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Dillon M, Gerstman J, Scarcella A, Mantz M, Kleeschulte C, Light CJ. Let's talk posters: a novel role-playing activity to prepare undergraduate researchers for poster presentations. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2024; 25:e0017823. [PMID: 38551312 PMCID: PMC11044625 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00178-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Calls to increase undergraduate involvement in research have led to a significant increase in student participation via course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs). These CUREs provide students an authentic research experience, which often involves dissemination of research by public speaking. For instance, the First-year Research Immersion (FRI) program at Binghamton University is a three-semester CURE sequence that prepares students for scientific research and effective communication of their findings. After one semester of research, students from the FRI program are tasked with presenting their research to hundreds of faculty members, staff, friends, and family at the annual FRI poster session. However, our students, and undergraduates in general, report high anxiety and fear around public speaking such as this. To better prepare our students for public speaking at a research poster session, we developed a workshop that includes a novel role-play activity to mimic a fast-paced poster session or conference in order to address students' fears and increase confidence levels. The role-play activity gives students iterative practice such that they are prepared for the realities of a poster session including variation of poster attendees. During the activity, students switch roles between presenter and audience member. In the role of an audience member, students are given Pokèmon-like role-playing cards that explain the traits and abilities of various types of poster-goers that students might come across (faculty in and out of discipline, staff, family, friends, etc.). Students improvise and enact their card-assigned role as they engage with their classmates who are practicing their poster presentations. To assess student outcomes, students were given three surveys: pre-activity, post-activity, and post-poster presentation. Immediately following the activity, 64% of students reported the highest level of confidence, and following the poster session, 93% of students reported extreme confidence in their poster presentation abilities. These data show that this role-play activity can help address student confidence and better prepare students to communicate their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Dillon
- Binghamton University, First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Julia Gerstman
- Binghamton University, First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Alexandria Scarcella
- Binghamton University, First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Meghan Mantz
- Binghamton University, First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Courtney Kleeschulte
- Binghamton University, First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin J. Light
- Binghamton University, First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Shoaf PT, French KS, Clifford NJ, McKenney EA, Ott LE. A gut microbiome tactile teaching tool and guided-inquiry activity promotes student learning. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:966289. [PMID: 36620056 PMCID: PMC9813521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.966289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome and its physiological impacts on human and animal health is an area of research emphasis. Microbes themselves are invisible and may therefore be abstract and challenging to understand. It is therefore important to infuse this topic into undergraduate curricula, including Anatomy and Physiology courses, ideally through an active learning approach. To accomplish this, we developed a novel tactile teaching tool with guided-inquiry (TTT-GI) activity where students explored how the gut microbiome ferments carbohydrates to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This activity was implemented in two sections of a large-enrollment Human Anatomy and Physiology course at a research intensive (R1) university in the Spring of 2022 that was taught using a hyflex format. Students who attended class in person used commonly available building toys to assemble representative carbohydrates of varying structural complexity, whereas students who attended class virtually made these carbohydrate structures using a digital learning tool. Students then predicted how microbes within the gut would ferment different carbohydrates into SCFAs, as well as the physiological implications of the SCFAs. We assessed this activity to address three research questions, with 182 students comprising our sample. First, we evaluated if the activity learning objectives were achieved through implementation of a pre-and post-assessment schema. Our results revealed that all three learning objectives of this activity were attained. Next, we evaluated if the format in which this TTT-GI activity was implemented impacted student learning. While we found minimal and nonsignificant differences in student learning between those who attended in-person and those who attended remotely, we did find significant differences between the two course sections, which differed in length and spacing of the activity. Finally, we evaluated if this TTT-GI approach was impactful for diverse students. We observed modest and nonsignificant positive learning gains for some populations of students traditionally underrepresented in STEM (first-generation students and students with one or more disabilities). That said, we found that the greatest learning gains associated with this TTT-GI activity were observed in students who had taken previous upper-level biology coursework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker T. Shoaf
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katie S. French
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Noah J. Clifford
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Laura E. Ott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Carolina Biology Education Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Laura E. Ott, ✉
