1
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Gao M, Zhang M, Zhang J, Yang X, Abdallah MF, Wang J. Phylogenetic Variation of Tri1 Gene and Development of PCR-RFLP Analysis for the Identification of NX Genotypes in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:692. [PMID: 38133196 PMCID: PMC10747927 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NX toxins have been described as a novel group of type A trichothecenes produced by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). Differences in structure between NX toxins and the common type B trichothecenes arise from functional variation in the trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme Tri1 in the FGSC. The identified highly conserved changes in the Tri1 gene can be used to develop specific PCR-based assays to identify the NX-producing strains. In this study, the sequences of the Tri1 gene from type B trichothecene- and NX-producing strains were analyzed to identify DNA polymorphisms between the two different kinds of trichothecene producers. Four sets of Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods were successfully developed to distinguish the common type B trichothecene producers and NX producers within FGSC. These promising diagnostic methods can be used for high-throughput genotype detection of Fusarium strains as a step forward for crop disease management and mycotoxin control in agriculture. Additionally, it was found that the Tri1 gene phylogeny differs from the species phylogeny, which is consistent with the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Gao
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.G.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.)
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2
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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3
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Sweany RR, Breunig M, Opoku J, Clay K, Spatafora JW, Drott MT, Baldwin TT, Fountain JC. Why Do Plant-Pathogenic Fungi Produce Mycotoxins? Potential Roles for Mycotoxins in the Plant Ecosystem. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2044-2051. [PMID: 35502928 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0053-sym] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For many plant-pathogenic or endophytic fungi, production of mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans, may present a fitness gain. However, associations between mycotoxin production and plant pathogenicity or virulence is inconsistent and difficult due to the complexity of these host-pathogen interactions and the influences of environmental and insect factors. Aflatoxin receives a lot of attention due to its potent toxicity and carcinogenicity but the connection between aflatoxin production and pathogenicity is complicated by the pathogenic ability and prevalence of nonaflatoxigenic isolates in crops. Other toxins directly aid fungi in planta, trichothecenes are important virulence factors, and ergot alkaloids limit herbivory and fungal consumption due to insect toxicity. We review a panel discussion at the American Phytopathological Society's Plant Health 2021 conference, which gathered diverse experts representing different research sectors, career stages, ethnicities, and genders to discuss the diverse roles of mycotoxins in the lifestyles of filamentous fungi of the families Clavicipitaceae, Trichocomaceae (Eurotiales), and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Sweany
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124
| | - Mikaela Breunig
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 78824
| | - Joseph Opoku
- USDA-ARS Pest Management and Biological Control Research Unit, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85701
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Milton T Drott
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Thomas T Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS State, MS 39762
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4
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandey S, Paul V, Saurabh V, Pandey AK, Selvakumar R, Barua S, Kapri M, Kumar M, Kaur C, Tripathi AD, Gamlath S, Kamle M, Varzakas T, Agriopoulou S. Nivalenol Mycotoxin Concerns in Foods: An Overview on Occurrence, Impact on Human and Animal Health and Its Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080527. [PMID: 36006189 PMCID: PMC9413460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review’s main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Surabhi Pandey
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Veena Paul
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vivek Saurabh
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- Food Science and Technology, MMICT & BM(HM) Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Mandira Kapri
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology (CRDT), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (V.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (A.G.); (S.P.); (V.P.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Shirani Gamlath
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (D.K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (S.A.)
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5
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Del Ponte EM, Moreira GM, Ward TJ, O'Donnell K, Nicolli CP, Machado FJ, Duffeck MR, Alves KS, Tessmann DJ, Waalwijk C, van der Lee T, Zhang H, Chulze SN, Stenglein SA, Pan D, Vero S, Vaillancourt LJ, Schmale DG, Esker PD, Moretti A, Logrieco AF, Kistler HC, Bergstrom GC, Viljoen A, Rose LJ, van Coller GJ, Lee T. Fusarium graminearum Species Complex: A Bibliographic Analysis and Web-Accessible Database for Global Mapping of Species and Trichothecene Toxin Chemotypes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:741-751. [PMID: 34491796 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0277-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is ranked among the five most destructive fungal pathogens that affect agroecosystems. It causes floral diseases in small grain cereals including wheat, barley, and oats, as well as maize and rice. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed studies reporting species within the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) and created two main data tables. The first contained summarized data from the articles including bibliographic, geographic, methodological (ID methods), host of origin and species, while the second data table contains information about the described strains such as publication, isolate code(s), host/substrate, year of isolation, geographical coordinates, species and trichothecene genotype. Analyses of the bibliographic data obtained from 123 publications from 2000 to 2021 by 498 unique authors and published in 40 journals are summarized. We describe the frequency of species and chemotypes for 16,274 strains for which geographical information was available, either provided as raw data or extracted from the publications, and sampled across six continents and 32 countries. The database and interactive interface are publicly available, allowing for searches, summarization, and mapping of strains according to several criteria including article, country, host, species and trichothecene genotype. The database will be updated as new articles are published and should be useful for guiding future surveys and exploring factors associated with species distribution such as climate and land use. Authors are encouraged to submit data at the strain level to the database, which is accessible at https://fgsc.netlify.app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Gláucia M Moreira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Todd J Ward
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria 61604, U.S.A
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria 61604, U.S.A
| | - Camila P Nicolli
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Maíra R Duffeck
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Kaique S Alves
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Dauri J Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sofia N Chulze
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, 5800 Argentina
| | - Sebastian A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Buenos Aires, 7300, Argentina
| | - Dinorah Pan
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Silvana Vero
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061-0390, U.S.A
| | - Paul D Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Antonio Moretti
- National Research Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- National Research Council of Research, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H Corby Kistler
- Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, St. Paul 55108, U.S.A
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-5904, U.S.A
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lindy J Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Gert J van Coller
- Plant Science, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, 7607, South Africa
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
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6
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Zhao H, Tao X, Song W, Xu H, Li M, Cai Y, Wang J, Duan Y, Zhou M. Mechanism of Fusarium graminearum Resistance to Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors: G443S Substitution of the Drug Target FgCYP51A. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1788-1798. [PMID: 35129347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the Fusarium graminearum species complex, is a devastating fungal disease resulting in substantial yield and quality losses. Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) are the most popular chemicals for controlling FHB. Recently, the resistance of F. graminearum to EBIs has emerged in the field, and an amino acid substitution (G443S) of the sterol 14α-demethylase FgCYP51A was detected in the field resistant strains. To further illustrate the resistance mechanism of F. graminearum to EBIs, site-directed mutants conferring the G443S substitution of FgCYP51A were generated from the progenitor strain PH-1 via genetic transformation with site-directed mutagenesis. We found that the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution significantly decreased the sensitivity of F. graminearum to EBIs with EC50 values ranging from 0.1190 to 0.2302 μg mL-1 and EC90 values ranging from 1.3420 to 9.1119 μg mL-1 for tebuconazole. Furthermore, the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution decreased sexual reproduction and virulence, which will reduce the initial infection source of pathogen populations in the field, while the increase of sporulation capability may enhance the frequencies of the disease cycle, thereby contributing to epidemics of FHB disease. Surprisingly, the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution accelerated DON biosynthesis by upregulating TRI5 expression and enhancing the fluorescence intensity of TRI1-GFP, the marker protein of Fusarium toxisomes. Thus, we concluded that the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution regulates EBI-fungicide resistance and DON biosynthesis, increasing the risk of fungicide resistance development in the field, thereby threatening the control efficacy of EBIs against FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xian Tao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen Song
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haorong Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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7
