MCP diet with water infusion; and the MCP diet with pectin infusion. In Exp. 2, the pigs received the same Con- and Con+ treatments as in Exp. 1 and, in addition, the phytase-supplemented diet in combination with water or pectin infusion. After a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d followed by ileal digesta collection for 24 h. In Exp. 1, supplemental MCP increased (P </= 0.003) ileal and fecal P and Ca recovery as well as P and Ca content of the MBM. Pectin infusion increased the N content of the MBM (P = 0.054) and polygalacturonase activity (P = 0.032) in feces. In addition, pectin decreased (P = 0.049) ileal and tended (P < 0. 079) to increase fecal VFA concentrations. In Exp. 2, phytase decreased ileal and fecal P recovery (P < 0.001) and the P content of the MBM (P = 0.045), whereas the N content of the MBM (P = 0.094) and fecal cellulase activity (P = 0.089) tended to decrease. Similarly, pectin infusion decreased (P = 0.036) fecal cellulase activity but increased (P < 0.001) polygalacturonase activity. In conclusion, these data indicate that bacterial P and Ca assimilation and metabolic activity depend on P and Ca availability in the large intestine and on the availability of fermentable substrate, such as pectin. Thus, increasing dietary P and Ca levels increases bacterial P and Ca assimilation due to greater intestinal P and Ca availability, whereas decreasing intestinal P availability for bacteria through phytase addition to low-P diets reduces bacterial P incorporation and seems to decrease bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Metzler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Machnicka A, Suschka J, Wiatowski M. Uptake of phosphorus by filamentous bacteria and the role of cation on polyphosphates composition. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2008; 29:67-73. [PMID: 18610546 DOI: 10.1080/09593330802008990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms have the ability to store phosphorus as polyphosphates in volutin granules. The aim of the research was to characterise the phosphorus sequestered by filamentous microorganisms present in the foam. Also the importance of required cations like potassium and magnesium in the process of phosphorus uptake by filamentous microorganisms was examined. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive X - ray analysis were used to define the composition of polyphosphate granules in filamentous bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Machnicka
- University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, Willowa Str. 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland
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Shiba T, Itoh H, Kameda A, Kobayashi K, Kawazoe Y, Noguchi T. Polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase as a polyphosphate-dependent nucleoside monophosphate kinase in Acinetobacter johnsonii 210A. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:1859-65. [PMID: 15716459 PMCID: PMC1063994 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.5.1859-1865.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned the gene for polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase (PAP), the enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of AMP to ADP at the expense of polyphosphate [poly(P)] in Acinetobacter johnsonii 210A. A genomic DNA library was constructed in Escherichia coli, and crude lysates of about 6,000 clones were screened for PAP activity. PAP activity was evaluated by measuring ATP produced by the coupled reactions of PAP and purified E. coli poly(P) kinases (PPKs). In this coupled reaction, PAP produces ADP from poly(P) and AMP, and the resulting ADP is converted to ATP by PPK. The isolated pap gene (1,428 bp) encodes a protein of 475 amino acids with a molecular mass of 55.8 kDa. The C-terminal region of PAP is highly homologous with PPK2 homologs isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Two putative phosphate-binding motifs (P-loops) were also identified. The purified PAP enzyme had not only strong PAP activity but also poly(P)-dependent nucleoside monophosphate kinase activity, by which it converted ribonucleoside monophosphates and deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates to ribonucleoside diphosphates and deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, respectively. The activity for AMP was about 10 times greater than that for GMP and 770 and about 1,100 times greater than that for UMP and CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Shiba
- Regenetiss Co., Ltd., 1-5-17, Akabane, Okaya, Nagano 394-0002, Japan.
