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Pawar S, Chaudhari A, Prabha R, Shukla R, Singh DP. Microbial Pyrrolnitrin: Natural Metabolite with Immense Practical Utility. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E443. [PMID: 31484394 PMCID: PMC6769897 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolnitrin (PRN) is a microbial pyrrole halometabolite of immense antimicrobial significance for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial implications. The compound and its derivatives have been isolated from rhizospheric fluorescent or non-fluorescent pseudomonads, Serratia and Burkholderia. They are known to confer biological control against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, and thus offer strong plant protection prospects against soil and seed-borne phytopathogenic diseases. Although chemical synthesis of PRN has been obtained using different steps, microbial production is still the most useful option for producing this metabolite. In many of the plant-associated isolates of Serratia and Burkholderia, production of PRN is dependent on the quorum-sensing regulation that usually involves N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer signals. When applied on the organisms as antimicrobial agent, the molecule impedes synthesis of key biomolecules (DNA, RNA and protein), uncouples with oxidative phosphorylation, inhibits mitotic division and hampers several biological mechanisms. With its potential broad-spectrum activities, low phototoxicity, non-toxic nature and specificity for impacts on non-target organisms, the metabolite has emerged as a lead molecule of industrial importance, which has led to developing cost-effective methods for the biosynthesis of PRN using microbial fermentation. Quantum of work narrating focused research efforts in the emergence of this potential microbial metabolite is summarized here to present a consolidated, sequential and updated insight into the chemistry, biology and applicability of this natural molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Pawar
- School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India.
| | - Ambalal Chaudhari
- School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India.
| | - Ratna Prabha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, India.
| | - Renu Shukla
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, India.
| | - Dhananjaya P Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275101, India.
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Kenawy A, Dailin DJ, Abo-Zaid GA, Malek RA, Ambehabati KK, Zakaria KHN, Sayyed RZ, El Enshasy HA. Biosynthesis of Antibiotics by PGPR and Their Roles in Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE STRESS MANAGEMENT 2019:1-35. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6986-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Six Heterocyclic Metabolites from the Myxobacterium Labilithrix luteola. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030542. [PMID: 29495640 PMCID: PMC6017429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new secondary metabolites, labindole A [2-methyl-3-(2-nitroethyl)-3H-indole] (1) and labindole B [2-methyl-3-(2-nitrovinyl)-3H-indole] (2), were isolated from the myxobacterium Labilithrixluteola (DSM 27648T). Additionally, four metabolites 3, 4, 5 and 6 already known from other sources were obtained. Their structures were elucidated from high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy data and their relative configuration was assigned based on nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) and vicinal ¹H-NMR coupling data. The compounds where tested for biological activities; labindoles A (1) and B (2) exhibited significant activity against Hepatitis C Virus, 9H-carbazole (3), 3-chloro-9H-carbazole (4) and 4-hydroxymethyl-quinoline (5) showed antifungal activities. Moreover, compound 3 had weak to moderate antibacterial activities, while labindoles A (1) and B (2) were devoid of significant antifungal and antibacterial effects.
