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Liu S, Lin YH, Murphy A, Anderson J, Walker N, Lynn DG, Binns AN, Pierce BD. Mapping Reaction-Diffusion Networks at the Plant Wound Site With Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1074. [PMID: 32765558 PMCID: PMC7379035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rich collection of microbes colonizing the plant root making up the rhizosphere function as a multigenomic organ for nutrient distribution. The extent to which its dynamic mutualistic cellular order depends on morphogenic signaling, while likely, remains unknown. We have shown that reaction-diffusion chemical networks constructed with model plant and bacterial metabolites can mimic processes ranging from oxidative burst kinetics to traveling waves and extracellular stationary state reaction-diffusion networks for spatiotemporal ordering of the rhizosphere. Plant parasites and pathogens can be limited by host attachment require dynamic informational networks and continue to provide insight into what controls the rhizosphere. Here we take advantage of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen with a gated receptor that requires simultaneous perception of two plant metabolites. Genetic manipulations have created receptors allowing each metabolite concentration to be correlated with pathogen behavior. The development of the florescent strains used here provide initial maps of the reaction-diffusion dynamics existing in the rhizosphere, revealing significant differences in the signaling landscape of host and non-host plants before and after wounding, specifically highlighting networks that may inform rhizosphere organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yi-Han Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Aidan Murphy
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Josh Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicole Walker
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - David G. Lynn
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrew N. Binns
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - B. Daniel Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Abstract
Particle bombardment or biolistic transformation is an efficient, versatile method. This method does not need any vector for the gene transfer and is not dependent on the cell type, species, and genotype. The success of any transformation technique depends on the starting experimental materials or the explants. Here, we describe the factors that have influenced the choice of explants in biolistic transformation. Many general factors in the selection of explants in the development of transgenic plants are presented here. Therefore, this chapter provides extensive guidelines regarding the choice of explants for researchers working on various plant genetic transformation techniques.
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3
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Han X, Ma S, Kong X, Takano T, Liu S. Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Hybrid Poplar Populus davidiana Dode x Populus bollena Lauche. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2515-28. [PMID: 23354481 PMCID: PMC3587999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar is a model organism for high in vitro regeneration in woody plants. We have chosen a hybrid poplar Populus davidiana Dode x Populus bollena Lauche. By optimizing the Murashige and Skoog medium with (0.3 mg/L) 6-benzylaminopurine and (0.08 mg/L) naphthaleneacetic acid, we have achieved the highest frequency (90%) for shoot regeneration from poplar leaves. It was also important to improve the transformation efficiency of poplar for genetic breeding and other applications. In this study, we found a significant improvement of the transformation frequency by controlling the leaf age. Transformation efficiency was enhanced by optimizing the Agrobacterium concentration (OD(600) = 0.8-1.0) and an infection time (20-30 min). According to transmission electron microscopy observations, there were more Agrobacterium invasions in the 30-day-old leaf explants than in 60-day-old and 90-day-old explants. Using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker, the expression of MD-GFP fusion proteins in the leaf, shoot, and root of hybrid poplar P. davidiana Dode x Populus. bollena Lauche was visualized for confirmation of transgene integration. Southern and Northern blot analysis also showed the integration of T-DNA into the genome and gene expression of transgenic plants. Our results suggest that younger leaves had higher transformation efficiency (~30%) than older leaves (10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.H.); (S.M.); (X.K.)
| | - Shurong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.H.); (S.M.); (X.K.)
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.H.); (S.M.); (X.K.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.H.); (S.M.); (X.K.)