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Chen L, Yang J, Wang H, Yang X, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Wang J. NX toxins: New threat posed by Fusarium graminearum species complex. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Hafez M, Abdelmagid A, Aboukhaddour R, Adam LR, Daayf F. Fusarium Root Rot Complex in Soybean: Molecular Characterization, Trichothecene Formation, and Cross-Pathogenicity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2287-2302. [PMID: 33938238 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is threatened by many pathogens that negatively affect this crop's yield and quality, such as various Fusarium species that cause wilting and root rot diseases. Fusarium root rot (FRR) in soybean can be caused by F. graminearum and other Fusarium spp. that are associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. Therefore, it was important to inquire whether Fusarium pathogens from soybean can cause disease in wheat and vice versa. Here, we investigated the FRR complex in Manitoba (Canada) from symptomatic plants, using both culture- and molecular-based methods. We developed a molecular diagnostic toolkit to detect and differentiate between several Fusarium spp. involved in FHB and FRR, then we evaluated cross-pathogenicity of selected Fusarium isolates collected from soybean and wheat, and the results indicate that isolates recovered from one host can infect the other host. Trichothecene production by selected Fusarium spp. was also analyzed chemically via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in both soybean (root) and wheat (spike) tissues. Trichothecenes were also analyzed in soybean seeds from plants with FRR to check the potentiality of trichothecene translocation from infected roots to the seeds. All of the tested Fusarium isolates were capable of producing trichothecenes in wheat spikes and soybean roots, but no trichothecenes were detected in soybean seeds. This study provided evidence, for the first time, that trichothecenes were produced by several Fusarium spp. (F. cerealis, F. culmorum, and F. sporotrichioides) during FRR development in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hafez
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelmagid
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Reem Aboukhaddour
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorne R Adam
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
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9
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Wang L, Yan Z, Zhou H, Fan Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Liao Y, Wu A. Validation of LC-MS/MS Coupled with a Chiral Column for the Determination of 3- or 15-Acetyl Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxins from Fusarium graminearum in Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:659. [PMID: 34564663 PMCID: PMC8473124 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causal agents Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) and Fusarium asiaticum could produce multiple mycotoxins in infected wheat, which threatens the health of humans and animals. Specifically, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) are commonly detected mycotoxins in cereal grains. However, the good chromatographic separation of 3-ADON and 15-ADON remains challenging. Here, an LC-MS/MS method for the chemotype determination of Fusarium strains was developed and validated. 3- and 15-ADON could be separated chromatographically in this study with sufficiently low limits of detection (LODs; 4 μg/kg) and limits of quantification (LOQs; 8 μg/kg). The satisfying intraday and interday reproducibility (both %RSDr and %RSDR were <20%) of this method indicated good stability. The recoveries of all analytes were in the range of 80-120%. In addition, three F. graminearum complex (FGC) strains, i.e., PH-1 (chemotype 15-ADON), F-1 (chemotype 3-ADON) and 5035 (chemotype 15-ADON), were selected to verify the accuracy of the method in differentiating phenotypes. The validation results showed that this LC-MS/MS method based on sample pretreatment is effective and suitable for the chromatographic separation of 3-ADON and 15-ADON in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yingying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affiairs, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affiairs, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yucai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
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10
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A review of mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways: associated genes and their expressions under the influence of climatic factors. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Dong F, Zhang X, Xu JH, Shi JR, Lee YW, Chen XY, Li YP, Mokoena MP, Olaniran AO. Analysis of Fusarium graminearum Species Complex from Freshly Harvested Rice in Jiangsu Province (China). PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2138-2143. [PMID: 32539593 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-20-0084-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) are the major pathogens that cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals worldwide. Symptoms of FHB on rice, including dark staining or browning of rice glumes, were recently observed in Jiangsu Province, China. To improve our understanding of the pathogens involved, 201 FGSC isolates were obtained from freshly harvested rice samples and identified by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 201 FGSC isolates, 196 were F. asiaticum and the remaining 5 were F. graminearum. Trichothecene chemotype and chemical analyses showed that 68.4% of the F. asiaticum isolates were the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype and the remainder were the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. All of the F. graminearum isolates were the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype. Pathogenicity assays showed that both the 3ADON and NIV chemotypes of F. asiaticum could infect wheat and rice spikes. FHB severity and trichothecene toxin analysis revealed that F. asiaticum with the NIV chemotype was less aggressive than that with the 3ADON chemotype in wheat, while the NIV-producing strains were more virulent than the 3ADON-producing strains in rice. F. asiaticum isolates with different chemotypes did not show significant differences in mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial dimensions, or perithecial production. These findings would provide useful information for developing management strategies for the control of FHB in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jian Hong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jian Rong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Yuan Chen
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yun Peng Li
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Mduduzi P Mokoena
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban X54001, South Africa
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12
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Villafana RT, Ramdass AC, Rampersad SN. TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E64. [PMID: 31973043 PMCID: PMC7076749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select species of Fusarium and cause acute and chronic toxicity in animals and humans upon exposure either through consumption and/or contact. There are over 100 trichothecene metabolites and they can occur in a wide range of commodities that form food and feed products. This review discusses strategies to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin production and exposure by examining the Fusarium-trichothecene model. Fundamental to mitigation of risk is knowing the identity of the pathogen. As such, a comparison of current, recommended molecular approaches for sequence-based identification of Fusaria is presented, followed by an analysis of the rationale and methods of trichothecene (TRI) genotyping and chemotyping. This type of information confirms the source and nature of risk. While both are powerful tools for informing regulatory decisions, an assessment of the causes of incongruence between TRI genotyping and chemotyping data must be made. Reconciliation of this discordance will map the way forward in terms of optimization of molecular approaches, which includes data validation and sharing in the form of accessible repositories of genomic data and browsers for querying such data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sephra N. Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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13
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Ramírez Albuquerque D, Patriarca A, Fernández Pinto V. Can discrepancies between Fusarium graminearum trichothecene genotype and chemotype be explained by the influence of temperature in the relative production of 3-ADON and 15-ADON? Fungal Biol 2019; 125:153-159. [PMID: 33518205 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops in Argentina and worldwide. One of the major diseases affecting the crop is the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB). It is an endemic disease caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, the most common agent of FHB around the world. The infection is strongly influenced by environmental parameters and occurs mostly when there are favourable conditions of moisture and temperature during wheat anthesis or flowering. This destructive disease affects wheat, barley and other small grains and has the capability of destroying crops, causing great economic losses due to reduced grain quality, and the accumulation of significant levels of mycotoxins such as trichothecenes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on mycotoxin biosynthesis, on three strains of F. graminearum of 15-ADON genotype and one of 3-ADON genotype, with different capacity of synthesizing DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON. Trichothecene production of the strains at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d of incubation. The optimum temperature to produce DON and 3-ADON was between 25 and 30 °C, but the maximum production of 15-ADON occurred at a lower temperature (10 °C) for all the strains. Conversely, the minimum production of DON and 3-ADON was recorded between 5 and 10 °C and of 15-ADON between 30 and 35 °C. A possible explanation for the similar accumulation of both acetyl derivatives by strains of different chemotype and genotypes could be that the acetyl derivatives biosynthesis is regulated by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ramírez Albuquerque
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Virginia Fernández Pinto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Schmidt R, Durling MB, de Jager V, Menezes RC, Nordkvist E, Svatoš A, Dubey M, Lauterbach L, Dickschat JS, Karlsson M, Garbeva P. Deciphering the genome and secondary metabolome of the plant pathogen Fusarium culmorum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4990469. [PMID: 29718180 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is one of the most important fungal plant pathogens that causes diseases on a wide diversity of cereal and non-cereal crops. We report herein for the first time the genome sequence of F. culmorum strain PV and its associated secondary metabolome that plays a role in the interaction with other microorganisms and contributes to its pathogenicity on plants. The genome revealed the presence of two terpene synthases, trichodiene and longiborneol synthase, which generate an array of volatile terpenes. Furthermore, we identified two gene clusters, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, which encode for the production of mycotoxins. Linking the production of mycotoxins with in vitro bioassays, we found high virulence of F. culmorum PV on maize, barley and wheat. By using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we confirmed several compounds important for the behaviour and lifestyle of F. culmorum. This research sets the basis for future studies in microbe-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mikael B Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor de Jager
