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Chen Z, Huang L. Fusobacterium nucleatum carcinogenesis and drug delivery interventions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115319. [PMID: 38643839 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome has emerged as a significant biomarker and modulator in cancer development and treatment response. Recent research highlights the notable role of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in various tumor types, including breast, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and lung cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that the local microbial community forms an integral component of the tumor microenvironment, with bacterial communities within tumors displaying specificity to tumor types. Mechanistic investigations indicate that tumor-associated microbiota can directly influence tumor initiation, progression, and responses to chemotherapy or immunotherapy. This article presents a comprehensive review of microbial communities especially F. nucleatum in tumor tissue, exploring their roles and underlying mechanisms in tumor development, treatment, and prevention. When the tumor-associated F. nucleatum is killed, the host immune response is activated to recognize tumor cells. Bacteria epitopes restricted by the host antigens, can be identified for future anti-bacteria/tumor vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Leaf Huang
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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2
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Tanishita Y, Sekiya H, Inohara N, Tsuchiya K, Mitsuyama M, Núñez G, Hara H. Listeria toxin promotes phosphorylation of the inflammasome adaptor ASC through Lyn and Syk to exacerbate pathogen expansion. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110414. [PMID: 35196496 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation exacerbates infectious disease caused by pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although these pathogens activate host inflammasomes to regulate pathogen expansion, the mechanisms by which pathogen toxins contribute to inflammasome activation remain poorly understood. Here we show that activation of inflammasomes by Listeria infection is promoted by amino acid residue T223 of listeriolysin O (LLO) independently of its pore-forming activity. LLO T223 is critical for phosphorylation of the inflammasome adaptor ASC at amino acid residue Y144 through Lyn-Syk signaling, which is essential for ASC oligomerization. Notably, a Listeria mutant expressing LLO T223A is impaired in inducing ASC phosphorylation and inflammasome activation. Furthermore, the virulence of LLO T223A mutant is markedly attenuated in vivo due to impaired ability to activate the inflammasome. Our results reveal a function of a pathogen toxin that exacerbates infection by promoting phosphorylation of ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanishita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hisateru Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masao Mitsuyama
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hideki Hara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Aghaei M, Khanahmad H, Jalali A, Aghaei S, Narimani M, Hosseini SM, Namdar F, Hejazi SH. Effect of transgenic Leishmania major expressing mLLO-Bax-Smac fusion gene in the apoptosis of the infected macrophages. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1666-1675. [PMID: 35432807 PMCID: PMC8976903 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.56960.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is a complex infection against which no confirmed vaccine has been reported so far. Transgenic expression of proteins involved in macrophage apoptosis-like BAX through the parasite itself accelerates infected macrophage apoptosis and prevents Leishmania differentiation. So, in the present research, the impact of the transgenic Leishmania major including mLLO-BAX-SMAC proapoptotic proteins was assayed in macrophage apoptosis acceleration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The coding sequence mLLO-Bax-Smac was designed and integrated into the pLexyNeo2 plasmid. The designed sequence was inserted under the 18srRNA locus into the L. major genome using homologous recombination. Then, mLLO-BAX-SMAC expression was studied using the Western blot, and the transgenic parasite pathogenesis was investigated compared with wild-type L. major in vitro and also in vivo. RESULTS Western blot and PCR results approved mLLO-BAX-SMAC expression and proper integration of the mLLO-Bax-Smac fragment under the 18srRNA locus of L. major, respectively. The flow cytometry results revealed faster apoptosis of transgenic Leishmania-infected macrophages compared with wild-type parasite-infected macrophages. Also, the mild lesion with the less parasitic burden of the spleen was observed only in transgenic Leishmania-infected mice. The delayed progression of leishmaniasis was obtained in transgenic strain-injected mice after challenging with wild-type Leishmania. CONCLUSION This study recommended transgenic L. major including mLLO-BAX-SMAC construct as a pilot model for providing a protective vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghaei
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Aghaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Manizheh Narimani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohsen Hosseini
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Namdar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Seyed Hossein Hejazi. Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Inpanathan S, Botelho RJ. The Lysosome Signaling Platform: Adapting With the Times. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31281815 PMCID: PMC6595708 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the terminal degradative compartment of autophagy, endocytosis and phagocytosis. What once was viewed as a simple acidic organelle in charge of macromolecular digestion has emerged as a dynamic organelle capable of integrating cellular signals and producing signal outputs. In this review, we focus on the concept that the lysosome surface serves as a platform to assemble major signaling hubs like mTORC1, AMPK, GSK3 and the inflammasome. These molecular assemblies integrate and facilitate cross-talk between signals such as amino acid and energy levels, membrane damage and infection, and ultimately enable responses such as autophagy, cell growth, membrane repair and microbe clearance. In particular, we review how molecular machinery like the vacuolar-ATPase proton pump, sestrins, the GATOR complexes, and the Ragulator, modulate mTORC1, AMPK, GSK3 and inflammation. We then elaborate how these signals control autophagy initiation and resolution, TFEB-mediated lysosome adaptation, lysosome remodeling, antigen presentation, inflammation, membrane damage repair and clearance. Overall, by being at the cross-roads for several membrane pathways, lysosomes have emerged as the ideal surveillance compartment to sense, integrate and elicit cellular behavior and adaptation in response to changing environmental and cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Controlled Activity of the Salmonella Invasion-Associated Injectisome Reveals Its Intracellular Role in the Cytosolic Population. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01931-17. [PMID: 29208746 PMCID: PMC5717391 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01931-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella invasion-associated type III secretion system (T3SS1) is an essential virulence factor required for entry into nonphagocytic cells and consequent uptake into a Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). While Salmonella is typically regarded as a vacuolar pathogen, a subset of bacteria escape from the SCV in epithelial cells and eventually hyperreplicate in the cytosol. T3SS1 is downregulated following bacterial entry into mammalian cells, but cytosolic Salmonella cells are T3SS1 induced, suggesting prolonged or resurgent activity of T3SS1 in this population. In order to investigate the postinternalization contributions of T3SS1 to the Salmonella infectious cycle in epithelial cells, we bypassed its requirement for bacterial entry by tagging the T3SS1-energizing ATPase InvC at the C terminus with peptides that are recognized by bacterial tail-specific proteases. This caused a dramatic increase in InvC turnover which rendered even assembled injectisomes inactive. Bacterial strains conditionally expressing these unstable InvC variants were proficient for invasion but underwent rapid and sustained intracellular inactivation of T3SS1 activity when InvC expression ceased. This allowed us to directly implicate T3SS1 activity in cytosolic colonization and bacterial egress. We subsequently identified two T3SS1-delivered effectors, SopB and SipA, that are required for efficient colonization of the epithelial cell cytosol. Overall, our findings support a multifaceted, postinvasion role for T3SS1 and its effectors in defining the cytosolic population of intracellular Salmonella. A needle-like apparatus, the type III secretion system (T3SS) injectisome, is absolutely required for Salmonella enterica to enter epithelial cells; this requirement has hampered the analysis of its postentry contributions. To identify T3SS1-dependent intracellular activities, in this study we overcame this limitation by developing a conditional inactivation in the T3SS whereby T3SS activity is chemically induced during culture in liquid broth, permitting bacterial entry into epithelial cells, but is quickly and perpetually inactivated in the absence of inducer. In this sense, the mutant acts like wild-type bacteria when extracellular and as a T3SS mutant once it enters a host cell. This “conditional” mutant allowed us to directly link activity of this T3SS with nascent vacuole lysis, cytosolic proliferation, and cellular egress, demonstrating that the invasion-associated T3SS also contributes to essential intracellular stages of the S. enterica infectious cycle.
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Castillo Y, Suzuki J, Watanabe K, Shimizu T, Watarai M. Effect of Vitamin A on Listeria monocytogenes Infection in a Silkworm Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163747. [PMID: 27669511 PMCID: PMC5036829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect infection models have been used increasingly to study various pathogenic agents in evaluations of pathogenicity and drug efficacy. In this study, we demonstrated that larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori are useful for studying Listeria monocytogenes infections in insects. Infection with the L. monocytogenes wild-type strain induced silkworm death. Infection by a listeriolysin O (LLO) deletion mutant also induced silkworm death, but the bacterial numbers in silkworms were lower than those of the wild-type strain. Intracellular growth was observed when the silkworm ovary-derived cell line BmN4 was infected with the wild-type strain. Explosive replication was not observed in BmN4 cells infected with the LLO mutant and the bacterial numbers of the LLO mutant were lower than those of the wild-type strain. Pretreatment with vitamin A did not affect silkworm mortality after bacterial infection, but the efficiency of infecting the hemocytes and BmN4 cells was decreased with vitamin A treatment. Our results indicate that silkworm larvae are a useful insect infection model for L. monocytogenes and that vitamin A has protective effects against bacterial infection in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yussaira Castillo
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Jin Suzuki
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kenta Watanabe
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masahisa Watarai
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Zhou M, Jiang M, Ren C, Liu S, Pu Q, Goldfine H, Shen H, Wang C. Listeria ivanovii Infection in Mice: Restricted to the Liver and Lung with Limited Replication in the Spleen. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:790. [PMID: 27375558 PMCID: PMC4894877 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) vectors have shown much promise in delivery of viral and tumor antigens for the development of vaccines. L. ivanovii (LI) is a closely related bacterium with a similar intracellular life cycle that may offer advantages over LM because it is not a human pathogen, but can infect other animal species. Recent studies show that recombinant LI expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens is effective in inducing protective immunity in mouse models, demonstrating the potential of LI as a live vaccine vector. However, a key barrier in the development of LI into a live vaccine vector is that its pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics have yet to be fully understood. Therefore, in this research, C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with LM or LI intravenously or intranasally, and bacterial loads, histopathologic changes, and cytokine production were determined at indicated days post inoculation. Results showed that after intravenous infection with LM or LI, bacteria were found proliferating in the liver, spleen, and lung. However, LI could only reach a heavy burden in the liver and its ability to multiply and to resist host immunity seemed limited in the spleen and lung. After intranasal inoculation with LI, bacteria were mainly localized in the lung and failed to infect liver or spleen, while LM could. In organs with heavy LI burden, lesions were isolated, localized and densely packed, compared to lesions caused by LM, which were invasive. In the liver of intravenously inoculated mice and lung of intranasally inoculate mice, LI was able to elicit comparable cytokine production with LM and cause less severe histopathologic damages, and thus could be considered as a vector for treating or preventing hepatic or pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhou
