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Xu J, Bai X, Zhang X, Yuan B, Lin L, Guo Y, Cui Y, Liu J, Cui H, Ren X, Wang J, Yuan Y. Development and application of DETECTR-based rapid detection for pathogenic Bacillusanthracis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1247:340891. [PMID: 36781250 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) is a gram-positive bacterium responsible for the acute disease anthrax. Rapid and reliable identification of pathogenic B. anthracis is important in the detection of natural infectious disease cases or bio-threats. Herein, a DNA endonuclease targeted CRISPR trans reporter (DETECTR) detection platform based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was studied. The DETECTR system targeted three sequences from B. anthracis (the BA_5345 chromosomal specific marker, the protective antigen gene pag A from pXO1 plasmid and the capsule-biosynthesis-related gene cap A from pXO2 plasmid). We developed a rapid (<40 min), easy-to-implement and accurate identification method for of B. anthracis nucleic acid with near two-copies sensitivity. The combination of tripartite primer sets is effective for the reliable identification of B. anthracis but also for fast screening of pathogenic strains. More importantly, DETECTR correctly detected simulated clinical blood samples and firstly detected positive samples collected from the location of world War-II site, preserved at north-east China (45°36'55.940″ N, 126°38'33.738″ E) with high sensitivity and specificity. Our study provides insight into the DETECTR-based detection of B. anthracis. We present a novel screening and diagnostic option for pathogenic B. anthracis that can be performed on a user-friendly portable device. Based on its proven reliability, sensitivity, specificity and simplicity, our proposed method can be readily adapted to detect pathogenic B. anthracis, anthrax and biothreats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xinru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xianglilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jinxiong Liu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150009, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150009, China
| | - Xiangang Ren
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150009, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China.
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FINKE ERNSTJÜRGEN, BEYER WOLFGANG, LODERSTÄDT ULRIKE, FRICKMANN HAGEN. Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil - A military medical perspective. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:29-63. [PMID: 32590343 PMCID: PMC7391381 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is an infectious disease of relevance for military forces. Although spores of Bacillus anthracis obiquitously occur in soil, reports on soil-borne transmission to humans are scarce. In this narrative review, the potential of soil-borne transmission of anthrax to humans is discussed based on pathogen-specific characteristics and reports on anthrax in the course of several centuries of warfare. In theory, anthrax foci can pose a potential risk of infection to animals and humans if sufficient amounts of virulent spores are present in the soil even after an extended period of time. In praxis, however, transmissions are usually due to contacts with animal products and reported events of soil-based transmissions are scarce. In the history of warfare, even in the trenches of World War I, reported anthrax cases due to soil-contaminated wounds are virtually absent. Both the perspectives and the experience of the Western hemisphere and of former Soviet Republics are presented. Based on the accessible data as provided in the review, the transmission risk of anthrax by infections of wounds due to spore-contaminated soil is considered as very low under the most circumstance. Active historic anthrax foci may, however, still pose a risk to the health of deployed soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - WOLFGANG BEYER
- Department of Infectiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - ULRIKE LODERSTÄDT
- Diagnostic Department, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - HAGEN FRICKMANN
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Hassim A, Dekker EH, Byaruhanga C, Reardon T, Van Heerden H. A retrospective study of anthrax on the Ghaap Plateau, Northern Cape province of South Africa, with special reference to the 2007-2008 outbreaks. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2017; 84:e1-e15. [PMID: 29041790 PMCID: PMC8616768 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive, endospore-forming and soil-borne bacterium Bacillus anthracis. When in spore form, the organism can survive in dormancy in the environment for decades. It is a controlled disease of livestock and wild ungulates in South Africa. In South Africa, the two enzootic regions are the Kruger National Park and the Ghaap Plateau in the Northern Cape province. Farms on the Plateau span thousands of hectares comprising of wildlife - livestock mixed use farming. In 2007-2008, anthrax outbreaks in the province led to government officials intervening to aid farmers with control measures aimed at preventing further losses. Because of the ability of the organism to persist in the environment for prolonged periods, an environmental risk or isolation survey was carried out in 2012 to determine the efficacy of control measures employed during the 2007-2008, anthrax outbreaks. No B. anthracis could be isolated from the old carcass sites, even when bone fragments from the carcasses were still clearly evident. This is an indication that the control measures and protocols were apparently successful in stemming the continuity of spore deposits at previously positive carcass sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Hassim
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): anthrax. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04958. [PMID: 32625603 PMCID: PMC7009935 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of anthrax to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of anthrax according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to anthrax. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, anthrax can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for anthrax according to Article 8(3) are several species of mammals, birds and reptiles, and susceptible herbivores and pigs as reservoir.