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Riya C Menezes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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15
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El Sheikha AF. Molecular Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Foods: The Case for Using PCR-DGGE. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2018.1547644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Farag El Sheikha
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El Kom, Minufiya Government, Egypt
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16
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Selection of Fusarium Trichothecene Toxin Genes for Molecular Detection Depends on TRI Gene Cluster Organization and Gene Function. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010036. [PMID: 30646506 PMCID: PMC6357111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security is a global concern. Fusarium are among the most economically important fungal pathogens because they are ubiquitous, disease management remains a challenge, they produce mycotoxins that affect food and feed safety, and trichothecene mycotoxin production can increase the pathogenicity of some Fusarium species depending on the host species. Although trichothecenes may differ in structure by their patterns of hydroxylation or acetylation, these small changes have a significant impact on toxicity and the biological activity of these compounds. Therefore, detecting and identifying which chemotype is present in a given population are important to predicting the specific toxins that may be produced and, therefore, to evaluating the risk of exposure. Due to the challenges of inducing trichothecene production by Fusarium isolates in vitro for subsequent chemical analysis, PCR assays using gene-specific primers, either singly or in combination, designed against specific genes of the trichothecene gene cluster of multiple species of Fusarium have been developed. The establishment of TRI genotypes that potentially correspond to a specific chemotype requires examination of an information and knowledge pipeline whose critical aspects in sequential order are: (i) understanding the TRI gene cluster organization which differs according to Fusarium species under study; (ii) knowledge of the re-arrangements to the core TRI gene cluster over evolutionary time, which also differs according to Fusarium species; (iii) the functions of the TRI genes in the biosynthesis of trichothecene analogs; and (iv) based on (i)⁻(iii), selection of appropriate target TRI gene(s) for primer design in PCR amplification for the Fusarium species under study. This review, therefore, explains this pipeline and its connection to utilizing TRI genotypes as a possible proxy to chemotype designation.
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17
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Shin S, Son JH, Park JC, Kim KH, Yoon YM, Cheong YK, Kim KH, Hyun JN, Park CS, Dill-Macky R, Kang CS. Comparative Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Wheat Kernels in Korea. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:347-355. [PMID: 30369845 PMCID: PMC6200044 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2018.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetylde-oxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Shin
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jae-Han Son
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | | | - Young-mi Yoon
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | | | - Kyong-Ho Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jong-Nae Hyun
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Chul Soo Park
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Ruth Dill-Macky
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108,
USA
| | - Chon-Sik Kang
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365,
Korea
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18
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Qian H, Du J, Chi M, Sun X, Liang W, Huang J, Li B. The Y137H mutation in the cytochrome P450 FgCYP51B protein confers reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole in Fusarium graminearum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1472-1477. [PMID: 29274114 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a worldwide plant disease and one of the most significant wheat diseases in China. Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, such as tebuconazole (TEC), are widely used to control FHB, but long-term use leads to low efficacy against FHB. Earlier studies showed that DMI resistance is associated with the fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome P450 CYP51) gene, and that point mutations in the CYP51 gene are the primary mechanism of resistance to DMI fungicides. The aims of this study were to clarify the molecular mechanisms of resistance to TEC and identify the binding sites on the FgCYP51B protein. RESULTS Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change the FgCYP51B gene of wild-type strain PH-1 from tyrosine to histidine at residue 137 (Y137H) to generate a mutant transformant, which was confirmed to be resistant to TEC compared with the parental strains. A three-dimensional FgCYP51B model was constructed, and molecular docking simulation studies were conducted to identify the optimum binding mode with TEC. The wild-type FgCYP51B protein displayed stronger affinity to TEC than that of the mutated FgCYP51B in the molecular docking analysis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a Tyr137 amino acid mutation in the cytochrome P450 FgCYP51B could lead to resistance to TEC and that Y137 forms part of the tebuconazole-binding pocket. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Mengyu Chi
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Animation and Communication, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Baodu Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
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19
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Maeda K, Ichikawa H, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Ohsato S, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Osada H, Kimura M. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Compounds That Modulate Trichothecene Production by Fusarium graminearum. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1260-1269. [PMID: 29565558 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library, we identified small molecules that alter trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) production by Fusarium graminearum. Among trichothecene production activators, a furanocoumarin NPD12671 showed the strongest stimulatory activity on 15-ADON production by the fungus cultured in a 24-well plate. NPD12671 significantly increased the transcription of Tri6, a transcription factor gene necessary for trichothecene biosynthesis, in both trichothecene-inducing and noninducing culture conditions. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was identified as the most effective inhibitor of trichothecene production in 24-well plate culture; DHA inhibited trichothecene production (>50% inhibition at 1 μM) without affecting fungal mass by suppressing Tri6 expression. To determine the effect of DHA on trichothecene pathway Tri gene expression, we generated a constitutively Tri6-overexpressing strain that produced 15-ADON in YG_60 medium in Erlenmeyer flasks, conditions under which no trichothecenes are produced by the wild-type. While 5 μM DHA failed to inhibit trichothecene biosynthesis by the overexpressor in trichothecene-inducing YS_60 culture, trichothecene production was suppressed in the YG_60 culture. Regardless of a high Tri6 transcript level in the constitutive overexpressor, the YG_60 culture showed reduced accumulation of Tri5 and Tri4 mRNA upon treatment with 5 μM DHA. Deletion mutants of FgOs2 were also generated and examined; both NPD12671 and DHA modulated trichothecene production as they did in the wild-type strain. These results are discussed in light of the mode of actions of these chemicals on trichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hinayo Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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20
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Wei S, van der Lee T, Verstappen E, van Gent M, Waalwijk C. Targeting Trichothecene Biosynthetic Genes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1542:173-189. [PMID: 27924538 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of trichothecenes requires the involvement of at least 15 genes, most of which have been targeted for PCR. Qualitative PCRs are used to assign chemotypes to individual isolates, e.g., the capacity to produce type A and/or type B trichothecenes. Many regions in the core cluster (consisting of 12 genes) including intergenic regions have been used as targets for PCR, but the most robust assays are targeted to the tri3 and tri12 genes. Quantitative PCRs, that work across trichothecene-producing members of the Fusarium head blight complex, are described along with procedures to quantify the amount of fungal biomass in wheat samples. These assays are directed to the chemotype(s) present in field samples and quantify the total fungal biomass of trichothecene-producing fungi, irrespective of their genetic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Theo van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Verstappen
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga van Gent
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Qian H, Duan M, Sun X, Chi M, Zhao Y, Liang W, Du J, Huang J, Li B. The binding mechanism between azoles and FgCYP51B, sterol 14α-demethylase of Fusarium graminearum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:126-134. [PMID: 28719051 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a worldwide plant disease and a major disease of wheat in China. Control of FHB is mainly dependent on the application of demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. Fungal sterol 14α-demethylase enzymes (CYP51) are the main target for DMI fungicides. A molecular modeling study and biological evaluation were performed to investigate the binding mechanism between azoles and CYP51B in F. graminearum. RESULTS A homology model based on the crystal structure of Aspergillus fumigatus was built. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were then used to identify the optimum binding mode of propiconazole (PRP), diniconazole (DIN), triadimenol (TRL), tebuconazole (TEC) and triadimefon (TRN) with FgCYP51B. Furthermore, the binding free energy of the five protein-inhibitor complexes was calculated using molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area and Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-GB/PBSA) methods. Key residues in the selective binding of azoles to FgCYP51B were recognized by per-residue free energy decomposition analysis. The five ligands have a similar binding mode in the active pocket. The binding free energy to the enzyme for inhibitors PRP and TEC is more favorable than that of TRN, TRL and DIN. Furthermore, the amino acid residues Phe511, Val136, Ile374, Ala308, Ser312 and Try137 of FgCYP51B are key residues interacting with azoles fungicides. From the experimental evaluation, the 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) values for PRP, TEC, DIN, TRL and TRN are 0.024, 0.047, 0.148, 0.154 and 0.474 mg L-1 , respectively. These five molecules exhibit potential inhibitory activity against CYP51B protein from F. graminearum. CONCLUSION Azole fungicides for FgCYP51B should possess more hydrophobic groups interacting with residues Phe511, Val136, Ile374, Ala308, Ser312 and Tyr137. PRP and TEC are preferable for the control of FHB than DIN, TRL and TRN. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilin Duan