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Waldman AJ, Ng TL, Wang P, Balskus EP. Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5784-5863. [PMID: 28375000 PMCID: PMC5534343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products that contain functional groups with heteroatom-heteroatom linkages (X-X, where X = N, O, S, and P) are a small yet intriguing group of metabolites. The reactivity and diversity of these structural motifs has captured the interest of synthetic and biological chemists alike. Functional groups containing X-X bonds are found in all major classes of natural products and often impart significant biological activity. This review presents our current understanding of the biosynthetic logic and enzymatic chemistry involved in the construction of X-X bond containing functional groups within natural products. Elucidating and characterizing biosynthetic pathways that generate X-X bonds could both provide tools for biocatalysis and synthetic biology, as well as guide efforts to uncover new natural products containing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Tai L. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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Lambert B, Leyns F, Van Rooyen L, Gosselé F, Papon Y, Swings J. Rhizobacteria of maize and their antifungal activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 53:1866-71. [PMID: 16347411 PMCID: PMC204015 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.8.1866-1871.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the growing season of 1984, the rhizobacteria (including organisms from the rhizosphere soil, the rhizoplane, and internal root zones) of 47 maize plants (two varieties) sampled from different locations in France and at different growth stages were inventoried. Isolates were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their total cell proteins and were found to represent 352 different protein electrotypes. Maize seedlings were initially colonized by a small number of different strains. Densities reached up to 10 CFU/g of root. Later in the season, the population density decreased but the heterogeneity of the rhizobacterial populations increased. Fluorescent pseudomonads represented up to 35% of the total rhizobacterial population and comprised 43 different electrotypes. Other bacteria regularly present were Xanthomonas maltophilia, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas paucimobilis, and Bacillus spp. There was a very low similarity between rhizobacterial populations of plants of the same cultivar (LG5) within one field at different growth stages and also between rhizobacterial populations of the cultivars LG5 and BRIO42 on the same field. Most electrotypes (76%) were found on a single occasion. None of the 352 electrotypes was present on all plants. In the 1985 analysis the rhizobacteria of maize seedlings (one variety) sampled from one field were characterized. They represented 236 different protein electrotypes. Thirty-three isolates showed antifungal activity against major maize pathogens; they comprised four Pseudomonas cepacia strains, producing pyrrolnitrin as well as another unknown antifungal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lambert
- Plant Genetic Systems, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Biosem, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Groupe Limagrain, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 63710 Aubière, France
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Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are relatively rare in nature and have been introduced into the environment mainly by human activities. This important class of industrial chemicals is widely used in the synthesis of many diverse products, including dyes, polymers, pesticides, and explosives. Unfortunately, their extensive use has led to environmental contamination of soil and groundwater. The nitro group, which provides chemical and functional diversity in these molecules, also contributes to the recalcitrance of these compounds to biodegradation. The electron-withdrawing nature of the nitro group, in concert with the stability of the benzene ring, makes nitroaromatic compounds resistant to oxidative degradation. Recalcitrance is further compounded by their acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and easy reduction into carcinogenic aromatic amines. Nitroaromatic compounds are hazardous to human health and are registered on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's list of priority pollutants for environmental remediation. Although the majority of these compounds are synthetic in nature, microorganisms in contaminated environments have rapidly adapted to their presence by evolving new biodegradation pathways that take advantage of them as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. This review provides an overview of the synthesis of both man-made and biogenic nitroaromatic compounds, the bacteria that have been identified to grow on and completely mineralize nitroaromatic compounds, and the pathways that are present in these strains. The possible evolutionary origins of the newly evolved pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Rebecca E. Parales
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Keum YS, Lee HR, Kim JH. Effects of pesticides on the bacterial production of pyrrolnitrin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5531-5537. [PMID: 20373823 DOI: 10.1021/jf904195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolnitrin is a halogenated bacterial metabolite with antifungal and antibacterial activities which served as a lead structure of synthetic fungicides. Several pyrrolnitrin-producing bacteria are considered to be promising biopesticides. However, the application of these microorganisms is not straightforward since many synthetic pesticides usually coexist in agricultural fields and inevitably affect the efficacy of biocontrol agents. In this regard, effects of 25 xenobiotics, including 18 pesticides, were investigated for pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis by Burkholderia sp. O33 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. Strong inhibition of pyrrolnitrin synthesis was observed in 9 chemicals, including 6 pesticides, while glyphosate and validamycin enhance biosynthesis. Fenpiclonil and fludioxonil strongly inhibit the oxidative transformation of aminopyrrolnitrin to pyrrolnitrin. Halogenation reaction to aminopyrrolnitrin was reduced by methimazole, a well-known flavin-dependent monooxygenase inhibitor. Most pesticides gave moderate growth inhibitory effects. The results suggested that synthetic chemicals can modulate the efficacy of pyrrolnitrin producing bacteria, through the inhibition of cell growth or pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis. Pathway specific inhibition by fenpiclonil, fludioxonil, and methimazole will give structural insights of corresponding enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Keum