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Sun E, König SG, Cirstea M, Hallam SJ, Graves ML, Oliver DC. Development of a data science CURE in microbiology using publicly available microbiome datasets. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018237. [PMID: 36312919 PMCID: PMC9597637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific and technological advances within the life sciences have enabled the generation of very large datasets that must be processed, stored, and managed computationally. Researchers increasingly require data science skills to work with these datasets at scale in order to convert information into actionable insights, and undergraduate educators have started to adapt pedagogies to fulfill this need. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) have emerged as a leading model for providing large numbers of students with authentic research experiences including data science. Originally designed around wet-lab research experiences, CURE models have proliferated and diversified globally to accommodate a broad range of academic disciplines. Within microbiology, diversity metrics derived from microbiome sequence information have become standard data products in research. In some cases, researchers have deposited data in publicly accessible repositories, providing opportunities for reproducibility and comparative analysis. In 2020, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant shift to remote learning, the University of British Columbia set out to develop an online data science CURE in microbiology. A team of faculty with collective domain expertise in microbiome research and CUREs developed and implemented a data science CURE in which teams of students learn to work with large publicly available datasets, develop and execute a novel scientific research project, and disseminate their findings in the online Undergraduate Journal of Experimental Microbiology and Immunology. Analysis of the resulting student-authored research articles, including comments from peer reviews conducted by subject matter experts, demonstrate high levels of learning effectiveness. Here, we describe core insights from course development and implementation based on a reverse course design model. Our approach to course design may be applicable to the development of other data science CUREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephan G. König
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mihai Cirstea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven J. Hallam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcia L. Graves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David C. Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: David C. Oliver,
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Fendos J, Cai L, Yang X, Ren G, Li L, Yan Z, Lu B, Pi Y, Ma J, Guo B, Wu X, Lu P, Zhang R, Yang J. A Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience Improves Outcomes in Mentored Research. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 21:ar49. [PMID: 35833940 PMCID: PMC9582824 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-03-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infusing undergraduate curricula with authentic research training is an important contemporary challenge. Such exposure typically occurs through mentored research (MR) or course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs). In Asian contexts, CURE implementation is rare, while MR is often a graduation requirement. In this study, mentor interviews and mentee focus groups were used to characterize the learning challenges associated with this requirement at a Chinese university. An intensive 6-week CURE was then implemented as an MR preparatory program to help mitigate the identified challenges. This program contained seven site-specific features not typically included in other CUREs, each designed to improve different aspects of student readiness for MR. Post-CURE surveys, focus groups, and interviews demonstrated CURE enrollment significantly improved subsequent MR outcomes. Almost 90% of all enrollees, for example, began their first MR experience in their second year, more than twice the rate of non-enrollees. Enrollees also reported greater confidence in their research skills and more frequent experiences working in multiple labs. This study reports both immediate CURE and downstream MR outcomes, using the former to help explain the latter. A comprehensive CURE implementation process is described, offering a potential model for the design of other programs with similar research enhancement goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Fendos
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liang Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xianmei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 510852, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Pi
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Pingli Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ji Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Peyton BM, Skorupa DJ. Integrating CUREs in Ongoing Research: Undergraduates as Active Participants in the Discovery of Biodegrading Thermophiles. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 22:jmbe00102-21. [PMID: 34594470 PMCID: PMC8457424 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00102-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research-based courses are a powerful way to engage undergraduates in the scientific process while simultaneously teaching participants relevant laboratory, analysis, and scientific communication skills. In most programs, students conduct a simulated project which effectively improves student conceptions of scientific thinking but does not produce research-quality data. The course described here delivered an authentic research experience by assigning undergraduates an objective from an active grant-funded project. Participants contributed to research aimed at culturing biodegrading thermophiles from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Students participated in a backcountry field experience, collecting environmental samples of their choosing and determining appropriate culturing conditions. Following high-temperature incubations, 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified enriched microbial populations, with analytical and microscopy methods tracking degradation and growth. Importantly, several teams successfully cultivated thermophilic plastic-degrading consortia. Student learning was assessed using several methods, including grade distributions on assignments and statistical comparisons of pre- and posttests. A consistent and, in most cases, statistically significant increase was observed in the students' posttest scores. The grade distribution on summative assessments also suggests that students achieved the desired learning outcomes. Student perceptions of their learning and experience gains were high, with participants reporting improvements in components emphasized in the research activities. Overall, the findings highlight how involving undergraduates in real-world research projects can enhance student interest and ownership of scientific research, along with contributing quality data that inform active studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M. Peyton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Dana J. Skorupa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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Ho Pao C, Choi SCT, Lok SY, Dorrough S, Abelseth C, Shelton J, Rentas A. Inquiry-Driven Bioinformatics Laboratory Research Module: Metagenomic Study of Student Oral Microbes. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 22:jmbe00136-21. [PMID: 34594441 PMCID: PMC8442007 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.00136-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
American Society for Microbiology Curriculum Guidelines highlight the importance of enabling students to think critically and learn by doing research. Moreover, information in biology, especially genetics and biotechnology, increases too rapidly for instructors to teach everything. To increase students' interest and comprehension of important core genetic concepts and to encourage students to practice scientific investigation, we designed a research module for upper-level biology/genetics students to examine oral bacteria. Students extracted their own oral microbial DNA and amplified and analyzed with general genus- and species-specific 16S rRNA PCR primers. The microbial DNA samples were also amplified with conserved bacteria 16S rRNA primers and the amplicons TOPO cloned (topoisomerase-based cloning) and Sanger sequenced. Lastly, the metagenomic microbial DNA samples were also sequenced by Illumina next-generation sequencing and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. We have implemented the module in three iterations of an undergraduate class at a small, liberal arts college. The project culminates in a poster presentation that the students on average performed in a high B range. Pre- and postsurvey analysis of student learning gains revealed significant student learning (P < 0.05 one-tailed, paired Wilcoxon signed ranked test, n = 23). Next, we surveyed student perceptions of the activity by a self-assessment. Significantly more than the medians, the students enjoyed the inquiry-driven module and considered it more effective in teaching about PCR and other molecular genetics concepts than the traditional prescribed laboratory exercises. We conclude that this microbe laboratory module induces research interest and is useful in teaching important genetics concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystal Ho Pao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Sou-Cheng T. Choi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shu Yun Lok
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Storm Dorrough
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Connie Abelseth
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Joyce Shelton
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Angelo Rentas
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
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High-Fiber, Whole-Food Dietary Intervention Alters the Human Gut Microbiome but Not Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e00115-21. [PMID: 33727392 PMCID: PMC8546969 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00115-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary shifts can have a direct impact on the gut microbiome by preferentially selecting for microbes capable of utilizing the various dietary nutrients. The intake of dietary fiber has decreased precipitously in the last century, while consumption of processed foods has increased. Fiber, or microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs), persist in the digestive tract and can be metabolized by specific bacteria encoding fiber-degrading enzymes. The digestion of MACs results in the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolic by-products that are critical to human health. Here, we implemented a 2-week dietary fiber intervention aiming for 40 to 50 g of fiber per day within the context of a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) (n = 20). By coupling shotgun metagenomic sequencing and targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we found that the dietary intervention significantly altered the composition of individual gut microbiomes, accounting for 8.3% of the longitudinal variability within subjects. Notably, microbial taxa that increased in relative abundance as a result of the diet change included known MAC degraders (i.e., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). We further assessed the genetic diversity within Bifidobacterium, assayed by amplification of the groEL gene. Concomitant with microbial composition changes, we show an increase in the abundance of genes involved in inositol degradation. Despite these changes in gut microbiome composition, we did not detect a consistent shift in SCFA abundance. Collectively, our results demonstrate that on a short-term timescale of 2 weeks, increased fiber intake can induce compositional changes of the gut microbiome, including an increase in MAC-degrading bacteria. IMPORTANCE A profound decrease in the consumption of dietary fiber in many parts of the world in the last century may be associated with the increasing prevalence of type II diabetes, colon cancer, and other health problems. A typical U.S. diet includes about ∼15 g of fiber per day, far less fiber than the daily recommended allowance. Changes in dietary fiber intake affect human health not only through the uptake of nutrients directly but also indirectly through changes in the microbial community and their associated metabolism. Here, we conducted a 2-week diet intervention in healthy young adults to investigate the impact of fiber consumption on the gut microbiome. Participants increased their average fiber consumption by 25 g/day on average for 2 weeks. The high-fiber diet intervention altered the gut microbiome of the study participants, including increases in known fiber-degrading microbes, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.