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Animation and Communication, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Chi
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Baodu Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang CL, Cheng YH. Identification and trichothecene genotypes of Fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat in Taiwan. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:4. [PMID: 28510187 PMCID: PMC5430562 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is a devastating disease worldwide. The pathogens not only reduce the yield of wheat, but also impact the quality of wheat by contamination with trichothecene mycotoxins. A systematic investigation on the pathogens of FHB in Taiwan is lacking. Here, molecular and morphological approaches were used to identify species of the Taiwanese FGSC isolates and determine their trichothecene genotypes. RESULTS In this study, a total of 195 isolates of FGSC from diseased wheat were collected from 8 areas of northern and central Taiwan. All isolates were subjected to seedling inoculation for verification of pathogenicity. The pathogenic isolates were genetically characterized by sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), phylogenetic analysis and fixed nucleotides to clarify their phylogenetic species, and by PCR assays of TRI genes to determine trichothecene genotypes. They were identified as F. asiaticum, F. graminearum sensu stricto, F. meridionale and an unknown species. Isolates of F. asiaticum were the major causal agents (98%) in this investigated population and were comprised of SCAR type 5 (75%), SCAR type 4 (21%) and SCAR type 3 (2%). Their trichothecene genotypes were either 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (83%) or nivalenol (NIV) genotype (17%). These genetic characterizations indicated that F. asiaticum (15-ADON SCAR type 5) accounts for 60% of this Taiwanese population. Virulence assay on wheat heads indicated virulence of F. asiaticum isolates in subpopulations divided by SCAR types or trichothecene genotypes were comparable, suggesting other factors influence the unequal subpopulation sizes. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that FGSC isolates in Taiwan were systematically collected and characterized. In addition to F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. meridionale, F. asiaticum with 15-ADON genotype was identified as the predominate species in Taiwan. In contrast to Chinese and Japanese populations that F. asiaticum isolates were typically of 3-ADON or NIV genotype, the predominate 15-ADON genotype in Taiwanese population was unique among F. asiaticum populations and represented the southernmost 15-ADON genotype population in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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Abedi-Tizaki M, Zafari D. Geographic distribution of phylogenetic species of the Fusarium graminearum species complex and their 8-ketotrichothecene chemotypes on wheat spikes in Iran. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:245-259. [PMID: 28612272 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC, n = 446) were collected from wheat spikes from northern and western regions of Iran with a history of Fusarium head blight (FHB) occurrences. The trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes/chemotypes, the associated phylogenetic species, and geographical distribution of these isolates were analyzed. Two phylogenetic species, Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum, were identified and were found to belong to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) groups V and I. Isolates from F. asiaticum species lineage 6 were within SCAR group V, whereas F. graminearum species lineage 7 were of SCAR group I. Of the 446 isolates assayed, 274 were F. asiaticum species predominantly of the nivalenol (NIV) genotype, while other isolates were either deoxynivalenol (DON) plus 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) or DON plus 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON) genotype. Based on Tri7 gene sequences, a new subpopulation of 15-AcDON producers was observed among F. asiaticum strains in which 11-bp repeats were absent in the Tri7 sequences. The trichothecene chemotype was confirmed and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 46 FGSC isolates. Isolates produced NIV (33.4-108.2 μg/g) and DON (64.7-473.6 μg/g) plus either 3-AcDON (51.4-142.4 μg/g) or 15-AcDON (24.1-99.3 μg/g). Among FGSC isolates, F. asiaticum produced the highest levels of trichothecenes. Using BIOCLIM based on the climate data of 20-year during 1994-2014, modelling geographical distribution of FGSC showed that F. asiaticum was restricted to warmer and humid areas with a median value of mean annual temperature of about 17.5 °C and annual rainfall of 658 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, F. graminearum (only 15-AcDON producers) was restricted to cooler and drier areas, with a median value of the mean annual temperature of 14.4 °C and an annual rainfall of 384 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). Based on climate parameters at anthesis, the recorded distribution of F. graminearum and F. asiaticum was similar to that based on BIOCLIM parameters. Therefore, geographic differences on the wheat-growing areas in Iran have had a significant effect on distribution of FGSC and their trichothecene chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abedi-Tizaki
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Doustmorad Zafari
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Kulik T, Abarenkov K, Buśko M, Bilska K, van Diepeningen AD, Ostrowska-Kołodziejczak A, Krawczyk K, Brankovics B, Stenglein S, Sawicki J, Perkowski J. ToxGen: an improved reference database for the identification of type B-trichothecene genotypes in Fusarium. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2992. [PMID: 28229023 PMCID: PMC5314956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes, which pose a serious hazard to consumer health, occur worldwide in grains. These mycotoxins are produced mainly by three different trichothecene genotypes/chemotypes: 3ADON (3-acetyldeoxynivalenol), 15ADON (15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and NIV (nivalenol), named after these three major mycotoxin compounds. Correct identification of these genotypes is elementary for all studies relating to population surveys, fungal ecology and mycotoxicology. Trichothecene producers exhibit enormous strain-dependent chemical diversity, which may result in variation in levels of the genotype's determining toxin and in the production of low to high amounts of atypical compounds. New high-throughput DNA-sequencing technologies promise to boost the diagnostics of mycotoxin genotypes. However, this requires a reference database containing a satisfactory taxonomic sampling of sequences showing high correlation to actually produced chemotypes. We believe that one of the most pressing current challenges of such a database is the linking of molecular identification with chemical diversity of the strains, as well as other metadata. In this study, we use the Tri12 gene involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis for identification of Tri genotypes through sequence comparison. Tri12 sequences from a range of geographically diverse fungal strains comprising 22 Fusarium species were stored in the ToxGen database, which covers descriptive and up-to-date annotations such as indication on Tri genotype and chemotype of the strains, chemical diversity, information on trichothecene-inducing host, substrate or media, geographical locality, and most recent taxonomic affiliations. The present initiative bridges the gap between the demands of comprehensive studies on trichothecene producers and the existing nucleotide sequence databases, which lack toxicological and other auxiliary data. We invite researchers working in the fields of fungal taxonomy, epidemiology and mycotoxicology to join the freely available annotation effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anne D. van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Krawczyk
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, CONICET, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología-Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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25
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Abstract
Multiplex PCR is a powerful method to detect, identify, and quantify the mycotoxigenic fungus by targeting the amplification of genes associated with mycotoxin production and detection, identification, and quantification of Fusarium species. As compared with uniplex PCR, it has several advantages such as low cost, shortened time, and simultaneous amplification of more than two genes (in only one reaction tube). Here, we describe multiplex PCR-based detection and identification of trichothecene-, zearalenone-, fumonisin-, and enniatin-producing Fusarium species, the use of multiplex PCR in multiplex genotype assay and the use of multiplex TaqMan real-time qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Mudili Venkataramana
- Microbiology Division, DRDO-BU-Centre for Life sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Emre Yörük
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Kulik T, Buśko M, Bilska K, Ostrowska-Kołodziejczak A, van Diepeningen AD, Perkowski J, Stenglein S. Depicting the Discrepancy between Tri Genotype and Chemotype on the Basis of Strain CBS 139514 from a Field Population of F. graminearum Sensu Stricto from Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E330. [PMID: 27845742 PMCID: PMC5127127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on a field population of F. graminearum sensu stricto from Argentina revealed an atypical panel of strains identified through PCR genotyping as 15ADON genotypes, but producing high levels of 3ADON. Based on representative strain CBS 139514, we asked if the discrepancy between the trichothecene genotype and chemotype might result from an inter-chemotype recombination of the chemotype-determining genes. To answer this, we sequenced the complete core Tri gene cluster (around 30,200 bp) from this strain and compared its sequence to sequence data of typical type B trichothecene genotypes/chemotypes. Sequence alignment showed that CBS 139514 has an identical sequence within the entire core Tri cluster to the 15ADON genotype. The revealed discrepancy underlines the need for using both molecular and chemical methods for reliable characterization of toxigenic strains of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, Olsztyn 10-727, Poland.