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Mingjuan Jiang
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Chenyan Ren
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Sijing Liu
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Qikang Pu
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
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8
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Hashino M, Tachibana M, Nishida T, Hara H, Tsuchiya K, Mitsuyama M, Watanabe K, Shimizu T, Watarai M. Inactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway by Listeria monocytogenes infection promotes trophoblast giant cell death. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1145. [PMID: 26528279 PMCID: PMC4607873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has a well-characterized ability to cross the placental barrier, resulting in spontaneous abortion and fetal infections. However, the mechanisms resulting in infection-associated abortion are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the dephosphorylation of MAPK family proteins caused by L. monocytogenes infection of trophoblast giant (TG) cells, which are placental immune cells, contributes to infectious abortion. Dephosphorylation of c-Jun, p38, and ERK1/2 was observed in infected TG cells, causing the downregulation of cytoprotective heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Blocking the dephosphorylation of proteins, including MAPK family proteins, inhibited the decrease in HO-1 expression. Treatment with MAPK inhibitors inhibited bacterial internalization into TG cells. Moreover, Toll-like receptor 2 involved in the expression of MAPK family proteins. Infection with a listeriolysin O-deleted mutant impaired dephosphorylation of MAPK family proteins in TG cells and did not induce infectious abortion in a mouse model. These results suggest that inactivation of the MAPK pathway by L. monocytogenes induces TG cell death and causes infectious abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hashino
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida Campus Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masato Tachibana
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida Campus Yamaguchi, Japan ; Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida Campus Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hideki Hara
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Mitsuyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Watanabe
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida Campus Yamaguchi, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University at Yamaguchi Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida Campus Yamaguchi, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University at Yamaguchi Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahisa Watarai
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida Campus Yamaguchi, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University at Yamaguchi Yamaguchi, Japan
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Kanayama YJ, Kaneko M, Emoto Y, Emoto M. Listeriolysin O, but not Murine E-cadherin, is Involved in Invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into Murine Liver Parenchymal Cells. Open Microbiol J 2015; 9:81-3. [PMID: 26668665 PMCID: PMC4676048 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801509010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human E-cadherin and listeriolysin O (LLO) are involved in invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into human liver parenchymal cells (LPC). Yet, it remains to be determined whether murine E-cadherin and LLO participate in invasion of L. monocytogenes into murine LPC. In the present study, involvement of murine E-cadherin and LLO in invasion of L. monocytogenes into murine LPC was investigated. Murine E-cadherin was expressed on murine LPC, but the expression became undetectable by insertion of transgene of Simian virus 40 large T antigen. Although invasion of L. monocytogenes into murine LPC was found regardless of murine E-cadherin expression, infection rate of L. monocytogenes being unable to secrete LLO was lower than that of L. monocytogenes being capable of secreting LLO. Our RESULTS verify that invasion of L. monocytogenes into murine LPC occurs independently of murine E-cadherin and indicate that LLO participates in invasion of L. monocytogenes into murine LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masashi Emoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Wiethoff CM, Nemerow GR. Adenovirus membrane penetration: Tickling the tail of a sleeping dragon. Virology 2015; 479-480:591-9. [PMID: 25798531 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As is the case for nearly every viral pathogen, non-enveloped viruses (NEV) must maintain their integrity under potentially harsh environmental conditions while retaining the ability to undergo rapid disassembly at the right time and right place inside host cells. NEVs generally exist in this metastable state until they encounter key cellular stimuli such as membrane receptors, decreased intracellular pH, digestion by cellular proteases, or a combination of these factors. These stimuli trigger conformational changes in the viral capsid that exposes a sequestered membrane-perturbing protein. This protein subsequently modifies the cell membrane in such a way as to allow passage of the virion and accompanying nucleic acid payload into the cell cytoplasm. Different NEVs employ variations of this general pathway for cell entry (Moyer and Nemerow, 2011, Curr. Opin. Virol., 1, 44-49), however this review will focus on significant new knowledge obtained on cell entry by human adenovirus (HAdV).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glen R Nemerow
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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11
