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Vardanyan N, Badalyan H, Markosyan L, Vardanyan A, Zhang R, Sand W. Newly Isolated Acidithiobacillus sp. Ksh From Kashen Copper Ore: Peculiarities of EPS and Colloidal Exopolysaccharide. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1802. [PMID: 32849411 PMCID: PMC7419681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a natural biotope at Kashen copper ore (Martakert Province, Republic of Artsakh). The strain is able to grow and oxidize ferrous ions in the range of pH 1.4-2.6 with optimal pH 2.0. The optimal temperature for growth is 35°C. Acidithiobacillus sp. Ksh has shown the highest activity for pyrite oxidation among other strains. It also demonstrated high activity in oxidation for copper and copper-gold bearing ores (Armenia). The isolate Acidithiobacillus sp. Ksh was identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans based on phylogenetic and physiological studies. Comparative studies of EPS production by cells grown on ferrous ions or pyrite were carried out. The chemical composition of capsular and colloidal EPS produced by Acidithiobacillus (At.) ferrooxidans Ksh were revealed to be proteins and carbohydrates. Exosaccharide produced by At. ferrooxidans Ksh is present mainly as polysaccharide in contrast to Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum CC, which is oligosaccharide. The structural difference of colloidal particles of these polysaccharides was due to the degree of hydration of the saccharide molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narine Vardanyan
- Institute of Microbiology, Scientific and Production Center of “Armbiotechnology” of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hamlet Badalyan
- Physical Ecology Laboratory, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Levon Markosyan
- Institute of Microbiology, Scientific and Production Center of “Armbiotechnology” of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arevik Vardanyan
- Institute of Microbiology, Scientific and Production Center of “Armbiotechnology” of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ruiyong Zhang
- Biofilm Centre, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sand
- Biofilm Centre, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Qian G, Fan R, Short MD, Schumann RC, Li J, St C Smart R, Gerson AR. The Effects of Galvanic Interactions with Pyrite on the Generation of Acid and Metalliferous Drainage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5349-5357. [PMID: 29608053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the acid generating properties of pyrite (FeS2) have been studied extensively, the impact of galvanic interaction on pyrite oxidation, and the implications for acid and metalliferous drainage, remain largely unexplored. The relative galvanic effects on pyrite dissolution were found to be consistent with relative sulfide mineral surface area ratios with sphalerite (ZnS) having greater negative impact in batch leach tests (sulfide minerals only, controlled pH) and galena (PbS) having greater negative impact in kinetic leach column tests (KLCs, uncontrolled pH, >85 wt% silicate minerals). In contrast the presence of pyrite resulted consistently in greater increase in galena than sphalerite leaching suggesting that increased anodic leaching is dependent on the difference in anodic and cathodic sulfide mineral rest potentials. Acidity increases occurred after 44, 20, and 12 weeks in the pyrite-galena, pyrite-sphalerite, and the pyrite containing KLCs. Thereafter acid generation rates were similar with the Eh consistently above the rest potential of pyrite (660 mV, SHE). This suggests that treatment of waste rocks or tailings, to establish and maintain low Eh conditions, may help to sustain protective galvanic interactions and that monitoring of Eh of leachates is potentially a useful indicator for predicting changes in acid generation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gujie Qian
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Rong Fan
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Michael D Short
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Future Industries Institute , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Russell C Schumann
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Levay & Co. Environmental Services , Edinburgh , South Australia 5111 , Australia
| | - Jun Li
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
| | - Roger St C Smart
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments , University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes , South Australia 5095 , Australia
- Blue Minerals Consultancy , Wattle Grove , Tasmania 7109 , Australia
| | - Andrea R Gerson
- Blue Minerals Consultancy , Wattle Grove , Tasmania 7109 , Australia
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3
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Abebe E, Jumba M, Bonner K, Gray V, Morris K, Thomas WK. An entomopathogenic Caenorhabditis briggsae. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:3223-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.043109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Caenorhabditis elegans is a premier model organism upon which considerable knowledge of basic cell and developmental biology has been built. Yet, as is true for many traditional model systems, we have limited knowledge of the ecological context in which these systems evolved, severely limiting our understanding of gene function. A better grasp of the ecology of model systems would help us immensely in understanding the functionality of genes and evolution of genomes in an environmental context. Consequently, there are ongoing efforts to uncover natural populations of this model system globally. Here, we describe the discovery of a Caenorhabditis briggsae strain and its bacterial associate (Serratia sp.) that form an entomopathogenic complex in the wild. Laboratory experiments confirm that this nematode and its natural bacterial associate can penetrate, kill and reproduce in an insect host and that the bacterial associate can induce this insect pathogenic life cycle in other Caenorhabditis species, including C. elegans. Our findings suggest that this life history may be widespread in nature and critical to the understanding of the biology of this important model organism. Caenorhabditis–insect interaction could be a key factor in our quest for a better grasp of gene functionality in this important model species. The discovered association, consequently, would provide an ecological framework for functional genomics of Caenorhabditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyualem Abebe
