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Huang SJ, Lai MJ, Chen AY, Lan EI. De novo biosynthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate as anti-catabolic supplement by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2024; 84:48-58. [PMID: 38810867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a five-carbon branch-chain hydroxy acid currently used as a dietary supplement to treat sarcopenia and exercise training. However, its current production relies on conventional chemical processes which require toxic substances and are generally non-sustainable. While bio-based syntheses of HMB have been developed, they are dependent on biotransformation of its direct precursors which are generally costly. Therefore, in this work, we developed a synthetic de novo HMB biosynthetic pathway that enables HMB production from renewable resources. This novel HMB biosynthesis employs heterologous enzymes from mevalonate pathway and myxobacterial iso-fatty acid pathway for converting acetyl-CoA to HMB-CoA. Subsequently, HMB-CoA is hydrolyzed by a thioesterase to yield HMB. Upon expression of this pathway, our initial Escherichia coli strain produced 660 mg/L of HMB from glucose in 48 hours. Through optimization of coenzyme A removal from HMB-CoA and genetic operon structure, our final strain achieved HMB production titer of 17.7 g/L in glucose minimal media using a bench-top bioreactor. This engineered strain was further demonstrated to produce HMB from other renewable carbon sources such as xylose, glycerol, and acetate. The results from this work provided a flexible and environmentally benign method for producing HMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Martin J Lai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Arvin Y Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Ethan I Lan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.
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2
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Agnihotri S, Yin DM, Mahboubi A, Sapmaz T, Varjani S, Qiao W, Koseoglu-Imer DY, Taherzadeh MJ. A Glimpse of the World of Volatile Fatty Acids Production and Application: A review. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1249-1275. [PMID: 34738864 PMCID: PMC8805862 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable provision of chemicals and materials is undoubtedly a defining factor in guaranteeing economic, environmental, and social stability of future societies. Among the most sought-after chemical building blocks are volatile fatty acids (VFAs). VFAs such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids have numerous industrial applications supporting from food and pharmaceuticals industries to wastewater treatment. The fact that VFAs can be produced synthetically from petrochemical derivatives and also through biological routes, for example, anaerobic digestion of organic mixed waste highlights their provision flexibility and sustainability. In this regard, this review presents a detailed overview of the applications associated with petrochemically and biologically generated VFAs, individually or in mixture, in industrial and laboratory scale, conventional and novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnima Agnihotri
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Dong-Min Yin
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Tugba Sapmaz
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Wei Qiao
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Derya Y. Koseoglu-Imer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gao R, Li Z. Biosynthesis of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyrate from l-Leucine by Whole-Cell Catalysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3712-3719. [PMID: 33734707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB) is an important compound that can be used for the synthesis of a variety of chemicals in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Here, a biocatalytic method using l-leucine as a substrate was designed and constructed by expressing l-amino acid deaminase (l-AAD) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4-HPPD) in Escherichia coli. To reduce the influence of the rate-limiting step on the cascade reaction, two 4-HPPD mutants were screened by rational design and both showed improved catalytic activity. Under optimal reaction conditions, the maximum conversion rate and production rate were 80% and 0.257 g/L·h, respectively. HMB production could be realized with high efficiency without an additional supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which successfully overcomes the shortcomings of chemical production and fermentation methods. This design-based strategy of constructing a whole-cell catalyst system from l-leucine might serve as an alternative route to HMB synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Duncan SM, Tomaz S, Morrison G, Webb M, Atkin J, Surratt JD, Turpin BJ. Dynamics of Residential Water-Soluble Organic Gases: Insights into Sources and Sinks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1812-1821. [PMID: 30633495 PMCID: PMC7279883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic gas (WSOG) concentrations are elevated in homes. However, WSOG sources, sinks, and concentration dynamics are poorly understood. We observed substantial variations in 23 residential indoor WSOG concentrations measured in real time in a North Carolina, U.S., home over several days with a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with iodide reagent ion chemistry (I-HR-ToF-CIMS). Concentrations of acetic, formic, and lactic acids ranged from 30-130, 15-53, and 2.5-360 μg m-3, respectively. Concentrations of several WSOGs, including acetic and formic acids, decreased considerably (∼30-50%) when the air conditioner (AC) cycled on, suggesting that the AC system is an important sink for indoor WSOGs. In contrast to nonpolar organic gases, indoor WSOG loss rate coefficients were substantial for compounds with high oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios (e.g., 1.6-2.2 h-1 for compounds with O/C > 0.75 when the AC system was off). Loss rate coefficients in the AC system were more uncertain but were estimated to be 1.5 h-1. Elevated concentrations of lactic acid coincided with increased human occupancy and cooking. We report several WSOGs emitted from cooking and cleaning as well as transported in from outdoors. In addition to indoor air chemistry, these results have implications to exposure and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Duncan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc Webb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joanna Atkin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Perkins C, Siddiqui S, Puri M, Demain AL. Biotechnological applications of microbial bioconversions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1050-1065. [PMID: 26383603 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern research has focused on the microbial transformation of a huge variety of organic compounds to obtain compounds of therapeutic and/or industrial interest. Microbial transformation is a useful tool for producing new compounds, as a consequence of the variety of reactions for natural products. This article describes the production of many important compounds by biotransformation. Emphasis is placed on reporting the metabolites that may be of special interest to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, as well as the practical aspects of this work in the field of microbial transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Munish Puri