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Tomioka N, Tanaka K, Uchiyama H, Yagi O, Kokufuta E. Recovery of 137Cs by a bioaccumulation system using Rhodococcus erythropolis CS98. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Van Dien SJ, Keyhani S, Yang C, Keasling JD. Manipulation of independent synthesis and degradation of polyphosphate in Escherichia coli for investigation of phosphate secretion from the cell. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1689-95. [PMID: 9143103 PMCID: PMC168463 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.1689-1695.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes involved in polyphosphate metabolism in Escherichia coli were cloned behind different inducible promoters on separate plasmids. The gene coding for polyphosphate kinase (PPK), the enzyme responsible for polyphosphate synthesis, was placed behind the Ptac promoter. Polyphosphatase, a polyphosphate depolymerase, was similarly expressed by using the arabinose-inducible PBAD promoter. The ability of cells containing these constructs to produce active enzymes only when induced was confirmed by polyphosphate extraction, enzyme assays, and RNA analysis. The inducer concentrations giving optimal expression of each enzyme were determined. Experiments were performed in which ppk was induced early in growth, overproducing PPK and allowing large amounts of polyphosphate to accumulate (80 mumol in phosphate monomer units per g of dry cell weight). The ppx gene was subsequently induced, and polyphosphate was degraded to inorganic phosphate. Approximately half of this polyphosphate was depleted in 210 min. The phosphate released from polyphosphate allowed the growth of phosphate-starved cells and was secreted into the medium, leading to a down-regulation of the phosphate-starvation response. In addition, the steady-state polyphosphate level was precisely controlled by manipulating the degree of ppx induction. The polyphosphate content varied from 98 to 12 mumol in phosphate monomer units per g of dry cell weight as the arabinose concentration was increased from 0 to 0.02% by weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Van Dien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1462, USA
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16
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Keasling JD, Hupf GA. Genetic manipulation of polyphosphate metabolism affects cadmium tolerance in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:743-6. [PMID: 8593078 PMCID: PMC167843 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.743-746.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphosphate metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli were genetically manipulated to test the effect of polyphosphate on tolerance to cadmium. A polyphosphate kinase (ppk) and polyphosphatase (ppx) mutant strain produced no polyphosphate, whereas the same strain carrying multiple copies of ppk on a high-copy plasmid produced significant quantities. The doubling times of both strains increased with increasing cadmium concentrations. In contrast, the mutant strain carrying multiple copies of ppk and ppx produced 1/20 of the polyphosphate found in the strain carrying multiple copies of ppk only and showed no significant increase in doubling time over the same cadmium concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Keasling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1462, USA.
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17
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Pauli ASL, Kaitala S. Optimal growth conditions for Acinetobacter isolates from activated sludge treating forest-industry wastewaters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Röske I, Schönborn C, Bauer HD. Influence of the Addition of Different Metals to an Activated Sludge System on the Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19950800410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Generation of a proton motive force by the excretion of metal-phosphate in the polyphosphate-accumulating Acinetobacter johnsonii strain 210A. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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van Veen H, Abee T, Kortstee G, Konings W, Zehnder A. Substrate specificity of the two phosphate transport systems of Acinetobacter johnsonii 210A in relation to phosphate speciation in its aquatic environment. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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van Veen H, Abee T, Kortstee G, Konings W, Zehnder A. Mechanism and energetics of the secondary phosphate transport system of Acinetobacter johnsonii 210A. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bonting CFC, Kortstee GJJ, Boekestein A, Zehnder AJB. The elemental composition dynamics of large polyphosphate granules in Acinetobacter strain 210A. Arch Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00288589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fagerbakke KM, Heldal M, Norland S. Variation in elemental content among and within trichomes inNostoc calcicola79WA01 measured by x-ray micro-analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Nakamura K, Masuda K, Mikami E. Isolation of a new type of polyphosphate accumulating bacterium and its phosphate removal characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(91)90278-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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van Groenestijn JW, Bentvelsen MM, Deinema MH, Zehnder AJ. Polyphosphate-degrading enzymes in Acinetobacter spp. and activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:219-23. [PMID: 2539774 PMCID: PMC184081 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.1.219-223.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate-degrading enzymes were studied in Acinetobacter spp. and activated sludge. Polyphosphate: AMP phosphotransferase activity in Acinetobacter strain 210A decreased with increasing growth rates. The activity of this enzyme in cell extracts of Acinetobacter strain 210A was maximal at a pH of 8.5 and a temperature of 40 degrees C and was stimulated by (NH4)2SO4. The Km for AMP was 0.6 mM, and the Vmax was 60 nmol/min per mg of protein. Cell extracts of this strain also contained polyphosphatase, which was able to degrade native polyphosphate and synthetic magnesium polyphosphate and was strongly stimulated by 300 to 400 mM NH4Cl. A positive correlation was found between polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase activity, adenylate kinase activity, and phosphorus accumulation in six Acinetobacter strains. Significant activities of polyphosphate kinase were detected only in strain P, which contained no polyphosphate:AMP phosphotransferase. In samples of activated sludge from different plants, the activity of adenylate kinase correlated well with the ability of the sludge to remove phosphate biologically from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W van Groenestijn
- Department of Microbiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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