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Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance in Cyanobacteria under Extreme Conditions. STRESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses2040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are oxygen-evolving photoautotrophs with worldwide distribution in every possible habitat, and they account for half of the global primary productivity. Because of their ability to thrive in a hostile environment, cyanobacteria are categorized as “extremophiles”. They have evolved a fascinating repository of distinct secondary metabolites and biomolecules to promote their development and survival in various habitats, including severe conditions. However, developing new proteins/enzymes and metabolites is mostly directed by an appropriate gene regulation system that results in stress adaptations. However, only few proteins have been characterized to date that have the potential to improve resistance against abiotic stresses. As a result, studying environmental stress responses to post-genomic analysis, such as proteome changes using latest structural proteomics and synthetic biology techniques, is critical. In this regard, scientists working on these topics will benefit greatly from the stress of proteomics research. Progress in these disciplines will aid in understanding cyanobacteria’s physiology, biochemical, and metabolic systems. This review summarizes the most recent key findings of cyanobacterial proteome study under various abiotic stresses and the application of secondary metabolites formed during different abiotic conditions.
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Kimura S, Sato M, Fan X, Ohmori M, Ehira S. The two-component response regulator OrrA confers dehydration tolerance by regulating avaKa expression in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5165-5173. [PMID: 36054741 PMCID: PMC9804601 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 exhibits dehydration tolerance. The regulation of gene expression in response to dehydration is crucial for the acquisition of dehydration tolerance, but the molecular mechanisms underlying dehydration responses remain unknown. In this study, the functions of the response regulator OrrA in the regulation of salt and dehydration responses were investigated. Disruption of orrA abolished or diminished the induction of hundreds of genes in response to salt stress and dehydration. Thus, OrrA is a principal regulator of both stress responses. In particular, OrrA plays a crucial role in dehydration tolerance because an orrA disruptant completely lost the ability to regrow after dehydration. Moreover, in the OrrA regulon, avaKa encoding a protein of unknown function was revealed to be indispensable for dehydration tolerance. OrrA and AvaK are conserved among the terrestrial cyanobacteria, suggesting their conserved functions in dehydration tolerance in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of ScienceSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Miho Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate school of ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Xingyan Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate school of ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Masayuki Ohmori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of ScienceSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Shigeki Ehira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of ScienceSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate school of ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyoJapan
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Rachedi R, Foglino M, Latifi A. Stress Signaling in Cyanobacteria: A Mechanistic Overview. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120312. [PMID: 33256109 PMCID: PMC7760821 DOI: 10.3390/life10120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are highly diverse, widely distributed photosynthetic bacteria inhabiting various environments ranging from deserts to the cryosphere. Throughout this range of niches, they have to cope with various stresses and kinds of deprivation which threaten their growth and viability. In order to adapt to these stresses and survive, they have developed several global adaptive responses which modulate the patterns of gene expression and the cellular functions at work. Sigma factors, two-component systems, transcriptional regulators and small regulatory RNAs acting either separately or collectively, for example, induce appropriate cyanobacterial stress responses. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the diversity of the sensors and regulators involved in the perception and transduction of light, oxidative and thermal stresses, and nutrient starvation responses. The studies discussed here point to the fact that various stresses affecting the photosynthetic capacity are transduced by common mechanisms.
