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Sánchez-Castillo A, Savelkouls KG, Baldini A, Hounjet J, Sonveaux P, Verstraete P, De Keersmaecker K, Dewaele B, Björkblom B, Melin B, Wu WY, Sjöberg RL, Rouschop KMA, Broen MPG, Vooijs M, Kampen KR. Sertraline/chloroquine combination therapy to target hypoxic and immunosuppressive serine/glycine synthesis-dependent glioblastomas. Oncogenesis 2024; 13:39. [PMID: 39537592 PMCID: PMC11561346 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-024-00540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The serine/glycine (ser/gly) synthesis pathway branches from glycolysis and is hyperactivated in approximately 30% of cancers. In ~13% of glioblastoma cases, we observed frequent amplifications and rare mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme PSPH, which catalyzes the last step in the synthesis of serine. This urged us to unveil the relevance of PSPH genetic alterations and subsequent ser/gly metabolism deregulation in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. Primary glioblastoma cells overexpressing PSPH and PSPHV116I showed an increased clonogenic capacity, cell proliferation, and migration, supported by elevated nucleotide synthesis and utilization of reductive NAD(P). We previously identified sertraline as an inhibitor of ser/gly synthesis and explored its efficacy at suboptimal dosages in combination with the clinically pretested chloroquine to target ser/glyhigh glioblastoma models. Interestingly, ser/glyhigh glioblastomas, including PSPHamp and PSPHV116I, displayed selective synergistic inhibition of proliferation in response to combination therapy. PSPH knockdown severely affected ser/glyhigh glioblastoma clonogenicity and proliferation, while simultaneously increasing its sensitivity to chloroquine treatment. Metabolite landscaping revealed that sertraline/chloroquine combination treatment blocks NADH and ATP generation and restricts nucleotide synthesis, thereby inhibiting glioblastoma proliferation. Our previous studies highlight ser/glyhigh cancer cell modulation of its microenvironment at the level of immune suppression. To this end, high PSPH expression predicts poor immune checkpoint therapy responses in glioblastoma patients. Interestingly, we show that PSPH amplifications in glioblastoma facilitate the expression of immune suppressor galectin-1, which can be inhibited by sertraline treatment. Collectively, we revealed that ser/glyhigh glioblastomas are characterized by enhanced clonogenicity, migration, and suppression of the immune system, which could be tackled using combined sertraline/chloroquine treatment, revealing novel therapeutic opportunities for this subgroup of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaís Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim G Savelkouls
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Baldini
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Hounjet
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, WELBIO Department, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Paulien Verstraete
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Dewaele
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for Genetics of Malignant Disorders, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wendy Y Wu
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rickard L Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P G Broen
- Department of Neurology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim R Kampen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Maastricht University Medical Center, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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Yao NH, Du YN, Xiong JX, Xiao Y, He HH, Xie ZF, Huang D, Song Q, Chen J, Yan D, Chao HJ. Microbial detoxification of 3,5-xylenol via a novel process with sequential methyl oxidation by Rhodococcus sp. CHJ602. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115258. [PMID: 36634895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The compound 3,5-xylenol is an essential precursor used in pesticides and industrial intermediate in the disinfectants and preservatives industry. Its widespread application makes it an important source of pollution. Microbial bioremediation is more environmentally friendly than the physicochemical treatment process for removing alkylphenols from a polluted environment. However, the 3,5-xylenol-degrading bacteria is unavailable, and its degradation mechanism remains unclear. Here, a 3,5-xylenol-metabolizing bacterial strain, designated Rhodococcus sp. CHJ602, was isolated using 3,5-xylenol as the sole source of carbon and energy from a wastewater treatment factory. Results showed that strain CHJ602 maintained a high 3,5-xylenol-degrading performance under the conditions of 30.15 °C and pH 7.37. The pathway involved in 3,5-xylenol degradation by strain CHJ602 must be induced by 3,5-xylenol. Based on the identification of intermediate metabolites and enzyme activities, this bacterium could oxidize 3,5-xylenol by a novel metabolic pathway. One methyl oxidation converted 3,5-xylenol to 3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylphenol, 3-hydroxy-5-methyl benzaldehyde, and 3-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate. After that, another methyl oxidation is converted to 5-hydroxyisophthalicate, which is metabolized by the protocatechuate pathway. It is catalyzed by a series of enzymes in strain CHJ602. In addition, toxicity bioassay result indicates that 3,5-xylenol is toxic to zebrafish and Rhodococcus sp. CHJ602 could eliminate 3,5-xylenol in water to protect zebrafish from its toxicity. The results provide insights into the bioremediation of wastewater contaminated 3,5-xylenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hong Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Jia-Xi Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Hang-Hang He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Ze-Feng Xie
- Hubei Accurate Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Duo Huang
- Hubei Accurate Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Qi Song
- Hubei Accurate Inspection & Testing Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430223, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Dazhong Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Chao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, PR China.