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Xiong MH, Bao Y, Yang XZ, Zhu YH, Wang J. Delivery of antibiotics with polymeric particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 78:63-76. [PMID: 24548540 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide use of antibiotics, bacterial infection is still one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality. The clinical failure of antibiotic therapy is linked with low bioavailability, poor penetration to bacterial infection sites, and the side effects of antibiotics, as well as the antibiotic resistance properties of bacteria. Antibiotics encapsulated in nanoparticles or microparticles made up of a biodegradable polymer have shown great potential in replacing the administration of antibiotics in their "free" form. Polymeric particles provide protection to antibiotics against environmental deactivation and alter antibiotic pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Polymeric particles can overcome tissue and cellular barriers and deliver antibiotics into very dense tissues and inaccessible target cells. Polymeric particles can be modified to target or respond to particular tissues, cells, and even bacteria, and thereby facilitate the selective concentration or release of the antibiotic at infection sites, respectively. Thus, the delivery of antibiotics with polymeric particles augments the level of the bioactive drug at the site of infection while reducing the dosage and the dosing frequency. The end results are improved therapeutic effects as well as decreased "pill burden" and drug side effects in patients. The main objective of this review is to analyze recent advances and current perspectives in the use of polymeric antibiotic delivery systems in the treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hua Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xian-Zhu Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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12
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Tsuchiya K, Hara H, Fang R, Hernandez-Cuellar E, Sakai S, Daim S, Chen X, Dewamitta SR, Qu H, Mitsuyama M, Kawamura I. The adaptor ASC exacerbates lethal Listeria monocytogenes infection by mediating IL-18 production in an inflammasome-dependent and -independent manner. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3696-707. [PMID: 25251560 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes induces the formation of inflammasomes and subsequent caspase-1 activation, and the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) is crucial for this response. However, the role of ASC in L. monocytogenes infection in vivo is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that ASC has a detrimental effect on host defense against L. monocytogenes infection at a lethal dose (10(6) CFU), but not at a sublethal dose (10(3) CFU). During lethal L. monocytogenes infection, serum levels of IL-18 and IL-10 were markedly elevated in WT mice, but not in ASC KO mice. IL-18 KO mice were more resistant to lethal L. monocytogenes infection than WT mice and had lower levels of serum IL-10. Furthermore, blockade of IL-10 receptor resulted in a reduction in bacterial counts, suggesting that ASC and IL-18 might exacerbate L. monocytogenes infection through induction of IL-10. We noticed that maturation of IL-18 during lethal infection was partially independent of caspase-1, but was critically dependent on ASC. ASC was required for the elevation of serum neutrophil serine protease activity, which correlated with caspase-1-independent IL-18 maturation and IL-10 production. Collectively, these results suggest that ASC plays a detrimental role in lethal L. monocytogenes infection through IL-18 production in an inflammasome-dependent and -independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Los FCO, Randis TM, Aroian RV, Ratner AJ. Role of pore-forming toxins in bacterial infectious diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:173-207. [PMID: 23699254 PMCID: PMC3668673 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common bacterial cytotoxic proteins and are required for virulence in a large number of important pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A and B streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PFTs generally disrupt host cell membranes, but they can have additional effects independent of pore formation. Substantial effort has been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of certain model PFTs. Likewise, specific host pathways mediating survival and immune responses in the face of toxin-mediated cellular damage have been delineated. However, less is known about the overall functions of PFTs during infection in vivo. This review focuses on common themes in the area of PFT biology, with an emphasis on studies addressing the roles of PFTs in in vivo and ex vivo models of colonization or infection. Common functions of PFTs include disruption of epithelial barrier function and evasion of host immune responses, which contribute to bacterial growth and spreading. The widespread nature of PFTs make this group of toxins an attractive target for the development of new virulence-targeted therapies that may have broad activity against human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara M. Randis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Uchiyama R, Yonehara S, Tsutsui H. Fas-mediated inflammatory response in Listeria monocytogenes infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4245-54. [PMID: 23509366 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of Fas (CD95/Apo-1)-mediated apoptosis are increasingly understood. However, the role of Fas-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-18 and IL-1β in bacterial infection is unclear. We demonstrate the importance of Fas-mediated signaling in IL-18/IL-1β production postinfection with Listeria monocytogenes without the contribution of caspase-1 inflammasome. IL-18/IL-1β production in L. monocytogenes-infected peritoneal exudate cells from Fas-deficient mice was lower than those from wild type mice, indicating that Fas signaling contributes to cytokine production. L. monocytogenes infection induced Fas ligand expression on NK cells, which stimulates Fas expressed on the infected macrophages, leading to the production of IL-18/IL-1β. This was independent of caspase-1, caspase-11, and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) such as Nlrp3 and Nlrc4, but dependent on apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain. Wild type cells exhibited caspase-8 activation, whereas Fas-deficient cells did not. L. monocytogenes-induced caspase-8 activation was abrogated by inhibitor for intracellular reactive oxygen species, N-acetyl-L-cysteine. L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages produced type-I IFNs such as IFN-β1, which was required for Il18 gene expression. Thus, Fas signaling regulates innate inflammatory cytokine production in L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Uchiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan.