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Singh H. Desiccation and radiation stress tolerance in cyanobacteria. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:813-826. [PMID: 30080267 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are among the oldest living organisms on this planet, existing since more than 3 billion years. They are ideal organisms for investigating biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, circadian rhythm, photoregulation of gene expression, developmental gene rearrangements, and specialized cell differentiation. They are nearly ubiquitous in distribution, have colonized a wide range of ecosystems including soil, air, dry rock, and aquatic systems, and even occupy extreme niches that are inaccessible to other organisms. Such wide ecological distribution reflects their capacity to acclimate to extreme environments. They show great adaptive abilities and have survived various adverse physiological growth conditions like desiccation, high temperatures, extreme pH, cold, osmosis, salt, light, nitrogen, and high salinity. Their ancient origin and surviving through numerous stresses during evolution indicates their remarkable capabilities to survive and prevail under different environmental and man-made stresses. It has been hypothesized that similar and overlap stress response mechanisms help them to survive different stresses. It has been stated that responses against stresses like radiation has been accidental-exhibited because of similar response against desiccation stress, which has prevailed more during evolution. These overlaps and similarities in stress responses have been instrumental in making these organisms a large class of biological entities today. Present review discuss about stress tolerance in cyanobacteria against two extreme stresses - desiccation and gamma radiation. It also discuss the commonality and underlying molecular mechanisms in these two stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinder Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Shang JL, Zhang ZC, Yin XY, Chen M, Hao FH, Wang K, Feng JL, Xu HF, Yin YC, Tang HR, Qiu BS. UV-B induced biosynthesis of a novel sunscreen compound in solar radiation and desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:200-213. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Chun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yue Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- School of life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Fu-Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics; Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan Hubei 430071 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chao Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory; Fudan University; Shanghai 200438 People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
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6
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Sen S, Rai S, Yadav S, Agrawal C, Rai R, Chatterjee A, Rai L. Dehydration and rehydration - induced temporal changes in cytosolic and membrane proteome of the nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Song K, Hagemann M, Tan X, Lu X. The Response Regulator Slr1588 Regulates spsA But Is Not Crucial for Salt Acclimation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1176. [PMID: 28694802 PMCID: PMC5483463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial sucrose biosynthesis is stimulated under salt stress, which could be used for biotechnological sugar production. It has been shown that the response regulator Slr1588 negatively regulates the spsA gene encoding sucrose-phosphate synthase and mutation of the slr1588 gene also affected the salt tolerance of Synechocystis (Chen et al., 2014). The latter finding is contrary to earlier observations (Hagemann et al., 1997b). Here, we observed that ectopic expression of slr1588 did not restore the salt tolerance of the slr1588 mutant, making the essential function of this response regulator for salt tolerance questionable. Subsequent experiments showed that deletion of the entire coding sequence of slr1588 compromised the expression of the downstream situated ggpP gene, which encodes glucosylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase for synthesis of the primary osmolyte glucosylglycerol. Mutation of slr1588 by deleting the N-terminal part of this protein (Δslr1588-F976) did not affect ggpP expression, glucosylglycerol accumulation as well as salt tolerance, while the mutation of ggpP resulted in the previously reported salt-sensitive phenotype. In the Δslr1588-F976 mutant spsA was up-regulated but sucrose content was lowered due to increased invertase activity. Our results reveal that Slr1588 is acting as a repressor for spsA as previously suggested but it is not crucial for the overall salt acclimation of Synechocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Song
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Martin Hagemann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
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Sucrose in cyanobacteria: from a salt-response molecule to play a key role in nitrogen fixation. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:102-26. [PMID: 25569239 PMCID: PMC4390843 DOI: 10.3390/life5010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the biosphere, sucrose is mainly synthesized in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, green algae and land plants, as part of the carbon dioxide assimilation pathway. Even though its central position in the functional biology of plants is well documented, much less is known about the role of sucrose in cyanobacteria. In those prokaryotes, sucrose accumulation has been associated with salt acclimation, and considered as a compatible solute in low-salt tolerant strains. In the last years, functional characterizations of sucrose metabolizing enzymes, metabolic control analysis, cellular localization of gene expressions, and reverse genetic experiments have revealed that sucrose metabolism is crucial in the diazotrophic growth of heterocystic strains, and besides, that it can be connected to glycogen synthesis. This article briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge of sucrose physiological functions in modern cyanobacteria and how they might have evolved taking into account the phylogenetic analyses of sucrose enzymes.
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Salt acclimation of cyanobacteria and their application in biotechnology. Life (Basel) 2014; 5:25-49. [PMID: 25551682 PMCID: PMC4390839 DOI: 10.3390/life5010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The long evolutionary history and photo-autotrophic lifestyle of cyanobacteria has allowed them to colonize almost all photic habitats on Earth, including environments with high or fluctuating salinity. Their basal salt acclimation strategy includes two principal reactions, the active export of ions and the accumulation of compatible solutes. Cyanobacterial salt acclimation has been characterized in much detail using selected model cyanobacteria, but their salt sensing and regulatory mechanisms are less well understood. Here, we briefly review recent advances in the identification of salt acclimation processes and the essential genes/proteins involved in acclimation to high salt. This knowledge is of increasing importance because the necessary mass cultivation of cyanobacteria for future use in biotechnology will be performed in sea water. In addition, cyanobacterial salt resistance genes also can be applied to improve the salt tolerance of salt sensitive organisms, such as crop plants.