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Silvestri EE, Feldhake D, Griffin D, Lisle J, Nichols TL, Shah SR, Pemberton A, Schaefer FW. Optimization of a sample processing protocol for recovery of Bacillus anthracis spores from soil. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 130:6-13. [PMID: 27546718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Following a release of Bacillus anthracis spores into the environment, there is a potential for lasting environmental contamination in soils. There is a need for detection protocols for B. anthracis in environmental matrices. However, identification of B. anthracis within a soil is a difficult task. Processing soil samples helps to remove debris, chemical components, and biological impurities that can interfere with microbiological detection. This study aimed to optimize a previously used indirect processing protocol, which included a series of washing and centrifugation steps. Optimization of the protocol included: identifying an ideal extraction diluent, variation in the number of wash steps, variation in the initial centrifugation speed, sonication and shaking mechanisms. The optimized protocol was demonstrated at two laboratories in order to evaluate the recovery of spores from loamy and sandy soils. The new protocol demonstrated an improved limit of detection for loamy and sandy soils over the non-optimized protocol with an approximate matrix limit of detection at 14spores/g of soil. There were no significant differences overall between the two laboratories for either soil type, suggesting that the processing protocol will be robust enough to use at multiple laboratories while achieving comparable recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Silvestri
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, MS NG16, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - David Feldhake
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., 46 East Hollister St., Cincinnati, OH 45219, United States.
| | - Dale Griffin
- U. S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Science Center, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States.
| | - John Lisle
- U. S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Science Center, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States.
| | - Tonya L Nichols
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., MS 8801R, Washington D.C. 20460, United States.
| | - Sanjiv R Shah
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., MS 8801R, Washington D.C. 20460, United States.
| | - Adin Pemberton
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., 46 East Hollister St., Cincinnati, OH 45219, United States.
| | - Frank W Schaefer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, MS NG16, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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Buyuk F, Sahin M, Cooper C, Celebi O, Saglam AG, Baillie L, Celik E, Akca D, Otlu S. The effect of prolonged storage on the virulence of isolates of Bacillus anthracis obtained from environmental and animal sources in the Kars Region of Turkey. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv102. [PMID: 26109359 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of the plasmid-mediated virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis, a tripartite toxin located on pXO1 and an antiphagocytic capsule encoded by genes located on pXO2, following long-term storage was investigated. A collection of 159 isolates of B. anthracis were collected from the Kars region of Turkey between 2000 and 2013 and stored at -20°C in Brucella broth supplemented with 20% glycerine. A total of 142 isolates were recovered of which one failed to express a capsule upon primary culture. A further 35 isolates yielded a mixture of mucoid and non-mucoid colonies; the majority of which had lost the pXO2 plasmid as determined by PCR analysis. Results would suggest that pXO2 is more unstable than pXO1 and that this instability increases with the length of storage. It is possible that the pXO2-deficient isolates of B. anthracis described here could be developed into a vaccine to treat at risk animals in the Kars region as many animal vaccines are based upon pXO2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Buyuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Mitat Sahin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Callum Cooper
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ozgur Celebi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Aliye Gulmez Saglam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Les Baillie