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4
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Simmons CW, Nitin N, Vandergheynst JS. Rapid, in situ detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens attachment to leaf tissue. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1321-8. [PMID: 22848046 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to host plant cells is an early and necessary step in plant transformation and agroinfiltration processes. However, bacterial attachment behavior is not well understood in complex plant tissues. Here we developed an imaging-based method to observe and quantify A. tumefaciens attached to leaf tissue in situ. Fluorescent labeling of bacteria with nucleic acid, protein, and vital dyes was investigated as a rapid alternative to generating recombinant strains expressing fluorescent proteins. Syto 16 green fluorescent nucleic acid stain was found to yield the greatest signal intensity in stained bacteria without affecting viability or infectivity. Stained bacteria retained the stain and were detectable over 72 h. To demonstrate in situ detection of attached bacteria, confocal fluorescent microscopy was used to image A. tumefaciens in sections of lettuce leaf tissue following vacuum-infiltration with labeled bacteria. Bacterial signals were associated with plant cell surfaces, suggesting detection of bacteria attached to plant cells. Bacterial attachment to specific leaf tissues was in agreement with known leaf tissue competencies for transformation with Agrobacterium. Levels of bacteria attached to leaf cells were quantified over time post-infiltration. Signals from stained bacteria were stable over the first 24 h following infiltration but decreased in intensity as bacteria multiplied in planta. Nucleic acid staining of A. tumefaciens followed by confocal microscopy of infected leaf tissue offers a rapid, in situ method for evaluating attachment of A. tumefaciens' to plant expression hosts and a tool to facilitate management of transient expression processes via agroinfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Simmons
- Dept of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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5
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Paul A, Bakshi S, Sahoo DP, Kalita MC, Sahoo L. Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Using Leaf Explants: Bactericidal Effect of Leaf Extracts and Counteracting Strategies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1871-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Verma A, Nain V, Kumari C, Singh SK, Lakshmi Narasu M, Ananda Kumar P. Tissue specific response of Agrobacterium tumefaciens attachment to Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 14:307-313. [PMID: 23572896 PMCID: PMC3550632 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-008-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of plants have advantages over other methods, especially for making single copy transgenic plants with reduced chances of gene silencing and instability. However, monocotyledonous plant species could not utilize the full potential of this system because of possible limitations in Agrobacterium interaction with monocot plant cells. Agrobacterium attachment as a factor in genetic transformation was studied in the leaf, shoot apex, and leaf derived callus of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench). Pre-induction of Agrobacterium with acetosyringone was found necessary for Agrobacterium attachment to sorghum tissues. All the explants responded positively, with preferential Agrobacterium attachment and colonization around the tissues having actively dividing cells. Callus proved to be the best explant for Agrobacterium attachment as observed in scanning electron microscopy and transient GUS expression. Loss of Agrobacterium attachment was observed with an increase in the degree of tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Verma
- />National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Vikrant Nain
- />National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Chetana Kumari
- />National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- />National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - M. Lakshmi Narasu
- />School of Biotechnology, Institute of Post Graduate Studies and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, 500028 India
| | - P. Ananda Kumar
- />National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi, 110012 India
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7
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Mannonen L, Kauppinen V, Enari TM. Recent Developments in the Genetic Engineering of Barley. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388559409063642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Finer KR, Finer JJ. Use of Agrobacterium expressing green fluorescent protein to evaluate colonization of sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation-treated soybean cotyledons. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30:406-10. [PMID: 10792672 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colonization and infection of soybean cotyledons by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequent elimination of bacteria from cotyledons were monitored using bacteria expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP provided a quick, non-destructive method to evaluate, in real time, Agrobacterium colonization of cotyledon surfaces as well as infection of internal cells. GFP was first detected 7 h following inoculation of the cotyledon. By 36 h, GFP expression was very intense, and was limited to the adaxial surface of the cotyledon. Expression of GFP also served as a useful indicator of successful elimination of the bacterium from plant tissue following antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Finer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University/Stark Campus, Canton and Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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9