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15
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Jacobson LS, Lima H, Goldberg MF, Gocheva V, Tsiperson V, Sutterwala FS, Joyce JA, Gapp BV, Blomen VA, Chandran K, Brummelkamp TR, Diaz-Griffero F, Brojatsch J. Cathepsin-mediated necrosis controls the adaptive immune response by Th2 (T helper type 2)-associated adjuvants. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7481-7491. [PMID: 23297415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologic adjuvants are critical components of vaccines, but it remains unclear how prototypical adjuvants enhance the adaptive immune response. Recent studies have shown that necrotic cells could trigger an immune response. Although most adjuvants have been shown to be cytotoxic, this activity has traditionally been considered a side effect. We set out to test the role of adjuvant-mediated cell death in immunity and found that alum, the most commonly used adjuvant worldwide, triggers a novel form of cell death in myeloid leukocytes characterized by cathepsin-dependent lysosome-disruption. We demonstrated that direct lysosome-permeabilization with a soluble peptide, Leu-Leu-OMe, mimics the alum-like form of necrotic cell death in terms of cathepsin dependence and cell-type specificity. Using a combination of a haploid genetic screen and cathepsin-deficient cells, we identified specific cathepsins that control lysosome-mediated necrosis. We identified cathepsin C as critical for Leu-Leu-OMe-induced cell death, whereas cathepsins B and S were required for alum-mediated necrosis. Consistent with a role of necrotic cell death in adjuvant effects, Leu-Leu-OMe replicated an alum-like immune response in vivo, characterized by dendritic cell activation, granulocyte recruitment, and production of Th2-associated antibodies. Strikingly, cathepsin C deficiency not only blocked Leu-Leu-OMe-mediated necrosis but also impaired Leu-Leu-OMe-enhanced immunity. Together our findings suggest that necrotic cell death is a powerful mediator of a Th2-associated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Heriberto Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, New York, New York 10065
| | - Vladislav Tsiperson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, New York, New York 10065
| | - Bianca V Gapp
- Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A Blomen
- Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Jürgen Brojatsch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
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16
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Abdullah Z, Schlee M, Roth S, Mraheil MA, Barchet W, Böttcher J, Hain T, Geiger S, Hayakawa Y, Fritz JH, Civril F, Hopfner KP, Kurts C, Ruland J, Hartmann G, Chakraborty T, Knolle PA. RIG-I detects infection with live Listeria by sensing secreted bacterial nucleic acids. EMBO J 2012; 31:4153-64. [PMID: 23064150 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity against infection with Listeria monocytogenes is not achieved from innate immune stimulation by contact with killed but requires viable Listeria gaining access to the cytosol of infected cells. It has remained ill-defined how such immune sensing of live Listeria occurs. Here, we report that efficient cytosolic immune sensing requires access of nucleic acids derived from live Listeria to the cytoplasm of infected cells. We found that Listeria released nucleic acids and that such secreted bacterial RNA/DNA was recognized by the cytosolic sensors RIG-I, MDA5 and STING thereby triggering interferon β production. Secreted Listeria nucleic acids also caused RIG-I-dependent IL-1β-production and inflammasome activation. The signalling molecule CARD9 contributed to IL-1β production in response to secreted nucleic acids. In conclusion, cytosolic recognition of secreted bacterial nucleic acids by RIG-I provides a mechanistic explanation for efficient induction of immunity by live bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdullah
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Listeria monocytogenes strain-specific impairment of the TetR regulator underlies the drastic increase in cyclic di-AMP secretion and beta interferon-inducing ability. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2323-32. [PMID: 22508860 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06162-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among a number of laboratory strains of Listeria monocytogenes used in experimental infection, strain LO28 is highly capable of inducing robust beta interferon (IFN-β) production in infected macrophages. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the IFN-β-inducing ability of LO28 by comparing it with that of strain EGD, a low-IFN-β-inducing strain. It was found that LO28 secretes a large amount of IFN-β-inducing factor, which turned out to be cyclic di-AMP. The secretion of cyclic di-AMP was dependent on MdrT, a multidrug resistance transporter, and LO28 exhibited a very high level of mdrT expression. The introduction of a null mutation into mdrT abolished the ability of LO28 to induce IFN-β production. Examination of genes responsible for the regulation of mdrT expression revealed a spontaneous 188-bp deletion in tetR of LO28. By constructing recombinant strains of LO28 and EGD in which tetR from each strain was replaced, it was confirmed that the distinct ability of LO28 is attributable mostly to tetR mutation. We concluded that the strong IFN-β-inducing ability of LO28 is due to a genetic defect in tetR resulting in the overexpression of mdrT and a concomitant increase in the secretion of cyclic di-AMP through MdrT.
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18
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HTLV-1 bZIP factor impairs cell-mediated immunity by suppressing production of Th1 cytokines. Blood 2011; 119:434-44. [PMID: 22123848 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-357459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected individuals succumb to opportunistic infections. Cell mediated immunity is impaired, yet the mechanism of this impairment has remained elusive. The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene is encoded in the minus strand of the viral DNA and is constitutively expressed in infected cells and ATL cells. To test the hypothesis that HBZ contributes to HTLV-1-associated immunodeficiency, we challenged transgenic mice that express the HBZ gene in CD4 T cells (HBZ-Tg mice) with herpes simplex virus type 2 or Listeria monocytogenes, and evaluated cellular immunity to these pathogens. HBZ-Tg mice were more vulnerable to both infections than non-Tg mice. The acquired immune response phase was specifically suppressed, indicating that cellular immunity was impaired in HBZ-Tg mice. In particular, production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells was suppressed in HBZ-Tg mice. HBZ suppressed transcription from the IFN-γ gene promoter in a CD4 T cell-intrinsic manner by inhibiting nuclear factor of activated T cells and the activator protein 1 signaling pathway. This study shows that HBZ inhibits CD4 T-cell responses by directly interfering with the host cell-signaling pathway, resulting in impaired cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
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19
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Protective role of heme oxygenase-1 in Listeria monocytogenes-induced abortion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25046. [PMID: 21949846 PMCID: PMC3174987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known fact that various pathogens, including bacteria, virus, and protozoa, induce abortion in humans and animals. However the mechanisms of infectious abortion are little known. In this study, we demonstrated that Listeria monocytogenes infection in trophoblast giant cells decreased heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) expression, and that their overexpression inhibited cell death induced by the infection. Furthermore, HO-1 and Bcl-XL expression levels were also decreased by L. monocytogenes in pregnant mice. Treatment with cobalt protoporphyrin, which is known to induce HO-1, inhibited infectious abortion. Taken together, our study indicates that L. monocytogenes infection decreases HO-1 and Bcl-XL expression and induces cell death in placenta, leading to infectious abortion.