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Elif Celik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Dogan Akca
- Kars Health School, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Salih Otlu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
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Recent literature review of soil processing methods for recovery of Bacillus anthracis spores. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Pueyo MT, Mutafci BA, Soto-Arriaza MA, Di Mascio P, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. The self-assembly of a cyclic lipopeptides mixture secreted by a B. megaterium strain and its implications on activity against a sensitive Bacillus species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97261. [PMID: 24816927 PMCID: PMC4016289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic lipopeptides are produced by a soil Bacillus megaterium strain and several other Bacillus species. In this work, they are detected both in the Bacillus intact cells and the cells culture medium by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The cyclic lipopeptides self-assemble in water media producing negatively charged and large aggregates (300–800 nm of mean hydrodynamic radius) as evaluated by dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential analysis. The aggregate size depends on pH and ionic strength. However, it is not affected by changes in the osmolarity of the outer medium suggesting the absence of an internal aqueous compartment despite the occurrence of low molecular weight phospholipids in their composition as determined from inorganic phosphorus analysis. The activity against a sensitive Bacillus cereus strain was evaluated from inhibition halos and B. cereus lysis. Essential features determining the antibiotic activity on susceptible Bacillus cereus cells are the preserved cyclic moiety conferring cyclic lipopeptides resistance to proteases and the medium pH. The aggregates are inactive per se at the pH of the culture medium which is around 6 or below. The knock out of the sensitive cells only takes place when the aggregates are disassembled due to a high negative charge at pH above 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel T. Pueyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MTP); (AMC-R)
| | - Bruna A. Mutafci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Soto-Arriaza
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Carmona-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MTP); (AMC-R)
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Perego UA, Achilli A, Ekins JE, Milani L, Lari M, Pilli E, Brown A, Price EP, Wolken SR, Matthews M, Allen CA, Pearson TR, Angerhofer N, Caramelli D, Kupferschmid T, Keim PS, Woodward SR. The Mountain Meadows Massacre and "poisoned springs": scientific testing of the more recent, anthrax theory. Int J Legal Med 2012; 127:77-83. [PMID: 22395921 PMCID: PMC3538018 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been recorded that one of the possible causes that eventually escalated into the 1857 manslaughter at Mountain Meadows in Southern Utah was the poisoning of an open spring by the Fancher-Baker party as they crossed the Utah territory on their way from Arkansas to California. Historical accounts report that a number of cattle died, followed by human casualties from those that came in contact with the dead animals. Even after the Arkansas party departed, animals continued to perish and people were still afflicted by some unknown plague. Proctor Hancock Robison, a local 14-year-old boy, died shortly after skinning one of the "poisoned" cows. A careful review of the historical records, along with the more recent scientific literature, seems to exclude the likelihood of actual poisoning in favor of a more recent theory that would point to the bacterium Bacillus anthracis as the possible cause of human and animal deaths. In order to test this hypothesis, Proctor's remains were exhumed, identified through mitochondrial DNA analysis, and tested for the presence of anthrax spores. Although preliminary testing of remains and soil was negative, description of the clinical conditions that affected Proctor and other individuals does not completely rule out the hypothesis of death by anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo A Perego
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, UT 84115, USA.