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Huang L, Hu H, Tang H, Liu Y, Xu P, Shi J, Lin K, Luo Q, Cui C. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Gentisate 1,2-Dioxygenase Gene from a Halophilic Martelella Strain. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14307. [PMID: 26394696 PMCID: PMC4585797 DOI: 10.1038/srep14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Halophilic Martelella strain AD-3, isolated from highly saline petroleum-contaminated soil, can efficiently degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as phenanthrene and anthracene, in 3-5% salinity. Gentisic acid is a key intermediate in the microbial degradation of PAH compounds. However, there is little information on PAH degradation by moderately halophilic bacteria. In this study, a 1,077-bp long gene encoding gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO) from a halophilic Martelella strain AD-3 was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme GDO was purified and characterized in detail. By using the (18)O isotope experiment and LC-MS analysis, the sources of the two oxygen atoms added onto maleylpyruvate were identified as H2O and O2, respectively. The Km and kcat values for gentisic acid were determined to be 26.64 μM and 161.29 s(-1), respectively. In addition, optimal GDO activity was observed at 30 °C, pH 7.0, and at 12% salinity. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated the importance of four highly conserved His residues at positions 155, 157, 167, and 169 for enzyme activity. This finding provides new insights into mechanism and variety of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase for PAH degradation in high saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qishi Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Contaminated Sites Remediation, Shanghai Institute for Design & Research in Environmental Engineering Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200232, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao B, Poh CL. Insights into environmental bioremediation by microorganisms through functional genomics and proteomics. Proteomics 2008; 8:874-81. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yeo CC, Tan CL, Gao X, Zhao B, Poh CL. Characterization of hbzE-encoded gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas alcaligenes NCIMB 9867. Res Microbiol 2007; 158:608-16. [PMID: 17720458 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas alcaligenes NCIMB 9867 (strain P25X) is known to synthesize two isofunctional gentisate 1,2-dioxygenases (GDO; EC 1.13.11.4) as well as other enzymes involved in the degradation of xylenols and cresols via the gentisate pathway. The hbzE gene encoding what is possibly the strictly inducible gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase II (GDO-II) was cloned, overexpressed and purified as a hexahistidine fusion protein from Escherichia coli. Active recombinant GDO-II had an estimated molecular mass of 150kDa and is likely a tetrameric protein with a subunit mass of approximately 40kDa, similar to the previously characterized gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase I (GDO-I) encoded by xlnE. However, GDO-II was unable to utilize gentisate that is substituted at the carbon-4 position, unlike GDO-I which had broader substrate specificity. GDO-II also possessed different kinetic characteristics when compared to GDO-I. The hbzE-encoded GDO-II shared higher sequence identities (53%) with GDOs from Ralstonia sp. U2 and Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2, compared with only 35% identity with the xlnE-encoded GDO-I. The hbzE gene was found to be part of a cluster of nine genes including the putative regulatory gene designated hbzR, which encodes an LysR-type regulator and is divergently transcribed from the other genes of the hbzHIJKLFED cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Chieng Yeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Block C, Kelana Square, 17 Jalan SS 7/26, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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