- Department of Biology, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Jenkins Science Center 421, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA
| | - Miriam Jumba
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kaitlin Bonner
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Vince Gray
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa
| | - Krystalynne Morris
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - W. Kelley Thomas
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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4
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Baldi F, Olson GJ. Effects of Cinnabar on Pyrite Oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Cinnabar Mobilization by a Mercury-Resistant Strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 53:772-6. [PMID: 16347321 PMCID: PMC203754 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.4.772-776.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of cinnabar on pyrite oxidation by mercury-sensitive and mercury-resistant strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated by using percolation columns. Mercury-resistant strains oxidized pyrite in pyrite-cinnabar mixtures (1 and 10%, wt/wt), whereas a mercury-sensitive strain did not. Elemental mercury was produced by the mercury-resistant strains growing in the pyrite-cinnabar mixtures in percolation columns and in flasks containing cinnabar only. Manometric experiments showed that cinnabar had little effect on oxygen uptake of mercury-sensitive or mercury-resistant cells growing on ferrous sulfate, pyrite, or pyrite-ferrous sulfate mixtures. In addition, shake flask leaching experiments showed that cinnabar had little effect on pyrite oxidation at 1% (wt/wt) but inhibited growth of mercury-sensitive and mercury-resistant strains at 10%. Mercury-resistant strains were unable to grow on cinnabar as an energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baldi
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Siena, I 53100 Siena, Italy, and Surface Chemistry and Bioprocesses Group, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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Suzuki K, Wakao N, Sakurai Y, Kimura T, Sakka K, Ohmiya K. Transformation of Escherichia coli with a large plasmid of Acidiphilium multivorum AIU 301 encoding arsenic resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2089-91. [PMID: 9143138 PMCID: PMC168498 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.2089-2091.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidiphilium multivorum AIU 301 isolated from acid mineral water had strong arsenic resistance. This bacterium harbored a number of plasmids with different molecular sizes. A plasmid of 56 kbp, named pKW301, was isolated from A. multivorum AIU 301. When pKW301 was transferred into Escherichia coli JM109 by electroporation, an E. coli transformant carrying pKW301 exhibited resistance to sodium arsenite, sodium arsenate, and mercuric (II) chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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Olson GJ. Rate of Pyrite Bioleaching by
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
: Results of an Interlaboratory Comparison. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:642-4. [PMID: 16348430 PMCID: PMC182772 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.3.642-644.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten laboratories participated in an interlaboratory comparison of determination of bioleaching rates of a pyrite reference material. A standardized procedure and a single strain of
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
were used in this study. The mean rate of bioleaching of the pyrite reference material was 12.4 mg of Fe per liter per h, with a coefficient of variation (percent relative standard deviation) of 32% as determined by eight laboratories. These results show the precision among laboratories of the determination of rates of pyrite bioleaching when a standard test procedure and reference material are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Olson
- Polymer Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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7
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Collinet MN, Morin D. Characterization of arsenopyrite oxidizing Thiobacillus. Tolerance to arsenite, arsenate, ferrous and ferric iron. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1990; 57:237-44. [PMID: 2191624 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of Thiobacillus, T. ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans, have been isolated from a bacterial inoculum cultivated during a one-year period in a 1001 continuous laboratory pilot for treatment of an arsenopyrite/pyrite concentrate. The optimum pH for the growth of both strains has been found to be between 1.7 and 2.5. Because of the high metal toxicity in bioleach pulps, the tolerance of T. ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans with respect to iron and arsenic has been studied. The growth of both strains is inhibited with 10 g/l of ferric ion, 5 g/l of arsenite and 40 g/l of arsenate. 20 g/l of ferrous iron is toxic to T. ferrooxidans but 30 g/l is necessary to impede the growth of T. thiooxidans.