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, Olsztyn 10-727, Poland.
| | | | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires-Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CICBA-INBIOTEC, CONICET), Av. República de Italia 780, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Microbiología-Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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27
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Lee T, Paek JS, Lee KA, Lee S, Choi JH, Ham H, Hong SK, Ryu JG. Occurrence of Toxigenic Fusarium vorosii among Small Grain Cereals in Korea. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:407-413. [PMID: 27721690 PMCID: PMC5051559 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.05.2016.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) causes Fusarium head blight in small grain cereals. To date, four species (F. graminearum, F. asiaticum, F. boothii, and F. meridionale ) belonging to FGSC frequently occur in Korean cereals. In addition, we first reported the occurrence of additional species (F. vorosii ) within FGSC, which was isolated from barley, corn, and rice in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the Fusarium isolates of this group using combined multi-gene sequences confirmed species identification. Moreover, the macroconidia produced by these isolates were morphologically similar to those of the F. vorosii holotype. Chemical analysis indicated that the F. vorosii isolates produced various trichothecenes such as nivalenol and deoxynivalenol with their acetyl derivatives along with zearalenone. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that all of the F. vorosii isolates examined were pathogenic on barley, corn, and rice with variation in aggressiveness. This study is the first report of F. vorosii in Korean cereals, their pathogenicity towards barley and corn, and their ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Paek
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Lee
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Hyeonheui Ham
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Sung Kee Hong
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jae-Gee Ryu
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
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28
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Kim DW, Kim GY, Kim HK, Kim J, Jeon SJ, Lee CW, Lee HB, Yun SH. Characterization of Nivalenol-Producing Fusarium culmorum Isolates Obtained from the Air at a Rice Paddy Field in Korea. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:182-189. [PMID: 27298593 PMCID: PMC4892814 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2015.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Together with the Fusarium graminearum species complex, F. culmorum is a major member of the causal agents of Fusarium head blight on cereals such as wheat, barley and corn. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. In Korea, F. culmorum is listed as a quarantine fungal species since it has yet to be found in the country. In this paper, we report that two isolates (J1 and J2) of F. culmorum were collected from the air at a rice paddy field in Korea. Species identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using multi-locus sequence data derived from five genes encoding translation elongation factor, histone H3, phosphate permease, a reductase, and an ammonia ligase and by morphological comparison with reference strains. Both diagnostic PCR and chemical analysis confirmed that these F. culmorum isolates had the capacity to produce nivalenol, the trichothecene mycotoxin, in rice substrate. In addition, both isolates were pathogenic on wheat heads and corn stalks. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. culmorum in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Gi-Yong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sun Jeong Jeon
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
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29
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Gacura MD, Sprockett DD, Heidenreich B, Blackwood CB. Comparison of pectin-degrading fungal communities in temperate forests using glycosyl hydrolase family 28 pectinase primers targeting Ascomycete fungi. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 123:108-13. [PMID: 26899925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have developed a wide assortment of enzymes to break down pectin, a prevalent polymer in plant cell walls that is important in plant defense and structure. One enzyme family used to degrade pectin is the glycosyl hydrolase family 28 (GH28). In this study we developed primers for the amplification of GH28 coding genes from a database of 293 GH28 sequences from 40 fungal genomes. The primers were used to successfully amplify GH28 pectinases from all Ascomycota cultures tested, but only three out of seven Basidiomycota cultures. In addition, we further tested the primers in PCRs on metagenomic DNA extracted from senesced tree leaves from different forest ecosystems, followed by cloning and sequencing. Taxonomic specificity for Ascomycota GH28 genes was tested by comparing GH28 composition in leaves to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon composition using pyrosequencing. All sequences obtained from GH28 primers were classified as Ascomycota; in contrast, ITS sequences indicated that fungal communities were up to 39% Basidiomycetes. Analysis of leaf samples indicated that both forest stand and ecosystem type were important in structuring fungal communities. However, site played the prominent role in explaining GH28 composition, whereas ecosystem type was more important for ITS composition, indicating possible genetic drift between populations of fungi. Overall, these primers will have utility in understanding relationships between fungal community composition and ecosystem processes, as well as detection of potentially pathogenic Ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Gacura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
| | - Daniel D Sprockett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Bess Heidenreich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
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30
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King R, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack MCU, Hassani-Pak K, Hammond-Kosack KE. The completed genome sequence of the pathogenic ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26198851 PMCID: PMC4511438 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate genome assembly and gene model annotation are critical for comparative species and gene functional analyses. Here we present the completed genome sequence and annotation of the reference strain PH-1 of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of head scab disease of small grain cereals which threatens global food security. Completion was achieved by combining (a) the BROAD Sanger sequenced draft, with (b) the gene predictions from Munich Information Services for Protein Sequences (MIPS) v3.2, with (c) de novo whole-genome shotgun re-sequencing, (d) re-annotation of the gene models using RNA-seq evidence and Fgenesh, Snap, GeneMark and Augustus prediction algorithms, followed by (e) manual curation. Results We have comprehensively completed the genomic 36,563,796 bp sequence by replacing unknown bases, placing supercontigs within their correct loci, correcting assembly errors, and inserting new sequences which include for the first time complete AT rich sequences such as centromere sequences, subtelomeric regions and the telomeres. Each of the four F. graminearium chromosomes was found to be submetacentric with respect to centromere positioning. The position of a potential neocentromere was also defined. A preferentially higher frequency of genetic recombination was observed at the end of the longer arm of each chromosome. Within the genome 1529 gene models have been modified and 412 new gene models predicted, with a total gene call of 14,164. The re-annotation impacts upon 69 entries held within the Pathogen-Host Interactions database (PHI-base) which stores information on genes for which mutant phenotypes in pathogen-host interactions have been experimentally tested, of which 59 are putative transcription factors, 8 kinases, 1 ATP citrate lyase (ACL1), and 1 syntaxin-like SNARE gene (GzSYN1). Although the completed F. graminearum contains very few transposon sequences, a previously unrecognised and potentially active gypsy-type long-terminal-repeat (LTR) retrotransposon was identified. In addition, each of the sub-telomeres and centromeres contained either a LTR or MarCry-1_FO element. The full content of the proposed ancient chromosome fusion sites has also been revealed and investigated. Regions with high recombination previously noted to be rich in secretome encoding genes were also found to be rich in tRNA sequences. This study has identified 741 F. graminearum species specific genes and provides the first complete genome assembly for a Sordariomycetes species. Conclusions This fully completed F. graminearum PH-1 genome and manually curated annotation, available at Ensembl Fungi, provides the optimum resource to perform interspecies comparative analyses and gene function studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1756-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert King