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kirner S, Hammer PE, Hill DS, Altmann A, Fischer I, Weislo LJ, Lanahan M, van Pée KH, Ligon JM. Functions encoded by pyrrolnitrin biosynthetic genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:1939-43. [PMID: 9537395 PMCID: PMC107110 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.7.1939-1943.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolnitrin is a secondary metabolite derived from tryptophan and has strong antifungal activity. Recently we described four genes, prnABCD, from Pseudomonas fluorescens that encode the biosynthesis of pyrrolnitrin. In the work presented here, we describe the function of each prn gene product. The four genes encode proteins identical in size and serology to proteins present in wild-type Pseudomonas fluorescens, but absent from a mutant from which the entire prn gene region had been deleted. The prnA gene product catalyzes the chlorination of L-tryptophan to form 7-chloro-L-tryptophan. The prnB gene product catalyzes a ring rearrangement and decarboxylation to convert 7-chloro-L-tryptophan to monodechloroaminopyrrolnitrin. The prnC gene product chlorinates monodechloroaminopyrrolnitrin at the 3 position to form aminopyrrolnitrin. The prnD gene product catalyzes the oxidation of the amino group of aminopyrrolnitrin to a nitro group to form pyrrolnitrin. The organization of the prn genes in the operon is identical to the order of the reactions in the biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kirner
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Chan EC. Cloning a mutatedtrp operon for the biosynthesis of an antibiotic agent. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01022396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Burkhead KD, Schisler DA, Slininger PJ. Pyrrolnitrin Production by Biological Control Agent
Pseudomonas cepacia
B37w in Culture and in Colonized Wounds of Potatoes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:2031-9. [PMID: 16349289 PMCID: PMC201598 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.6.2031-2039.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strain B37w (= NRRL B-14858), an isolate noteworthy because it inhibits the growth of the bioherbicide fungus
Colletotrichum truncatum
, was selected for further studies of bacterial antifungal properties. This isolate was identified as a
Pseudomonas cepacia
strain by performing carbohydrate utilization and fatty acid profile analyses, as well as other biochemical and physiological tests. Petri plate assays revealed that strain B37w exhibited antifungal activity against the potato dry rot fungus
Fusarium sambucinum.
Using bioautography, we correlated antifungal activity with production of a specific compound. Isolation from strain B37w and identification of the antifungal antibiotic pyrrolnitrin are described. A whole-potato assay revealed B37w's ability to colonize potato wounds. Wounded potatoes were inoculated with B37w, and pyrrolnitrin was detected in these potatoes by thin-layer chromatography-bioautography at a concentration on the order of nanograms per wound. We performed an assay in which we examined efficacy against
F. sambucinum
-incited potato dry rot and found that B37w inhibited disease development. This is the first report of
P. cepacia
or pyrrolnitrin activity against the economically important potato pathogen
F. sambucinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Burkhead
- Fermentation Biochemistry Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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Abstract
Three surgery patients were monitored postoperatively, with particular reference to lung infection. In each case there was a clinical impression that Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppressed the growth of Candida albicans in patients with clinically significant lung infections from whom both of these organisms were isolated from serial sputum samples. Regrowth of C. albicans after P. aeruginosa eradication occurred in two patients, despite fluconazole therapy, to which both C. albicans isolates were susceptible. In all three patients, the strain of P. aeruginosa was found to inhibit the growth of the corresponding C. albicans strain in vitro. Further in vitro susceptibility studies revealed significant inhibition by 10 strains of P. aeruginosa of 11 strains of fungi known to infect humans; these were Candida krusei, Candida keyfr, Candida guillermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kerr
- Department of Bacteriology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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McLoughlin TJ, Quinn JP, Bettermann A, Bookland R. Pseudomonas cepacia suppression of sunflower wilt fungus and role of antifungal compounds in controlling the disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1760-3. [PMID: 1377900 PMCID: PMC195668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.5.1760-1763.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a field experiment, Pseudomonas cepacia J82rif and J51rif increased sunflower emergence in the presence of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pyrrolnitrin, aminopyrrolnitrin, and monochloroaminopyrrolnitrin were isolated from J82 and identified by using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and electron impact-mass, UV, and infrared spectroscopy. In growth chamber experiments, two antibiosis-negative mutants were not different from the parent strain in protecting the seeds from the fungus.