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20
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Yin Y, Zhang C, Dong H, Niu Z, Pan Z, Huang J, Jiao X. Protective immunity induced by a LLO-deficient Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:175-83. [PMID: 20377746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen able to cause serious disease in human and animals. Listeriolysin O (LLO), a major virulence factor secreted by this bacterium, is a vacuole-specific lysin that facilitates bacterial entrance into the host cytosol. Thus, LLO plays a key role in the translocation and intracellular spread of L. monocytogenes. To study the effect of LLO on virulence and immunopotency, a LLO-deficient L. monocytogenes mutant was constructed using a shuttle vector followed by homologous recombination. The mutant strain had lost hemolytic activity, which resulted in an extremely reduced virulence, 5 logs lower than that of the parent strain, yzuLM4, in BALB/c mice. The number of bacteria detected in the spleens and livers of mice infected with the mutant was greatly reduced, and the bacteria were rapidly eliminated by the host. Kinetics studies in this murine model of infection showed that the invasion ability of the mutant strain was much lower than that of the parent strain. Moreover, immunization with the mutant strain conferred protective immunity against listerial infection. In particular, stimulation with Ag85B240-259, strong specific Th1 type cellular immunity was elicited by vaccination C57BL/6 mice with hly deficient strain delivering Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 via intravenous inoculation. These results clearly show that highly attenuated LLO-deficient L. monocytogenes is an attractive vaccine carrier for delivering heterologous antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
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21
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Tsuchiya K, Hara H, Kawamura I, Nomura T, Yamamoto T, Daim S, Dewamitta SR, Shen Y, Fang R, Mitsuyama M. Involvement of absent in melanoma 2 in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1186-95. [PMID: 20566831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes invades the cytoplasm of macrophages and induces the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent maturation of IL-1beta and IL-18. Although apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activating and recruitment domain (ASC), an adaptor protein of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors, has been shown to play an essential role in inducing this cellular response to L. monocytogenes, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate the role of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a recently described receptor of cytosolic DNA, in the activation of caspase-1 upon infection with L. monocytogenes. Secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18 from Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and Nod-like receptor family, caspase-activating and recruitment domain containing 4 (NLRC4) knockout macrophages in response to L. monocytogenes was only slightly decreased compared with the levels secreted from wild-type macrophages, whereas secretion from ASC knockout macrophages was completely impaired, suggesting that receptors other than NLRP3 and NLRC4 also take part in inflammasome activation in an ASC-dependent manner. To identify such receptors, the abilities of several receptor candidates (NLRP2, NLRP6, NLRP12, and AIM2) to induce the secretion of IL-1beta in response to L. monocytogenes were compared using the inflammasome system reconstructed in HEK293 cells. Among these receptor candidates, AIM2 conferred the highest responsiveness to the bacterium on HEK293 cells. Knockdown of AIM2 significantly decreased the secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18 from L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages. These results suggest that AIM2, in cooperation with NLRP3 and NLRC4, plays an important role in the activation of caspase-1 during L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Emoto M, Yoshida T, Fukuda T, Kawamura I, Mitsuyama M, Kita E, Hurwitz R, Kaufmann SHE, Emoto Y. Alpha-galactosylceramide promotes killing of Listeria monocytogenes within the macrophage phagosome through invariant NKT-cell activation. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2667-76. [PMID: 20351146 PMCID: PMC2876567 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01441-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
alpha-Galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) has been exploited for the treatment of microbial infections. Although amelioration of infection by alpha-GalCer involves invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cell activation, it remains to be determined whether macrophages (Mphi) participate in the control of microbial pathogens. In the present study, we examined the participation of Mphi in immune intervention in infection by alpha-GalCer using a murine model of listeriosis. Phagocytic and bactericidal activities of peritoneal Mphi from C57BL/6 mice, but not iNKT cell-deficient mice, were enhanced after intraperitoneal injection of alpha-GalCer despite the absence of iNKT cells in the peritoneal cavity. High levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected in the peritoneal cavities of mice treated with alpha-GalCer and in culture supernatants of peritoneal Mphi from mice treated with alpha-GalCer, respectively. Although enhanced bactericidal activity of peritoneal Mphi by alpha-GalCer was abrogated by endogenous IFN-gamma neutralization, this was only marginally affected by NO inhibition. Similar results were obtained by using a listeriolysin O-deficient strain of Listeria monocytogenes. Moreover, respiratory burst in Mphi was increased after alpha-GalCer treatment. Our results suggest that amelioration of listeriosis by alpha-GalCer is, in part, caused by enhanced killing of L. monocytogenes within phagosomes of Mphi activated by IFN-gamma from iNKT cells residing in an organ(s) other than the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Emoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Humann J, Lenz LL. Activation of naive NK cells in response to Listeria monocytogenes requires IL-18 and contact with infected dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5172-8. [PMID: 20351186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for NK cell activation during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens are not clearly defined. To dissect how Listeria monocytogenes infection elicits NK cell activation, we evaluated the requirements for activation of naive splenic NK cells by infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that NK cell activation in this setting required infection of BMDCs by live wild type bacteria. NK cells were not activated when BMDCs were infected with a live hemolysin deficient (Deltahly) strain. Neutralization of IL-12, TNF-alpha, or caspase-1 each dramatically reduced NK cell IFN-gamma production in response to live wt L. monocytogenes infection. Addition of recombinant IL-18, but not IL-1beta, reversed the effects of caspase-1 inhibition. Recombinant IL-18 also restored NK cell activation by BMDCs infected with Deltahly L. monocytogenes, which produced IL-12 but not IL-18. IL-18 acted on NK cells because MyD88 expression was required in responding NK cells, but not infected BMDC. However, secreted cytokines were not sufficient for activation of naive NK cells by infected BMDCs. Rather, NK cell activation additionally required contact between infected BMDCs and NK cells. These data suggest that the activation of NK cells during L. monocytogenes infection requires both secreted cytokines and ligation of NK activating receptors during direct contact with infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Humann