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | | | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Covarelli L, Beccari G, Prodi A, Generotti S, Etruschi F, Juan C, Ferrer E, Mañes J. Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:540-551. [PMID: 24909776 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is an important disease causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. The aim of the work was to detect and characterise trichothecene producing Fusarium species in durum and soft wheat cultivated in an area of central Italy in 2009 and 2010 and to determine trichothecene contamination by LC-MS/MS in the grain. RESULTS F. graminearum s. str. was the most frequent species. In 2009, the occurrence of F. avenaceum and F. poae was higher than in 2010. Among F. graminearum strains, the 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) chemotype could be found more frequently, followed by nivalenol (NIV) and 3-ADON chemotypes, while all F. culmorum isolates belonged to the 3-ADON chemotype. All F. poae strains were NIV chemotypes. In vitro trichothecene production confirmed molecular characterisation. Durum wheat was characterised by a higher average DON contamination with respect to soft wheat, NIV was always detected at appreciable levels while type-A trichothecenes were mostly found in durum wheat samples in 2009 with 6% of samples exceeding the contamination level recently recommended by the European Union. CONCLUSION Climatic conditions were confirmed to be predominant factors influencing mycotoxigenic species composition and mycotoxin contaminations. However, NIV contamination was found to occur irrespective of climatic conditions, suggesting that it may often represent an under-estimated risk to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
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Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:164-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Qiu J, Shi J. Genetic relationships, carbendazim sensitivity and mycotoxin production of the Fusarium graminearum populations from maize, wheat and rice in eastern China. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2291-309. [PMID: 25093387 PMCID: PMC4147583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) are important pathogens on wheat, maize, barley, and rice in China. Harvested grains are often contaminated by mycotoxins, such as the trichothecene nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN), which is a big threat to humans and animals. In this study, 97 isolates were collected from maize, wheat, and rice in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in 2013 and characterized by species- and chemotype-specific PCR. F. graminearum sensu stricto (s. str.) was predominant on maize, while most of the isolates collected from rice and wheat were identified as F. asiaticum. Fusarium isolates from three hosts varied in trichothecene chemotypes. The 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype predominated on wheat and rice population, while 15ADON was prevailing in the remaining isolates. Sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor 1α and trichodiene synthase indicated the accuracy of the above conclusion. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis suggested four groups with strong correlation with species, chemotype, and host. These isolates were also evaluated for their sensitivity to carbendazim and mycotoxins production. The maize population was less sensitive than the other two. The DON levels were similar in three populations, while those isolates on maize produced more ZEN. More DON was produced in carbendazim resistant strains than sensitive ones, but it seemed that carbendazim resistance had no effect on ZEN production in wheat culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Key Lab of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Key Lab of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Castañares E, Albuquerque DR, Dinolfo MI, Pinto VF, Patriarca A, Stenglein SA. Trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of Fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from barley cultivated in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 179:57-63. [PMID: 24727383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most important pathogens isolated from small cereal grains with Fusarium Head Blight symptoms. The presence of this fungus is often linked to the occurrence of several mycotoxins in barley and wheat. The aim of our study was to characterize trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of F. graminearum sensu stricto isolates obtained from barley grains in Argentina. A total of 110 F. graminearum s.s. isolates were analyzed by PCR assays to predict deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV) production, and all isolates were found to belong to the same molecular 15-ADON genotype. Trichothecene production in autoclaved rice was analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC) and confirmed by GC-MS. Of the 110 isolates, 95% were able to produce DON, 71% produced 15-ADON, 63% 3-ADON and 52% NIV. With the exception of a single isolate, all isolates that produced NIV, also produced DON. However, the NIV production was very low, ranging from 0.13 to 0.30 μg/g. Six different production profiles of DON and its acetyl-derivatives were detected, the predominant being simultaneous production of DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON, followed by DON production, and DON and 15-ADON co-production. This work is the first attempt to characterize the trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of F. graminearum s.s. isolates from Argentinean barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Ramirez Albuquerque
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Fernandez Pinto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Alberto Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CICBA-INBIOTEC, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300 Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, 7300, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Lee T, Lee SH, Shin JY, Kim HK, Yun SH, Kim HY, Lee S, Ryu JG. Comparison of Trichothecene Biosynthetic Gene Expression between Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium asiaticum. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:33-42. [PMID: 25288983 PMCID: PMC4174835 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2013.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are predominant Fusarium-producing mycotoxins found in grains, which are mainly produced by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum. NIV is found in most of cereals grown in Korea, but the genetic basis for NIV production by F. asiaticum has not been extensively explored. In this study, 12 genes belonging to the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster were compared at the transcriptional level between two NIV-producing F. asiaticum and four DON-producing F. graminearum strains. Chemical analysis revealed that time-course toxin production patterns over 14 days did not differ between NIV and DON strains, excluding F. asiaticum R308, which was a low NIV producer. Both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis revealed that the majority of TRI gene transcripts peaked at day 2 in both NIV and DON producers, which is 2 days earlier than trichothecene accumulation in liquid medium. Comparison of the gene expression profiles identified an NIV-specific pattern in two transcription factor-encoding TRI genes (TRI6 and TRI10) and TRI101, which showed two gene expression peaks during both the early and late incubation periods. In addition, the amount of trichothecenes produced by both DON and NIV producers were correlated with the expression levels of TRI genes, regardless of the trichothecene chemotypes. Therefore, the reduced production of NIV by R308 compared to NIV or DON by the other strains may be attributable to the significantly lower expression levels of the TRI genes, which showed early expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
- Co-corresponding authors. T. Lee, Phone) +82-31-290-0451, FAX) +82-31-290-0407, E-mail)
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Ginseng Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea
| | - Jean Young Shin
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
- S-H. Yun, Phone) +82-41-530-1288, FAX) +82-41-530-3085 E-mail),
| | - Hwang-Yong Kim
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Jae-Gee Ryu
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
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Foroud NA, Chatterton S, Reid LM, Turkington TK, Tittlemier SA, Gräfenhan T. Fusarium Diseases of Canadian Grain Crops: Impact and Disease Management Strategies. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Venkataramana M, Shilpa P, Balakrishna K, Murali HS, Batra HV. Incidence and multiplex PCR based detection of trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium culmorum isolates collected from freshly harvested Maize kernels in Southern India. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:401-6. [PMID: 24294228 PMCID: PMC3833134 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundred Fusarium culmorum strains, isolated from freshly harvested maize grain samples from Southern parts of India, were incubated in czapek-dox medium and analyzed for trichothecene (DON/NIV) production. The mPCR assay was standardized targeting trichothecene metabolic pathway genes viz., Tri6, Tri7, Tri13 for detection of trichothecene (DON/NIV) chemotypes and rDNA gene for specific detection of F. culmorum species. Primers for targeted genes were designed and used to predict whether these isolates could produce deoxynivalenol/nivalenol, 94 isolates were able to produce DON/NIV by mPCR assay. Chemical analysis of DON/NIV was carried out for mPCR positive isolates by high performance-thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). To check the practical usefulness of developed mPCR assay, 150 field samples of maize were evaluated and results were compared with conventional HPTLC method. Out of 150 samples, 34% samples stayed as a positive for NIV contamination whereas 44% were found to have deoxynivalenol contamination. Moreover, mPCR results are equivocally matched with the HPTLC chemical analysis for field samples. Chemotyping of F. culmorum isolates were reported for the first time from India, and highlights the important potential of F. culmorum to contaminate maize with DON/NIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Venkataramana