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Sucrose synthesis in the nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is controlled by the two-component response regulator OrrA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5672-9. [PMID: 25002430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01501-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 accumulates sucrose as a compatible solute against salt stress. Sucrose-phosphate synthase activity, which is responsible for the sucrose synthesis, is increased by salt stress, but the mechanism underlying the regulation of sucrose synthesis remains unknown. In the present study, a response regulator, OrrA, was shown to control sucrose synthesis. Expression of spsA, which encodes a sucrose-phosphate synthase, and susA and susB, which encode sucrose synthases, was induced by salt stress. In the orrA disruptant, salt induction of these genes was completely abolished. The cellular sucrose level of the orrA disruptant was reduced to 40% of that in the wild type under salt stress conditions. Moreover, overexpression of orrA resulted in enhanced expression of spsA, susA, and susB, followed by accumulation of sucrose, without the addition of NaCl. We also found that SigB2, a group 2 sigma factor of RNA polymerase, regulated the early response to salt stress under the control of OrrA. It is concluded that OrrA controls sucrose synthesis in collaboration with SigB2.
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11
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Agrawal C, Sen S, Singh S, Rai S, Singh PK, Singh VK, Rai L. Comparative proteomics reveals association of early accumulated proteins in conferring butachlor tolerance in three N2-fixing Anabaena spp. J Proteomics 2014; 96:271-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Chen L, Wu L, Zhu Y, Song Z, Wang J, Zhang W. An orphan two-component response regulator Slr1588 involves salt tolerance by directly regulating synthesis of compatible solutes in photosynthetic Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:1765-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the characterization of a novel orphan response regulator Slr1588 directly involved in the synthesis and transport of compatible solutes against salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering
| | - Lina Wu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering
| | - Ye Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering
| | - Zhongdi Song
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering
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Desiccation-inducible genes are related to N(2)-fixing system under desiccation in a terrestrial cyanobacterium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1263-9. [PMID: 22503828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial cyanobacteria have various desiccation-tolerant systems, which are controlled by desiccation tolerance-related genes. Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. strain PCC 7120 is a derivative of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc and is a useful strain for molecular biological analysis. To identify desiccation tolerance-related genes, we selected and disrupted various genes (all0801, all0875, alr3090, alr3800, all4052, all4477, and alr5182) and examined their gene expression patterns and predicted their functions. Analyses of gene disruptants showed that viability of the disruptants only decreased under N(2)-fixing conditions during desiccation, and the decrease in viability was negatively correlated with the gene expression pattern during desiccation. These data suggest that terrestrial cyanobacteria may acclimate to desiccation stress via N(2) fixation by using desiccation inducible genes, which are not only related to nitrogen fixation or nitrogen metabolism but also to other systems such as metabolism, transcription, and protein repair for protection against desiccation damage under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Further, a photosynthetic gene is required for desiccation tolerance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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15
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Frangeul L, Quillardet P, Castets AM, Humbert JF, Matthijs HCP, Cortez D, Tolonen A, Zhang CC, Gribaldo S, Kehr JC, Zilliges Y, Ziemert N, Becker S, Talla E, Latifi A, Billault A, Lepelletier A, Dittmann E, Bouchier C, de Marsac NT. Highly plastic genome of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, a ubiquitous toxic freshwater cyanobacterium. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:274. [PMID: 18534010 PMCID: PMC2442094 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis proliferates in a wide range of freshwater ecosystems and is exposed to changing environmental factors during its life cycle. Microcystis blooms are often toxic, potentially fatal to animals and humans, and may cause environmental problems. There has been little investigation of the genomics of these cyanobacteria. Results Deciphering the 5,172,804 bp sequence of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 has revealed the high plasticity of its genome: 11.7% DNA repeats containing more than 1,000 bases, 6.8% putative transposases and 21 putative restriction enzymes. Compared to the genomes of other cyanobacterial lineages, strain PCC 7806 contains a large number of atypical genes that may have been acquired by lateral transfers. Metabolic pathways, such as fermentation and a methionine salvage pathway, have been identified, as have genes for programmed cell death that may be related to the rapid disappearance of Microcystis blooms in nature. Analysis of the PCC 7806 genome also reveals striking novel biosynthetic features that might help to elucidate the ecological impact of secondary metabolites and lead to the discovery of novel metabolites for new biotechnological applications. M. aeruginosa and other large cyanobacterial genomes exhibit a rapid loss of synteny in contrast to other microbial genomes. Conclusion Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 appears to have adopted an evolutionary strategy relying on unusual genome plasticity to adapt to eutrophic freshwater ecosystems, a property shared by another strain of M. aeruginosa (NIES-843). Comparisons of the genomes of PCC 7806 and other cyanobacterial strains indicate that a similar strategy may have also been used by the marine strain Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501 to adapt to other ecological niches, such as oligotrophic open oceans.