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Tremaine SC, Mills AL. Inadequacy of the Eucaryote Inhibitor Cycloheximide in Studies of Protozoan Grazing on Bacteria at the Freshwater-Sediment Interface. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:1969-72. [PMID: 16347423 PMCID: PMC204037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.8.1969-1972.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four guilds from a lake sediment-water interface microbial community were isolated and tested for sensitivity to cycloheximide (0.1 to 200 mg liter
−1
). Field experiments were conducted to compare the inhibition, dilution, and filtration methods for determining grazing rates. Cycloheximide inhibited anaerobic bacteria at 50 mg liter
−1
, and inhibition of bacterial growth was observed in the grazing experiments. The results show that the assumption of selective inhibition of heterotrophic eucaryotes was violated and preclude the use of cycloheximide in grazing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Tremaine
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
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9
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Abstract
The genome of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 19859 is about 2.8 X 10(6) base pairs as determined by analysis of reassociation kinetics of sheared DNA. This is 70% of the size of the genome of Escherichia coli. About 6% of the genome of T. ferrooxidans consists of moderately repetitive DNA sequences that are repeated an average of 20 times per genome. Two distinct repeated sequences, designated family 1 and family 2, have been analyzed in more detail. Both families are approximately 1 kilobase in length and are repeated 20 to 30 times per genome. Preliminary evidence from restriction enzyme analysis, Southern blotting experiments, and thermal melting analysis indicates that members of both families are conserved and are interspersed with single-copy DNA. Six copies of one family are present on the 45-kilobase-pair plasmid of strain ATCC 19859.
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10
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Holmes DS, Lobos JH, Bopp LH, Welch GC. Cloning of a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans plasmid in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1984; 157:324-6. [PMID: 6361001 PMCID: PMC215178 DOI: 10.1128/jb.157.1.324-326.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three separate plasmids of 6, 7, 16, and greater than 23 kilobases were purified from a single clone of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 33020 grown in the presence of uranium. The 6.7-kilobase plasmid (pTf1) was cloned separately into the HindIII or BamHI site of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. Restriction maps of the recombinant plasmids, termed pTf100 and pTf110, respectively, were constructed, creating potential cloning vehicles for exchanging genetic information between E. coli and T. ferrooxidans. Evidence from restriction enzyme analysis and Southern blot DNA-DNA hybridization indicates that the three native plasmids share little sequence homology.
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11
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Wichlacz PL, Unz RF. Acidophilic, Heterotrophic Bacteria of Acidic Mine Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:1254-61. [PMID: 16345777 PMCID: PMC243898 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.5.1254-1261.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligately acidophilic, heterotrophic bacteria were isolated both from enrichment cultures developed with acidic mine water and from natural mine drainage. The bacteria were grouped by the ability to utilize a number of organic acids as sole carbon sources. None of the strains were capable of chemolithotrophic growth on inorganic reduced iron and sulfur compounds. All bacteria were rod shaped, gram negative, nonencapsulated, motile, capable of growth at pH 2.6 but not at pH 6.0, catalase and oxidase positive, strictly aerobic, and capable of growth on citric acid. The bacteria were cultivatable on solid nutrient media only if agarose was employed as the hardening agent. Bacterial densities in natural mine waters ranged from approximately 20 to 250 cells per ml, depending upon source and culture medium. Ferric hydrates and stream vegetation contained from 1,500 to over 7 × 10
6
cells per g.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Wichlacz
- Department of Civil Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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12
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Harrison AP, Jarvis BW, Johnson JL. Heterotrophic bacteria from cultures of autotrophic Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: relationships as studied by means of deoxyribonucleic acid homology. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:448-54. [PMID: 7400100 PMCID: PMC294268 DOI: 10.1128/jb.143.1.448-454.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
From several presumably pure cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, we isolated a pair of stable phenotypes. One was a strict autotroph utilizing sulfur or ferrous iron as the energy source and unable to utilize glucose; the other phenotype was an acidophilic obligate heterotroph capable of utilizing glucose but not sulfur or ferrous iron. The acidophilic obligate heterotroph not only was encountered in cultures of T. ferrooxidans, but also was isolated with glucose-mineral salts medium, pH 2.0, directly from coal refuse. By means of deoxyribonucleic acid homology, we have demonstrated that the acidophilic heterotrophs are of a different genotype from T. ferrooxidans, not closely related to this species; we have shown also that the acidophilic obligate heterotrophs, regardless of their source of isolation, are related to each other. Therefore, cultures of T. ferrooxidans reported capable of utilizing organic compounds should be carefully examined for contamination. The acidophilic heterotrophs isolated by us are different from T. acidophilis, which is also associated with T. ferrooxidans but is facultative, utilizing both glucose and elemental sulfur as energy sources. Since they are so common and tenacious in T. ferrooxidans cultures, the heterotrophs must be associated with T. ferrooxidans in the natural habitat.
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