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Methods of Genetic Transformation: Agrobacterium tumefaciens. MOLECULAR IMPROVEMENT OF CEREAL CROPS 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4802-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Chumakov MI, Kurbanova IV. Localization of the protein VirB1 involved in contact formation during conjugation among Agrobacterium cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 168:297-301. [PMID: 9835041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramembrane structures of Agrobacterium, which link cells during mating, were for the first time visualized using transmission electron microscopy. The initial cell contact was found to be mediated by long pili. Using colloidal gold-labeled, VirB1-specific antibodies, it was established that VirB1 proteins enter into the composition of short pilus-like structures, which emerge at the poles of acetosyringone (AS)-induced agrobacterial cells. Labeling of non-centrifuged agrobacterial cells on a nitrocellulose membrane using colloidal gold-conjugated antibodies to VirB1 showed that the labeled complex could bind to AS-induced cells, but failed to form red stains during incubation with cells of the Ti plasmidless A. tumefaciens strains LBA288 and UBAPF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Chumakov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Kado
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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12
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Tzfira T, Yarnitzky O, Vainstein A, Altman A. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated DNA transfer inPinus halepensis Mill. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1996; 16:26-31. [PMID: 24178648 DOI: 10.1007/bf01275443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1995] [Revised: 04/04/1996] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LBA9402 was used to transformPinus halepensis embryos, seedlings and shoots. Mature embryos exhibited susceptibility to the agrobacterium as monitored by β-glucurortidase (GUS) expression, with more than 85% showing considerable transient GUS expression in the radicle. GUS expression was also observed in cotyledons, but at a lower rate of about 24% of the embryos (1-5 spots/embryo). Stable transformation was evidenced by the regeneration of GUS-expressing roots and calli from infectedP. halepensis seedlings. Inoculum injections into intact seedling hypocotyls induced callus and root formation at the wound sites in 64% of the seedlings. Dipping seedling cuttings in a bacterial suspension resulted in adventitious root formation in 7I% of the seedling cuttings, all of which expressed GUS activity. Adventitious shoots, that were induced on 2.5-year-old seedlings by pruning and spraying with 6-benzylaminopurine, were infected by injecting of bacterial suspension into their basal side. Two months later, adventitious roots and root primordia regenerated in 74% and 40% of 2- and 5-month-old shoots, respectively. Non-transformed shoots, either without or with auxin application, failed to form roots. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses confirmed theuidA-transgenic nature of the root and callus, as well as the presence ofrolC androlB genes in roots from infectedP. halepensis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tzfira
- The Kennedy-Leigh Centre for Horticultural Research and The Otto Warburg Center for Biotechnology in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76-100, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Natural genetic engineering of plant cells: the molecular biology of crown gall and hairy root disease. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 12:327-51. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00340209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/07/1996] [Accepted: 02/10/1996] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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[17] Observation and measurement of bacterial adhesion to plants. Methods Enzymol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(95)53019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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16
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Abstract
The presence of the Ti plasmid favorably influences the attachment of agrobacteria to grape callus cells, especially during the early stages of a 2-h incubation.
Agrobacterium
strains attached to a similar extent to both the crown gall-resistant cultivar (Catawba),
Vitis labruscana
, and the crown gall-susceptible cultivar (Chancellor),
Vitis
sp. Attachment of the virulent strain to grape callus cells is blocked by the avirulent strain HLB-2 in both the tissue culture cell suspension and the seedling root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- X A Pu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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17
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Kodama H, Irifune K, Kamada H, Morikawa H. Transgenic roots produced by introducing Ri-rol genes into cucumber cotyledons by particle bombardment. Transgenic Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01972608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Dassargues C, Sanou M, Clerfayt G, Naveau H, Nyns EJ. Influence of the mode of reactor operation on the rate and yield of fermentation of the model solid substrate, wheat bran, by a microbial consortium under non-axenic anaerobic conditions. Biotechnol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01027024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Wagner VT, Matthysse AG. Involvement of a vitronectin-like protein in attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to carrot suspension culture cells. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:5999-6003. [PMID: 1381711 PMCID: PMC207141 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.18.5999-6003.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of dicotyledonous plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens result in the formation of crown gall tumors. Attachment of the bacteria to plant host cells is required for tumor formation. Human vitronectin and antivitronectin antibodies both inhibited the binding of A. tumefaciens to carrot cells. Wild-type bacteria are able to bind radioactive vitronectin; nonattaching mutants showed a reduction in the ability to bind vitronectin. The binding of biotype 1 A. tumefaciens to carrot cells or to radioactive vitronectin was not affected by high ionic strength. Detergent extraction of carrot cells removed the receptor to which the bacteria bind. The extract was found to contain a vitronectin-like protein. These results suggest that A. tumefaciens utilizes a vitronectin-like protein on the plant cell surface as the receptor for its initial attachment to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280
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20