- c Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Arnold L Demain
- d Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.), Drew University , Madison , NJ , USA
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Swizdor A, Panek A, Milecka-Tronina N, Kołek T. Biotransformations utilizing β-oxidation cycle reactions in the synthesis of natural compounds and medicines. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16514-43. [PMID: 23443116 PMCID: PMC3546705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Oxidation cycle reactions, which are key stages in the metabolism of fatty acids in eucaryotic cells and in processes with a significant role in the degradation of acids used by microbes as a carbon source, have also found application in biotransformations. One of the major advantages of biotransformations based on the β-oxidation cycle is the possibility to transform a substrate in a series of reactions catalyzed by a number of enzymes. It allows the use of sterols as a substrate base in the production of natural steroid compounds and their analogues. This route also leads to biologically active compounds of therapeutic significance. Transformations of natural substrates via β-oxidation are the core part of the synthetic routes of natural flavors used as food additives. Stereoselectivity of the enzymes catalyzing the stages of dehydrogenation and addition of a water molecule to the double bond also finds application in the synthesis of chiral biologically active compounds, including medicines. Recent advances in genetic, metabolic engineering, methods for the enhancement of bioprocess productivity and the selectivity of target reactions are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Swizdor
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Kuo LC, Wu RY, Lee KT. A process for high-efficiency isoflavone deglycosylation using Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1181-8. [PMID: 22350317 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to produce isoflavone aglycosides effectively, a process of isoflavone hydrolysis by Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18 (BCRC 80390) was established. This process integrates the three stages for the production of isoflavone aglycosides in one single fermenter, including the growth of B. subtilis natto, production of β-glucosidase, deglycosylation of fed isoflavone glycosides. After 8 h of batch culture of B. subtilis natto NTU-18 in 2 L of soy medium, a total of 3 L of soy isoflavone glucoside solution containing 3.0 mg/mL of daidzin and 1.0 mg/mL of genistin was fed continuously over 34 h. The percentage deglycosylation of daidzin and genistin was 97.7% and 94.6%, respectively. The concentration of daidzein and genistein in the broth reached 1,066.8 μg/mL (4.2 mM) and 351 μg/mL (1.3 mM), respectively, and no residual daidzin or genistin was detected. The productivity of the bioconversion of daidzein and genistein over the 42 h of culture was 25.6 mg/L/h and 8.5 mg/L/h, respectively. This showed that this is an efficient bioconversion process for selective estrogen receptor modulator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Rohwerder T, Breuer U, Benndorf D, Lechner U, Müller RH. The alkyl tert-butyl ether intermediate 2-hydroxyisobutyrate is degraded via a novel cobalamin-dependent mutase pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4128-35. [PMID: 16751524 PMCID: PMC1489616 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00080-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuel oxygenates such as methyl and ethyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE and ETBE, respectively) are degraded only by a limited number of bacterial strains. The aerobic pathway is generally thought to run via tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate (2-HIBA), whereas further steps are unclear. We have now demonstrated for the newly isolated beta-proteobacterial strains L108 and L10, as well as for the closely related strain CIP I-2052, that 2-HIBA was degraded by a cobalamin-dependent enzymatic step. In these strains, growth on substrates containing the tert-butyl moiety, such as MTBE, TBA, and 2-HIBA, was strictly dependent on cobalt, which could be replaced by cobalamin. Tandem mass spectrometry identified a 2-HIBA-induced protein with high similarity to a peptide whose gene sequence was found in the finished genome of the MTBE-degrading strain Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1. Alignment analysis identified it as the small subunit of isobutyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) mutase (ICM; EC 5.4.99.13), which is a cobalamin-containing carbon skeleton-rearranging enzyme, originally described only in Streptomyces spp. Sequencing of the genes of both ICM subunits from strain L108 revealed nearly 100% identity with the corresponding peptide sequences from M. petroleiphilum PM1, suggesting a horizontal gene transfer event to have occurred between these strains. Enzyme activity was demonstrated in crude extracts of induced cells of strains L108 and L10, transforming 2-HIBA into 3-hydroxybutyrate in the presence of CoA and ATP. The physiological and evolutionary aspects of this novel pathway involved in MTBE and ETBE metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore Rohwerder
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Although the biocatalytic activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds by oxidation to alcohols was one of the first biotransformations to be exploited by the chemical industry, this remarkable process continues to be the subject of intense research activity. Recent developments in this area have centred on the use of new biocatalysts and substrates for C-H activation, in particular on the use of recombinant strains of yeast and bacteria expressing useful hydroxylase enzymes, on mechanistic work using hydroxylase enzymes that relies on the tools of molecular biology to address outstanding questions, particularly those of substrate selection and product predictability, and on the application of these systems for hydroxylation and heteroatom dealkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Saint Catharines Ontario L2S3A1, Canada.
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