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Greenberg DL, Busch JD, Keim P, Wagner DM. Identifying experimental surrogates for Bacillus anthracis spores: a review. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2010; 1:4. [PMID: 21092338 PMCID: PMC2988482 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a proven biological weapon. In order to study this threat, a number of experimental surrogates have been used over the past 70 years. However, not all surrogates are appropriate for B. anthracis, especially when investigating transport, fate and survival. Although B. atrophaeus has been widely used as a B. anthracis surrogate, the two species do not always behave identically in transport and survival models. Therefore, we devised a scheme to identify a more appropriate surrogate for B. anthracis. Our selection criteria included risk of use (pathogenicity), phylogenetic relationship, morphology and comparative survivability when challenged with biocides. Although our knowledge of certain parameters remains incomplete, especially with regards to comparisons of spore longevity under natural conditions, we found that B. thuringiensis provided the best overall fit as a non-pathogenic surrogate for B. anthracis. Thus, we suggest focusing on this surrogate in future experiments of spore fate and transport modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Greenberg
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | - Joseph D Busch
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | | | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
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Kuo SP. Plasma assisted decontamination of bacterial spores. Open Biomed Eng J 2008; 2:36-42. [PMID: 19662115 PMCID: PMC2709930 DOI: 10.2174/1874120700802010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and mechanism of killing bacterial spores by a plasma torch is studied. Bacterial-spore (Bacillus cereus) suspension is inoculated onto glass/paper slide-coupons and desiccated into dry samples, and inoculated into well-microplate as wet sample. The exposure distance of all samples is 4 cm from the nozzle of the torch. In the experiment, paper slide-coupon is inserted inside an envelope. The kill times on spores in three types of samples are measured to be about 3, 9, and 24 seconds. The changes in the morphology and shape of still viable spores in treated wet samples are recorded by scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. The loss of appendages and exosporium in the structure and squashed/flattened cell shape are observed. The emission spectroscopy of the torch indicates that the plasma effluent carries abundant reactive atomic oxygen, which is responsible for the destruction of spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer P Kuo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Marston CK, Hoffmaster AR, Wilson KE, Bragg SL, Plikaytis B, Brachman P, Johnson S, Kaufmann AF, Popovic T. Effects of long-term storage on plasmid stability in Bacillus anthracis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:7778-80. [PMID: 16332750 PMCID: PMC1317469 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.7778-7780.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmid profiles of 619 cultures of Bacillus anthracis which had been isolated and stored between 1954 and 1989 were analyzed using the Laboratory Response Network real-time PCR assay targeting a chromosomal marker and both virulence plasmids (pXO1 and pXO2). The cultures were stored at ambient temperature on tryptic soy agar slants overlaid with mineral oil. When data were stratified by decade, there was a decreasing linear trend in the proportion of strains containing both plasmids with increased storage time (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of strains containing only pXO1 or strains containing only pXO2 (P = 0.25), but there was a statistical interdependence between the two plasmids (P = 0.004). Loss of viability of B. anthracis cultures stored on agar slants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung K Marston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G34, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Sjöstedt A, Eriksson U, Ramisse V, Garrigue H. Detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in soil by PCR. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Vaccine. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Jones PW, Rennison LM, Matthews PR, Collins P, Brown A. The occurrence and significance to animal health of Leptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis in sewage and sewage sludges. J Hyg (Lond) 1981; 86:129-37. [PMID: 6780619 PMCID: PMC2134059 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400068820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Samples of sewage, sewage sludge and sewage effluent from one or more of four sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence of Leptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis. Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis were not isolated. Eleven strains of E. coli potentially enteropathogenic for calves or piglets, eight pathogenic strains of Mycobacterium and one patho;genic Leptospira strain were isolated from 101, 189 and 189 samples respectively. Sewage sludge is no;t considered to play a major part in the epidemiology of disease caused by these organisms.
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Abstract
Cutaneous anthrax is usually easy to diagnose provided the doctor thinks of anthrax. The lesion most likely to be confused with anthrax is accidental vaccinia. Orf lacks the characteristic central eschar. Cutaneous anthrax responds to antibiotic therapy: rare complications are meningitis and hypoxic hypertension. Pulmonary anthrax is highly fatal: its incidence is related to the number and size of anthrax-containing particles which are inhaled. Artificial mists containing lethal doses of anthrax bacilli can be manufactured. Intestinal anthrax may present as gastroenteritis or as ulceration of the intestine with obstruction and perforation.
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Vinter V. Developmental cycle of sporeformers: a cellular type of differentiation in bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1967; 12:89-100. [PMID: 5340175 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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