- National Jewish Health and Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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24
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Listeriolysin O-dependent bacterial entry into the cytoplasm is required for calpain activation and interleukin-1 alpha secretion in macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1884-94. [PMID: 20194588 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01143-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO), an hly-encoded cytolysin of Listeria monocytogenes, plays an essential role in the entry of L. monocytogenes into the host cell cytoplasm. L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages produce various proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), that contribute to the host immune response. In this study, we have examined IL-1 alpha production in macrophages infected with wild-type L. monocytogenes or a nonescaping mutant strain deficient for LLO (Delta hly). Expression of IL-1 alpha mRNA and accumulation of pro-IL-1 alpha in the cytoplasm were induced by both strains. In contrast, the secretion of the mature form of IL-1 alpha from infected macrophages was observed in infection with wild-type L. monocytogenes but not with the Delta hly mutant. A recovery of the ability to induce IL-1 alpha secretion was shown in a mutant strain complemented with the hly gene. The Toll-like receptor (TLR)/MyD88 signaling pathway was exclusively required for the expression of pro-IL-1 alpha, independently of LLO-mediated cytoplasmic entry of L. monocytogenes. The LLO-dependent secretion of mature IL-1 alpha was abolished by addition of calcium chelators, and only LLO-producing L. monocytogenes strains were able to induce elevation of the intracellular calcium level in infected macrophages. A calcium-dependent protease, calpain, was implicated in the maturation and secretion of IL-1 alpha induced by LLO-producing L. monocytogenes strains based on the effect of calpain inhibitor. Functional activation of calpain was detected in macrophages infected with LLO-producing L. monocytogenes strains but not with a mutant strain lacking LLO. These results clearly indicated that LLO-mediated cytoplasmic entry of bacteria could induce the activation of intracellular calcium signaling, which is essential for maturation and secretion of IL-1 alpha in macrophages during L. monocytogenes infection through activation of a calcium-dependent calpain protease. In addition, recombinant LLO, when added to macrophages infected with the Delta hly strain, could induce calcium influx and IL-1 alpha secretion at doses exhibiting cytolytic activity, suggesting that LLO produced by intracellular L. monocytogenes may be implicated in induction of calcium influx through pore formation.
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Mitsuyama M. [Mechanism for the induction of host immune response by virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2009; 64:365-76. [PMID: 20023369 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.64.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Mitsuyama
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Johnston C, Coffey A, O' Mahony J, Sleator RD. Development of a novel oral vaccine against Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Johne disease: a patho-biotechnological approach. Bioeng Bugs 2009; 1:155-63. [PMID: 21326921 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.3.10408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne disease, a granulomatous enteritis of cattle and other domesticated and wild ruminant species. Johne disease is prevalent worldwide and has a significant impact on the global agricultural economy. Current vaccines against Johne are insufficient in stemming its spread, and associated side-effects prevent their widespread use in control programs. Effective and safe vaccine strategies are needed. The main purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate the development of a novel oral subunit-vaccine using a patho-biotechnological approach. This novel strategy, which harnesses patho-genetic elements from the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, may provide a realistic route towards developing an effective next generation subunit vaccine against Johne disease and paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Johnston
- Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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The RD1 locus in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome contributes to activation of caspase-1 via induction of potassium ion efflux in infected macrophages. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3992-4001. [PMID: 19596775 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00015-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A genomic locus called "region of difference 1" (RD1) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to contribute to the generation of host protective immunity as well as to the virulence of the bacterium. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism, we investigated the difference in the cytokine-inducing ability between H37Rv and a mutant strain deficient for RD1 (DeltaRD1). We found that RD1 is implicated in the production of caspase-1-dependent cytokines, interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1beta, from infected macrophages. The expression of these cytokines was similarly induced after infection with H37Rv and DeltaRD1. However, the activation of caspase-1 was observed only in H37Rv-infected macrophages. The cytokine production and caspase-1 activation were induced independently of type I interferon receptor signaling events. We also found that the activation of caspase-1 was markedly inhibited with increasing concentrations of extracellular KCl. Furthermore, the production of IL-18 and IL-1beta and caspase-1 activation were induced independently of a P2X7 purinergic receptor, and the inability of DeltaRD1 in caspase-1 activation was compensated for by nigericin, an agent inducing the potassium ion efflux. Based on these results, we concluded that RD1 participates in caspase-1-dependent cytokine production via induction of the potassium ion efflux in infected macrophages.
