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Lin CC, Wieteska L, Poncet-Montange G, Suen KM, Arold ST, Ahmed Z, Ladbury JE. The combined action of the intracellular regions regulates FGFR2 kinase activity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:728. [PMID: 37452126 PMCID: PMC10349056 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are typically activated through a precise sequence of intracellular phosphorylation events starting with a tyrosine residue on the activation loop (A-loop) of the kinase domain (KD). From this point the mono-phosphorylated enzyme is active, but subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms which can vary dramatically across the different RTKs. In the absence of extracellular stimulation, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) exists in the mono-phosphorylated state in which catalytic activity is regulated to allow rapid response upon ligand binding, whilst restricting ligand-independent activation. Failure of this regulation is responsible for pathologic outcomes including cancer. Here we reveal the molecular mechanistic detail of KD control based on combinatorial interactions of the juxtamembrane (JM) and the C-terminal tail (CT) regions of the receptor. JM stabilizes the asymmetric dimeric KD required for substrate phosphorylation, whilst CT binding opposes dimerization, and down-regulates activity. Direct binding between JM and CT delays the recruitment of downstream effector proteins adding a further control step as the receptor proceeds to full activation. Our findings underscore the diversity in mechanisms of RTK oligomerisation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Guillaume Poncet-Montange
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Purba ER, Saita EI, Akhouri RR, Öfverstedt LG, Wilken G, Skoglund U, Maruyama IN. Allosteric activation of preformed EGF receptor dimers by a single ligand binding event. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1042787. [PMID: 36531494 PMCID: PMC9748436 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1042787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by mutations has been implicated in a variety of human cancers. Elucidation of the structure of the full-length receptor is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying its activation. Unlike previously anticipated, here, we report that purified full-length EGFR adopts a homodimeric form in vitro before and after ligand binding. Cryo-electron tomography analysis of the purified receptor also showed that the extracellular domains of the receptor dimer, which are conformationally flexible before activation, are stabilized by ligand binding. This conformational flexibility stabilization most likely accompanies rotation of the entire extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain, resulting in dissociation of the intracellular kinase dimer and, thus, rearranging it into an active form. Consistently, mutations of amino acid residues at the interface of the symmetric inactive kinase dimer spontaneously activate the receptor in vivo. Optical observation also indicated that binding of only one ligand activates the receptor dimer on the cell surface. Our results suggest how oncogenic mutations spontaneously activate the receptor and shed light on the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang R. Purba
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ei-ichiro Saita
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Reetesh R. Akhouri
- Cellular Structural Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Lars-Goran Öfverstedt
- Cellular Structural Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Gunnar Wilken
- Cellular Structural Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ulf Skoglund
- Cellular Structural Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro N. Maruyama
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ichiro N. Maruyama,
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Villalobo A, González-Muñoz M, Berchtold MW. Proteins with calmodulin-like domains: structures and functional roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2299-2328. [PMID: 30877334 PMCID: PMC11105222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of modular proteins is a widespread phenomenon during the evolution of proteins. The combinatorial arrangement of different functional and/or structural domains within a single polypeptide chain yields a wide variety of activities and regulatory properties to the modular proteins. In this review, we will discuss proteins, that in addition to their catalytic, transport, structure, localization or adaptor functions, also have segments resembling the helix-loop-helix EF-hand motifs found in Ca2+-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM). These segments are denoted CaM-like domains (CaM-LDs) and play a regulatory role, making these CaM-like proteins sensitive to Ca2+ transients within the cell, and hence are able to transduce the Ca2+ signal leading to specific cellular responses. Importantly, this arrangement allows to this group of proteins direct regulation independent of other Ca2+-sensitive sensor/transducer proteins, such as CaM. In addition, this review also covers CaM-binding proteins, in which their CaM-binding site (CBS), in the absence of CaM, is proposed to interact with other segments of the same protein denoted CaM-like binding site (CLBS). CLBS are important regulatory motifs, acting either by keeping these CaM-binding proteins inactive in the absence of CaM, enhancing the stability of protein complexes and/or facilitating their dimerization via CBS/CLBS interaction. The existence of proteins containing CaM-LDs or CLBSs substantially adds to the enormous versatility and complexity of Ca2+/CaM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Edificio IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María González-Muñoz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Keng VW, Sia D, Sarver AL, Tschida BR, Fan D, Alsinet C, Solé M, Lee WL, Kuka TP, Moriarity BS, Villanueva A, Dupuy AJ, Riordan JD, Bell JB, Silverstein KA, Llovet JM, Largaespada DA. Sex bias occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Poly7 molecular subclass is associated with EGFR. Hepatology 2013; 57:120-30. [PMID: 22899566 PMCID: PMC3511635 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest solid cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. There is a universal estimated male/female ratio of 2.5, but the reason for this is not well understood. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system was used to elucidate candidate oncogenic drivers of HCC in a forward genetics screening approach. Sex bias occurrence was conserved in our model, with male experimental mice developing liver tumors at reduced latency and higher tumor penetrance. In parallel, we explored sex differences regarding genomic aberrations in 235 HCC patients. Liver cancer candidate genes were identified from both sexes and genotypes. Interestingly, transposon insertions in the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) gene were common in SB-induced liver tumors from male mice (10/10, 100%) but infrequent in female mice (2/9, 22%). Human single-nucleotide polymorphism data confirmed that polysomy of chromosome 7, locus of EGFR, was more frequent in males (26/62, 41%) than females (2/27, 7%) (P = 0.001). Gene expression-based Poly7 subclass patients were predominantly male (9/9) compared with 67% males (55/82) in other HCC subclasses (P = 0.02), and this subclass was accompanied by EGFR overexpression (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Sex bias occurrence of HCC associated with EGFR was confirmed in experimental animals using the SB transposon system in a reverse genetic approach. This study provides evidence for the role of EGFR in sex bias occurrences of liver cancer and as the driver mutational gene in the Poly7 molecular subclass of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W. Keng
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Center for Genome Engineering, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Daniela Sia
- HCC Translational Research Lab, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, IRCSS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Aaron L. Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Barbara R. Tschida
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Center for Genome Engineering, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Danhua Fan
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Clara Alsinet
- HCC Translational Research Lab, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Manel Solé
- HCC Translational Research Lab, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Wai L. Lee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Timothy P. Kuka
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- HCC Translational Research Lab, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | | | | | - Jason B. Bell
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Center for Genome Engineering, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Kevin A.T. Silverstein
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Josep M. Llovet
- HCC Translational Research Lab, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10029, USA,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Masonic Cancer Center, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain,Center for Genome Engineering, BCLC Group-Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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