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Schlappi M, Hohn B. Competence of Immature Maize Embryos for Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer. THE PLANT CELL 1992; 4:7-16. [PMID: 12297627 PMCID: PMC160101 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.4.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of viral sequences to plant cells (agroinfection) was applied to study the susceptibility of immature maize embryos to the pathogen. The shoot apical meristem of immature embryos 10 to 20 days after pollination from four different maize genotypes was investigated for competence for agroinfection. There was a direct correlation between different morphological stages of the unwounded immature embryos and their competence for agroinfection. Agroinfection frequency was highest in the embryogenic line A188. All developmental stages tested showed Agrobacterium virulence gene-inducing activity, whereas bacteriocidal substances were produced at stages of the immature embryos competent for agroinfection. The results suggested that Agrobacterium may require differentiated tissue in the maize shoot apical meristem before wounding for successful T-DNA transfer. This requirement for the young maize embryo has implications for the possible use of Agrobacterium for maize transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schlappi
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Gould J, Devey M, Hasegawa O, Ulian EC, Peterson G, Smith RH. Transformation of Zea mays L. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the Shoot Apex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 95:426-34. [PMID: 16668001 PMCID: PMC1077548 DOI: 10.1104/pp.95.2.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is established as a vector for gene transfer in many dicotyledonous plants but is not accepted as a vector in monocotyledonous plants, especially in the important Gramineae. The use of Agrobacterium to transfer genes into monocot species could simplify the transformation and improvement of important crop plants. In this report we describe the use of Agrobacterium to transfer a gene into corn, the regeneration of plants, and detection of the transferred genes in the F(1) progeny. Shoot apices of Zea mays L. variety Funk's G90 were cocultivated with A. tumefaciens EHA 1, which harbored the plasmid pGUS3 containing genes for kanamycin resistance (NPT II) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS). Plants developed from these explants within 4 to 6 weeks. Fluorometric GUS assays of leaves and immature seeds from the plants exhibited low GUS activity. Both NOS and GUS gene fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction in the DNA isolated from the F(1) generations of one of the original transformed plants. Southern analysis showed both GUS and NPT probes hybridized to DNA in several of the F(1) progeny, demonstrating the incorporation of GUS and NPT II genes into high molecular weight DNA. These data establish successful gene transfer and sexual inheritance of the genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gould
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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22
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Messens E, Dekeyser R, Stachel SE. A nontransformable Triticum monococcum monocotyledonous culture produces the potent Agrobacterium vir-inducing compound ethyl ferulate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4368-72. [PMID: 11607083 PMCID: PMC54111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exudates of dicotyledonous plants contain specific phenolic signal molecules, such as acetosyringone, which serve as potent inducers for the expression of the virulence (vir) regulon of the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This induction activates the Agrobacterium T-DNA transfer process to initiate the genetic transformation of target plant cells. Wounded and metabolically active plant cells are particularly susceptible to Agrobacterium infection, and these cells specifically produce vir-inducing molecules. Most monocotyledonous, as opposed to dicotyledonous, species are resistant to Agrobacterium transformation. One hypothesis for this resistance is that nonsusceptible monocotyledonous cells fail to produce vir signal molecules and, thus, are not recognized by Agrobacterium as transformation targets. Here we demonstrate that monocotyledonous cells make such molecules, and, furthermore, we purify the inducer produced by a Triticum monococcum suspension culture that is resistant to Agrobacterium infection. This molecule is shown to correspond to ethyl ferulate [C12H14O4; 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid ethyl ester], to be more active for vir induction at low concentrations than acetosyringone, and to be produced in quantities giving significant levels of induction. Thus, at least for the wheat cell line used in this study, monocotyledonous resistance to Agrobacterium transformation must result from a block to a step of the T-DNA transfer process subsequent to vir induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Messens
- Laboratorium voor Genetica, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
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23
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Grimsley N, Hohn B, Ramos C, Kado C, Rogowsky P. DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to Zea mays or Brassica by agroinfection is dependent on bacterial virulence functions. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1989; 217:309-16. [PMID: 2770696 DOI: 10.1007/bf02464898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA transfer from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium, to the non-host graminaceous monocotyle-donous plant Zea mays, was analysed using the recently developed technique of agroinfection. Agroinfection of Z. mays with maize streak virus using strains of A. tumefaciens carrying mutations in the pTiC58 virulence region showed an almost absolute dependence on the products of the bacterial virC genes. In contrast, agroinfection of the control host Brassica rapa with cauliflower mosaic virus was less dependent on the virC gene products. In other respects, the basic mechanism of the plant-bacterium interaction was found to be similar. While intact virA, B, D and G functions were absolutely necessary, mutants in virE were attenuated. Agroinfection of maize was effective in the absence of an exogenously supplied vir gene inducer, and indeed wounded Z. mays tissues were found to produce substance(s) which induced the expression of A. tumefaciens vir genes. These findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge about the function of Agrobacterium vir genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grimsley
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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