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28
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Multiple mechanisms contribute to the robust rapid gamma interferon response by CD8+ T cells during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1492-501. [PMID: 19179413 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01207-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of CD8+ T cells can rapidly secrete gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in an antigen-independent and interleukin-12 (IL-12)- and IL-18-dependent manner within 16 h of infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This rapid IFN-gamma response is robust enough to be detected directly ex vivo and is not observed following infection with intracellular bacterial pathogens that remain sequestered within host cell vacuoles. We demonstrate here that three distinct pathways can lead to rapid secretion of IFN-gamma by CD8+ T cells during L. monocytogenes infection: (i) a direct cytokine-inducing activity encoded by the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) listeriolysin O (LLO) acts within the infected cell, (ii) the pore-forming activity of LLO promotes cytosolic localization of bacterial products that trigger cytosol-specific signaling pathways, and (iii) the sustained presence of high concentrations of bacterial products can exogenously trigger cytokine production. Although it has been suggested that CDC protein toxins may act as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists to trigger proinflammatory cytokine secretion, we show in this report that TLR4 signaling is not required to induce a maximal rapid IFN-gamma response by CD8+ T cells. The results presented here indicate that multiple mechanisms contribute to the induction of rapid IFN-gamma secretion by CD8+ T cells during Listeria infection and that care must be taken when interpreting the results of in vitro assays, since the contribution of each pathway can vary depending on how the assay is performed.
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Hara H, Tsuchiya K, Nomura T, Kawamura I, Shoma S, Mitsuyama M. Dependency of caspase-1 activation induced in macrophages by Listeria monocytogenes on cytolysin, listeriolysin O, after evasion from phagosome into the cytoplasm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7859-68. [PMID: 18523249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO), an hly-encoded cytolysin from Listeria monocytogenes, plays an essential role in the entry of this pathogen into the macrophage cytoplasm and is also a key factor in inducing the production of IFN-gamma during the innate immune stage of infection. In this study, we examined the involvement of LLO in macrophage production of the IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines IL-12 and IL-18. Significant levels of IL-12 and IL-18 were produced by macrophages upon infection with wild-type L. monocytogenes, whereas an LLO-deficient mutant (the L. monocytogenes Deltahly) lacked the ability to induce IL-18 production. Complementation of Deltahly with hly completely restored the ability. However, when Deltahly was complemented with ilo encoding ivanolysin O (ILO), a cytolysin highly homologous with LLO, such a restoration was not observed, although ILO-expressing L. monocytogenes invaded and multiplied in the macrophage cytoplasm similarly as LLO-expressing L. monocytogenes. Induction of IL-18 was diminished when pretreated with a caspase-1 inhibitor or in macrophages from caspase-1-deficient mice, suggesting the activation of caspase-1 as a key event resulting in IL-18 production. Activation of caspase-1 was induced in macrophages infected with LLO-expressing L. monocytogenes but not in those with Deltahly. A complete restoration of such an activity could not be observed even after complementation with the ILO gene. These results show that the LLO molecule is involved in the activation of caspase-1, which is essential for IL-18 production in infected macrophages, and suggest that some sequence unique to LLO is indispensable for some signaling event resulting in the caspase-1 activation induced by L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hara
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Reutterer B, Stockinger S, Pilz A, Soulat D, Kastner R, Westermayer S, Rülicke T, Müller M, Decker T. Type I IFN are host modulators of strain-specific Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:1116-29. [PMID: 18182083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-I) increase the sensitivity of cells and mice to lethal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Therefore the amount of IFN-I produced during infection might be an important factor determining Listeria virulence. Two commonly used strains of L. monocytogenes, EGD and LO28, were identified as, respectively, low and high inducers of IFN-I synthesis in infected macrophages. Increased IFN-I production resulted from the stronger ability of the LO28 strain to trigger the IRF3 signalling pathway and correlated with an increased sensitization of macrophages to lethal infection. In contrast, stimulation of NFkappaB, MAPK, or inflammasome signalling by the LO28 and EGD strains did not differ significantly. The LO28 strain was more virulent in wild-type (wt) C57/BL6 mice than the EGD strain whereas both strains were similarly virulent in IFN-I receptor-deficient C57/BL6 mice. Together our data suggest that isolates of wt L. monocytogenes differ in their ability to trigger the IRF3 signalling pathway and IFN-I production, and that the amount of IFN-I produced during infection is an important determinant of Listeria virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Reutterer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9/4, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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