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Ekman M, Tollbäck P, Klint J, Bergman B. Protein expression profiles in an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium revealed by a proteomic approach. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:1251-61. [PMID: 17073307 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms behind adaptations in the cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) to a life in endosymbiosis with plants are still not clarified, nor are the interactions between the partners. To get further insights, the proteome of a Nostoc strain, freshly isolated from the symbiotic gland tissue of the angiosperm Gunnera manicata Linden, was analyzed and compared with the proteome of the same strain when free-living. Extracted proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Even when the higher percentage of differentiated cells (heterocysts) in symbiosis was compensated for, the majority of the proteins detected in the symbiotic cyanobacteria were present in the free-living counterpart, indicating that most cellular processes were common for both stages. However, differential expression profiling revealed a significant number of proteins to be down-regulated or missing in the symbiotic stage, while others were more abundant or only expressed in symbiosis. The differential protein expression was primarily connected to i) cell envelope-associated processes, including proteins involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis and surface and membrane associated proteins, ii) to changes in growth and metabolic activities (C and N), including upregulation of nitrogenase and proteins involved in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and downregulation of Calvin cycle enzymes, and iii) to the dark, microaerobic conditions offered inside the Gunnera gland cells, including changes in relative phycobiliprotein concentrations. This is the first comprehensive analysis of proteins in the symbiotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ekman
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ashby M, Houmard J. Cyanobacterial two-component proteins: structure, diversity, distribution, and evolution. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:472-509. [PMID: 16760311 PMCID: PMC1489541 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00046-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of the already characterized and potential two-component protein sequences that exist in the nine complete and seven partially annotated cyanobacterial genome sequences available (as of May 2005) showed that the cyanobacteria possess a much larger repertoire of such proteins than most other bacteria. By analysis of the domain structure of the 1,171 potential histidine kinases, response regulators, and hybrid kinases, many various arrangements of about thirty different modules could be distinguished. The number of two-component proteins is related in part to genome size but also to the variety of physiological properties and ecophysiologies of the different strains. Groups of orthologues were defined, only a few of which have representatives with known physiological functions. Based on comparisons with the proposed phylogenetic relationships between the strains, the orthology groups show that (i) a few genes, some of them clustered on the genome, have been conserved by all species, suggesting their very ancient origin and an essential role for the corresponding proteins, and (ii) duplications, fusions, gene losses, insertions, and deletions, as well as domain shuffling, occurred during evolution, leading to the extant repertoire. These mechanisms are put in perspective with the different genetic properties that cyanobacteria have to achieve genome plasticity. This review is designed to serve as a basis for orienting further research aimed at defining the most ancient regulatory mechanisms and understanding how evolution worked to select and keep the most appropriate systems for cyanobacteria to develop in the quite different environments that they have successfully colonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark
K. Ashby
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of the West
Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7,
Jamaica, Ecole Normale
Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8541, Génétique
Moléculaire, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05,
France
| | - Jean Houmard
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of the West
Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7,
Jamaica, Ecole Normale
Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8541, Génétique
Moléculaire, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05,
France
- Corresponding
author. Mailing address: Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8541,
Génétique Moléculaire, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris
Cedex 05, France. Phone: 33 1 44 32 35 19. Fax: 33 1 44 96 53 60.