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Vincent MN, Harrison LA, Brackin JM, Kovacevich PA, Mukerji P, Weller DM, Pierson EA. Genetic analysis of the antifungal activity of a soilborne Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:2928-34. [PMID: 1660695 PMCID: PMC183899 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.10.2928-2934.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aureofaciens Q2-87 produces the antibiotic 2,4-diacetophloroglucinol (Phl), which inhibits Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and other fungi in vitro. Strain Q2-87 also provides biological control of take-all, a root disease of wheat caused by this fungus. To assess the role of Phl in the antifungal activity of strain Q2-87, a genetic analysis of antibiotic production was conducted. Two mutants of Q2-87 with altered antifungal activity were isolated by site-directed mutagenesis with Tn5. One mutant, Q2-87::Tn5-1, did not inhibit G. graminis var. tritici in vitro and did not produce Phl. Two cosmids were isolated from a genomic library of the wild-type strain by probing with the mutant genomic fragment. Antifungal activity and Phl production were coordinately restored in Q2-87::Tn5-1 by complementation with either cosmid. Mobilization of one of these cosmids into two heterologous Pseudomonas strains conferred the ability to synthesize Phl and increased their activity against G. graminis var. tritici, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro. Subcloning and deletion analysis of these cosmids identified a 4.8-kb region which was necessary for Phl synthesis and antifungal activity.
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Gutterson NI, Layton TJ, Ziegle JS, Warren GJ. Molecular cloning of genetic determinants for inhibition of fungal growth by a fluorescent pseudomonad. J Bacteriol 1986; 165:696-703. [PMID: 3005234 PMCID: PMC214485 DOI: 10.1128/jb.165.3.696-703.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens HV37a inhibits growth of the fungus Pythium ultimum in vitro. Optimal inhibition is observed on potato dextrose agar, a rich medium. Mutations eliminating fungal inhibition were obtained after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Mutants were classified by cosynthesis and three groups were distinguished, indicating that a minimum of three genes are required for fungal inhibition. Cosmids that contain wild-type alleles of the genes were identified in an HV37a genomic library by complementation of the respective mutants. This analysis indicated that three distinct genomic regions were required for fungal inhibition. The cosmids containing these loci were mapped by transposon insertion mutagenesis. Two of the cosmids were found to contain at least two genes each. Therefore, at least five genes in HV37a function as determinants of fungal inhibition.
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Elander RP, Mabe JA, Hamill RL, Gorman M. Biosynthesis of pyrrolnitrins by analogue-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1971; 16:156-65. [PMID: 5564336 DOI: 10.1007/bf02884206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Weinberg ED, Goodnight SA. Iron requirement for longevity of Pseudomonas cultures. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1970; 36:73-80. [PMID: 4912190 DOI: 10.1007/bf02069010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hamill RL, Sullivan HR, Gorman M. Determination of pyrrolnitrin and derivatives by gas-liquid chromatography. Appl Microbiol 1969; 18:310-2. [PMID: 5373671 PMCID: PMC377975 DOI: 10.1128/am.18.3.310-312.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic technique was applied to the separation of pyrrolnitrin and its derivatives. The simultaneous use of a flame detector and an electron capture detector made possible the distinction between the nitro derivatives of pyrrolnitrin and the other metabolites. The metabolites could be readily quantitated with the electron capture detector, offering a much more sensitive assay than the flame detector.
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