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Boomer SM, Kumar S, Dutton BE. A CURE for Meat: Comparing Bacterial Contaminants on Different Ground Beef Sources Emphasizes Process of Science and Quantitative Reasoning. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 22:jmbe-22-67. [PMID: 33953823 PMCID: PMC8060146 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To broaden and emphasize the educational benefits of research to more biology majors in a course setting, we developed and assessed a microbiology-focused course-based undergraduate research experience that utilizes culture-based bacterial enumeration to compare contamination present on different ground beef sources (conventional vs. organic). During the final 3 weeks of the quarter, students learned and practiced common microbiology techniques like dilution math, selective and differential media-based identification, and statistical analysis to evaluate data and test hypotheses. Students were assessed primarily via a formal lab report and a lab practical focused on evaluating process of science and quantitative reasoning skills. The majority of students could write hypotheses and describe variables but were challenged when asked to describe the limitations of the experiments that were conducted as part of this research project. Most students could perform Excel-based graphing and a t test, but many could not solve the complex dilution math required for this project. The greatest barriers to skills mastery represented microbiology-focused concepts, like understanding selective media biases and the nuances of multistep viable counting procedures and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Boomer
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361
| | | | - Bryan E Dutton
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361
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Mitchell K, Ronas J, Dao C, Freise AC, Mangul S, Shapiro C, Moberg Parker J. PUMAA: A Platform for Accessible Microbiome Analysis in the Undergraduate Classroom. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584699. [PMID: 33123113 PMCID: PMC7573227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in high-throughput sequencing makes targeted amplicon analysis an ideal method for the study of human and environmental microbiomes by undergraduates. Multiple bioinformatics programs are available to process and interpret raw microbial diversity datasets, and the choice of programs to use in curricula is largely determined by student learning goals. Many of the most commonly used microbiome bioinformatics platforms offer end-to-end data processing and data analysis using a command line interface (CLI), but the downside for novice microbiome researchers is the steep learning curve often required. Alternatively, some sequencing providers include processing of raw data and taxonomy assignments as part of their pipelines. This, when coupled with available web-based or graphical user interface (GUI) analysis and visualization tools, eliminates the need for students or instructors to have extensive CLI experience. However, lack of universal data formats can make integration of these tools challenging. For example, tools for upstream and downstream analyses frequently use multiple different data formats which then require writing custom scripts or hours of manual work to make the files compatible. Here, we describe a microbial ecology bioinformatics curriculum that focuses on data analysis, visualization, and statistical reasoning by taking advantage of existing web-based and GUI tools. We created the Program for Unifying Microbiome Analysis Applications (PUMAA), which solves the problem of inconsistent files by formatting the output files from several raw data processing programs to seamlessly transition to a suite of GUI programs for analysis and visualization of microbiome taxonomic and inferred functional profiles. Additionally, we created a series of tutorials to accompany each of the microbiome analysis curricular modules. From pre- and post-course surveys, students in this curriculum self-reported conceptual and confidence gains in bioinformatics and data analysis skills. Students also demonstrated gains in biologically relevant statistical reasoning based on rubric-guided evaluations of open-ended survey questions and the Statistical Reasoning in Biology Concept Inventory. The PUMAA program and associated analysis tutorials enable students and researchers with no computational experience to effectively analyze real microbiome datasets to investigate real-world research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiem Ronas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Dao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amanda C Freise
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Serghei Mangul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Casey Shapiro
- Center for Educational Assessment, Center for the Advancement of Teaching, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Moberg Parker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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