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Microbiology Devision, Sidartha Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Pan D, Calero N, Mionetto A, Bettucci L. Trichothecene genotypes of Fusarium graminearum from wheat in Uruguay. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:120-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhao C, Waalwijk C, de Wit PJGM, Tang D, van der Lee T. RNA-Seq analysis reveals new gene models and alternative splicing in the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:21. [PMID: 23324402 PMCID: PMC3577648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genome of Fusarium graminearum has been sequenced and annotated previously, but correct gene annotation remains a challenge. In addition, posttranscriptional regulations, such as alternative splicing and RNA editing, are poorly understood in F. graminearum. Here we took advantage of RNA-Seq to improve gene annotations and to identify alternative splicing and RNA editing in F. graminearum. Results We identified and revised 655 incorrectly predicted gene models, including revisions of intron predictions, intron splice sites and prediction of novel introns. 231 genes were identified with two or more alternative splice variants, mostly due to intron retention. Interestingly, the expression ratios between different transcript isoforms appeared to be developmentally regulated. Surprisingly, no RNA editing was identified in F. graminearum. Moreover, 2459 novel transcriptionally active regions (nTARs) were identified and our analysis indicates that many of these could be missed genes. Finally, we identified the 5′ UTR and/or 3′ UTR sequences of 7666 genes. A number of representative novel gene models and alternatively spliced genes were validated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the generated amplicons. Conclusions We have developed novel and efficient strategies to identify alternatively spliced genes and incorrect gene models based on RNA-Seq data. Our study identified hundreds of alternatively spliced genes in F. graminearum and for the first time indicated that alternative splicing is developmentally regulated in filamentous fungi. In addition, hundreds of incorrect predicted gene models were identified and revised and thousands of nTARs were discovered in our study, which will be helpful for the future genomic and transcriptomic studies in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Zhao
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Thirty-five Years of Research on Deoxynivalenol, a Trichothecene Mycotoxin: with Special Reference to Its Discovery and Co-occurrence with Nivalenol in Japan. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2013. [DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Malihipour A, Gilbert J, Piercey-Normore M, Cloutier S. Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis, Trichothecene Chemotype Patterns, and Variation in Aggressiveness of Fusarium Isolates Causing Head Blight in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1016-1025. [PMID: 30727210 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-11-0866-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain Fusarium species cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other small grains. Differences in characteristics of the pathogen species/isolates used in breeding programs may affect reaction of host genotypes, leading to erroneous results. To clarify differences among Fusarium isolates from different geographical zones, the phylogenetic, chemotypic, and pathogenic abilities of 58 isolates collected from three wheat-producing countries (Canada, Mexico, and Iran) were investigated. Phylogenetic relationships among the isolates were characterized using the Tri101 gene sequence. All Canadian and Iranian isolates clustered in one group and were identified as F. graminearum lineage 7 (=F. graminearum sensu stricto) within the F. graminearum (Fg) clade. The isolates from Mexico were identified as either F. graminearum lineage 3 (=Fusarium boothii) within the Fg clade or Fusarium crookwellense. A polymerase chain reaction assay based on the Tri12 gene identified three trichothecene chemotypes of 15-ADON, 3- ADON, and NIV, with 15-ADON being the most common. All F. boothii isolates from Mexico were of the 15-ADON chemotype, while all F. crookwellense isolates were determined to be NIV producers. While we did not find the NIV chemotype among the Canadian isolates, 25.6% of the Iranian isolates were determined to be NIV producers. High level of variation in aggressiveness was also observed among and within the species tested: F. graminearum sensu stricto isolates were the most aggressive, followed by those of F. boothii, and lastly by F. crookwellense. The differences observed among the isolates may explain why wheat lines/cultivars demonstrate different reactions to FHB in different geographical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Malihipour
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeannie Gilbert
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada
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Dinolfo MI, Barros GG, Stenglein SA. Development of a PCR assay to detect the potential production of nivalenol in Fusarium poae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 332:99-104. [PMID: 22536946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species can produce mycotoxins, which can contaminate cereal-based food producing adverse effects for human and animal health. In recent years, the importance of Fusarium poae has increased within the Fusarium head blight complex. Fusarium poae is known to produce trichothecenes, especially nivalenol, a potent mycotoxin able to cause a variety of toxic effects. In this study, a specific primer pair was designed based on the tri7 gene to detect potential nivalenol-producing F. poae isolates. A total of 125 F. poae, four F. cerealis, two F. culmorum, one F. langsethiae, one F. sporotrichioides and seven F. graminearum, plus F. austroamericanum, F. meridionale, F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. cortaderiae from the NRRL collection were analysed, and only F. poae isolates gave a positive result for the presence of a 296-bp partial tri7 DNA fragment. Moreover, the primer set was tested from cereal seed samples where F. poae and other Fusarium species with a negative result for the specific reaction ( F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. chlamydosporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. equiseti and F. acuminatum) were isolated, and the expected fragment was amplified. We developed a rapid and reliable PCR assay to detect potential nivalenol-producing F. poae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología-CEBB, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cho WK, Yu J, Lee KM, Son M, Min K, Lee YW, Kim KH. Genome-wide expression profiling shows transcriptional reprogramming in Fusarium graminearum by Fusarium graminearum virus 1-DK21 infection. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:173. [PMID: 22559730 PMCID: PMC3478160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum virus 1 strain-DK21 (FgV1-DK21) is a mycovirus that confers hypovirulence to F. graminearum, which is the primary phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in many cereals. Understanding the interaction between mycoviruses and plant pathogenic fungi is necessary for preventing damage caused by F. graminearum. Therefore, we investigated important cellular regulatory processes in a host containing FgV1-DK21 as compared to an uninfected parent using a transcriptional approach. RESULTS Using a 3'-tiling microarray covering all known F. graminearum genes, we carried out genome-wide expression analyses of F. graminearum at two different time points. At the early point of growth of an infected strain as compared to an uninfected strain, genes associated with protein synthesis, including ribosome assembly, nucleolus, and ribosomal RNA processing, were significantly up-regulated. In addition, genes required for transcription and signal transduction, including fungal-specific transcription factors and cAMP signaling, respectively, were actively up-regulated. In contrast, genes involved in various metabolic pathways, particularly in producing carboxylic acids, aromatic amino acids, nitrogen compounds, and polyamines, showed dramatic down-regulation at the early time point. Moreover, genes associated with transport systems localizing to transmembranes were down-regulated at both time points. CONCLUSION This is the first report of global change in the prominent cellular pathways in the Fusarium host containing FgV1-DK21. The significant increase in transcripts for transcription and translation machinery in fungal host cells seems to be related to virus replication. In addition, significant down-regulation of genes required for metabolism and transporting systems in a fungal host containing the virus appears to be related to the host defense mechanism and fungal virulence. Taken together, our data aid in the understanding of how FgV1-DK21 regulates the transcriptional reprogramming of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Faria CB, Almeida-Ferreira GC, Gagliardi KB, Alves TCA, Tessmann DJ, Machinski Junior M, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for detection of Fusarium graminearum in bulgur wheat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in foodstuff is important because their presence may indicate the possible associated mycotoxin contamination. Fusarium graminearum is a wheat pathogen and a producer of micotoxins. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been employed for the specific identification of F. graminearum. However, this methodology has not been commonly used for detection of F. graminearum in food. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop a molecular methodology to detect F. graminearum in commercial samples of bulgur wheat. Two methods were tested. In the first method, a sample of this cereal was contaminated with F. graminearum mycelia. The genomic DNA was extracted from this mixture and used in a F. graminearum specific PCR reaction. The F. graminearum species was detected only in samples that were heavily contaminated. In the second method, samples of bulgur wheat were inoculated on a solid medium, and isolates having F. graminearum culture characteristics were obtained. The DNA extracted from these isolates was tested in F. graminearum specific PCR reactions. An isolate obtained had its trichothecene genotype identified by PCR. The established methodology could be used in surveys of food contamination with F. graminearum.