E-mail:
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Mori S, Castoreno A, Mulligan ME, Lammers PJ. Nitrogen status modulates the expression of RNA-binding proteins in cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 227:203-10. [PMID: 14592710 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical responses to cold and osmotic stresses overlap because each decreases the availability of free water. Since RNA-binding proteins are known to accumulate following cold stress and play key roles in regulating transcription termination, the effect of osmotic stress on expression of RNA-binding proteins was examined. The transcript levels of four genes encoding RNA-binding proteins (rbpA, rbpB, rbpC and rbpD) were monitored in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 cultures supplemented with ammonium ions or growing under nitrogen-fixing conditions. Steady-state transcript levels of all four genes increased transiently in response to a temperature shift from 30 to 20 degrees C under both nitrogen regimes. Osmotic stress also enhanced rbpB, rbpC and rbpD gene expression in ammonium grown cultures. In the absence of a combined nitrogen source, osmotic stress repressed the short-term induction of rbp gene expression. The accumulation of RNA-binding proteins did not follow transcript levels, but remained high 24 h after stress initiation. It is concluded that nitrogen nutrition modulates the stress-responsive regulation of RNA-binding proteins in cyanobacteria, providing a potential mechanism to integrate environmental and developmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Box 088, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Katoh H, Asthana RK, Ohmori M. Gene expression in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 under desiccation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2004; 47:164-174. [PMID: 14749909 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-1043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Accepted: 08/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 showed an inherent capacity for desiccation tolerance. A DNA microarray covering almost the entire genome of Anabaena was used to determine the genome-wide gene expression under desiccation. RNA was extracted from cells at intervals starting from early to late desiccation. The pattern of gene expression in DNA fragments was categorized into seven types, which include four types of up-regulated and three types of down-regulated fragments. Validation of the data was carried out by RT-PCR on selected up-regulated DNA fragments and was consistent with the changes in mRNA levels. Our conclusions regarding desiccation tolerance for Anabaena sp. PCC7120 are as follows: (i) Genes for osmoprotectant metabolisms and the K+ transporting system are up-regulated from early to mid-desiccation; (ii) genes induced by osmotic, salt, and low-temperature stress are up-regulated under desiccation; (iii) genes for heat shock proteins are up-regulated after mid-desiccation; (iv) genes for photosynthesis and the nitrogen-transporting system are down-regulated during early desiccation; and (v) genes for RNA polymerase and ribosomal protein are down-regulated between the early and the middle phase of desiccation. Profiles of gene expression are discussed in relation to desiccation acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Katoh
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Ehling-Schulz M, Schulz S, Wait R, Görg A, Scherer S. The UV-B stimulon of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune comprises early shock proteins and late acclimation proteins. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:827-43. [PMID: 12410839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The UV-B and desiccation-tolerant terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune was grown under defined UV irradiation. Proteome changes were monitored in the membrane and the cytosolic and the extracellular fractions. Tools were developed to separate stress-triggered from growth stage-dependent changes. UV-B changed the relative cellular concentration of 493 out of 1,350 protein spots at least by a factor of three, rendering the UV-B stimulon of N. commune the most complex one described so far. It comprises two different parts: an early shock response influencing 214 proteins and a late acclimation response involving 279 proteins. The shock response comprised many membrane or membrane-associated proteins, whereas the acclimation response mainly changed cytosolic proteins. Most of the shock-induced changes were transient and did not overlap with the acclimation response. In the extracellular fraction, UV irradiation induced superoxide dismutase and the water stress protein. In total, 27 intracellular, UV-B-induced proteins were partially sequenced by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Three functional classes were identified: proteins involved in lipid metabolism, in carbohydrate metabolism and in regulatory pathways. About 50% of the sequenced proteins were homologous to cyanobacterial database entries with un-known function. Interestingly, all of these proteins belong to the UV-B acclimation response. We conclude that the UV-B shock response and the UV-B acclimation response represent two completely different and remarkably complex strategies of N. commune to protect itself against UV-B radiation in its natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, WZW, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Mori S, Castoreno A, Lammers PJ. Transcript levels of rbcR1, ntcA, and rbcL/S genes in cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 are downregulated in response to cold and osmotic stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 213:167-73. [PMID: 12167533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Using differential display, we identified the Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase transcriptional regulator (rbcR1) gene, a member of the LysR family of positive transcription factors. The rbcR1 transcript and its putative target gene ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL/S) were repressed by cold (20 degrees C) and osmotic (sucrose and salt) stress. Cold stress also induced a transient downregulation of the Anabaena 7120 ntcA transcriptional regulator. Expression of the ntcA gene, however, returned to normal levels 2 h after initiation of cold stress and increased significantly above normal levels 24 h after growth at 20 degrees C. The early decline in the expression of the ntcA, rbcR1, and rbcL/S transcripts appears to be part of the Anabaena 7120 global adaptation response to stress. The substantial increase in the ntcA gene expression 24 h following cold stress suggests that Anabaena 7120 experiences substantial nitrogen limitation under these conditions. These data suggest that in response to stress, Anabaena 7120 decreases its metabolic activity through regulation of the CO(2) fixation machinery while enhancing its nitrogen assimilation by inducing the expression of the nitrogen global transcriptional regulator, NtcA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Box 3C, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA.
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