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Population structure of and mycotoxin production by Fusarium graminearum from maize in South Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2161-7. [PMID: 22287004 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07043-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) is an important pathogen of wheat, maize, barley, and rice in South Korea, and harvested grain often is contaminated with trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. In this study, we examined 568 isolates of F. graminearum collected from maize at eight locations in South Korea. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) to identify four lineages (2, 3, 6, and 7); lineage 7 was the most common (75%), followed by lineage 6 (12%), lineage 3 (12%), and lineage 2 (1%). The genetic identity among populations was high (>0.98), and the effective migration rate between locations was higher than that between lineages. Female fertility varied by lineage: all lineage 7 isolates were fertile, while 70%, 26%, and 14% of the isolates in lineages 6, 3, and 2, respectively, were fertile. All lineage 3 and lineage 7 isolates produced deoxynivalenol, whereas most lineage 2 and 6 isolates produced nivalenol. Genotypic diversity in lineage 3 and lineage 6 populations is similar to that found in previously described Korean rice populations, but genotypic diversity in lineage 7 is much lower, even though similar levels of gene flow occur between lineage 7 populations. We conclude that lineage 7 was relatively recently introduced into South Korea, perhaps accompanying imported maize seeds.
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SON H, LEE YW. Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins and their biosynthetic genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.62.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhao C, Waalwijk C, de Wit PJGM, van der Lee T, Tang D. EBR1, a novel Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factor, affects virulence and apical dominance of the hyphal tip in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1407-1418. [PMID: 21830952 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factors are unique to fungi and have been reported to be involved in different regulatory functions. Here, we characterized EBR1 (enhanced branching 1), a novel Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription factor of Fusarium graminearum. Knocking out EBR1 in F. graminearum PH-1 caused reduction of both radial growth and virulence. The conidia of knock-out strain PH-1?ebr1 germinated faster than those of wild-type PH-1, but the conidiation of the mutant was significantly reduced. Detailed analysis showed that the reduced radial growth might be due to reduced apical dominance of the hyphal tip, leading to increased hyphal branching. Inoculation assays on wheat heads with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled PH-1?ebr1 mutant showed that it was unable to penetrate the rachis of the spikelets. Protein fusion with GFP showed that EBR1 is localized in the nucleus of both conidia and hyphae. Knocking out the orthologous gene FOXG_05408 in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici caused a much weaker phenotype than the PH-1?ebr1 mutant, which may be due to the presence of multiple orthologous genes in this fungus. Transformation of FOXG_05408 into PH-1?ebr1 restored the mutant phenotype. Similar to EBR1, FOXG_05408 is localized in the nucleus of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Possible functions of EBR1 and its relation with other fungal transcription factors are discussed.
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Sampietro DA, Ficoseco MEA, Jimenez CM, Vattuone MA, Catalán CA. Trichothecene genotypes and chemotypes in Fusarium graminearum complex strains isolated from maize fields of northwest Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:229-33. [PMID: 22119268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex) cause Gibberella ear rot in maize from northwest Argentina. The potential of these pathogens to contaminate maize grains with type B trichothecenes is a health risk for both humans and animals. We evaluated the reliability of multiplex PCR assays based on TRI3 and TRI12 genes, and single PCR assays based on TRI7 and TRI13 genes to infer trichothecene chemotypes of 112 strains of Fg complex collected from northwest Argentina, checking trichothecene production by chemical analysis. Single and multiplex PCR assays indicated that strains belonging to F. meridionale (87/112) had a NIV genotype. The remainder strains (25/112), which belonged to F. boothii, had a DON genotype (based on single PCR assays) or 15ADON genotype (based on multiplex PCR assays). No strains tested were incorrectly diagnosed with a DON/NIV genotype. Chemical analysis indicated that the F. meridionale strains were NIV producers only (44/87), major NIV producers with unexpected high DON/NIV ratios (36/87), or unexpected major DON producers with minor NIV production (7/87). Strains with atypical DON/NIV production seem to be new phenotypes under a putative NIV genotype, since PCR assays do not provide evidences of a new trichothecene genotype. DON production and absence of its acetylated forms were shown for strains of F. boothii. The inconsistencies between genetic and chemical data highlight the risk of inferring the trichothecenes potentially contaminating food and feedstuffs based only on PCR assays. This study confirms for the first time that strains of Fg complex from maize of northwest Argentina are DON and NIV producers. In addition, dominance of NIV producers in the Fg complex population isolated from maize is unprecedented in Argentina, and of significant concern to food safety and animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Sampietro
- LABIFITO, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, España 2903, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Amarasinghe C, Wang JH, Liao YC, Fernando WD. Difference in TRI13 gene sequences between the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol producing Fusarium graminearum chemotypes from Canada and China. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6164-75. [PMID: 22016651 PMCID: PMC3189775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12096164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-negative PCR assays based on the genes involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway are useful in assessing the risk of trichothecene contamination in grain and are important in epidemiological studies. A single PCR detection method based on the structural gene sequence of TRI13 gene has been developed to predict the 3-ADON, 15-ADON and NIV chemotypes in China. The chemotypic differences are based on the deletions within the TRI13 gene. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of using this single primer based on the TRI13 gene to differentiate the F. graminearum chemotypes in Canada. In this study, we found that, this single PCR detection method based on the deletions in the TRI13 gene cannot be used to differentiate the 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes in the Canadian F. graminearum isolates; further sequence analysis of the PCR products confirmed that both Canadian 3-ADON and 15-ADON chemotypes have the 61 bp deletion in the TRI13 gene. This 61 bp deletion was absent in the Chinese 3-ADON isolates. Therefore these findings revealed that there are genetic differences between the examined 3-ADON F. graminearum isolates from Canada and China. The observed genetic differences between the 3-ADON chemotype populations in Canada and China may be resulted from a random mutation (insertion/deletion) that took place in one of the populations and accumulated due to genetic drift and/or selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chami Amarasinghe
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (J.H.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (J.H.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - W.G. Dilantha Fernando
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada; E-Mail:
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Chemotaxonomic diagnostics: combining sucrose-water agar with TLC to discriminate Fusarium graminearum 3-acetyl-DON and 15-acetyl-DON chemotypes. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:295-301. [PMID: 23605932 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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