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Amat S, Magossi G, Rakibuzzaman AGM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Kosel L, Ramamoorthy S. Screening and selection of essential oils for an intranasal spray against bovine respiratory pathogens based on antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antibiofilm activities. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1360398. [PMID: 38384959 PMCID: PMC10879409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1360398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rise in antibiotic resistant pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) poses a serious challenge, particularly to the beef feedlot industry, as they currently depend on antibiotics to prevent BRD to mitigate the financial burden (approx. $1 billion annual loss) inflicted by BRD-associated high mortality and morbidity in feedlot cattle. Thus, there is an impetus need for the development of antimicrobial alternative strategies against BRD. This study aimed to screen and select candidate essential oils (EOs) for the development of an intranasal EO spray that can inhibit BRD pathogens and promote microbiota-mediated respiratory health. Methods The effects of selected EOs (ajowan, cinnamon leaf, citronella, grapefruit, fennel, and thyme) on a bovine nasopharyngeal microbiota culture were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota culture was enriched by incubating nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from finishing beef heifers in brain heart infusion broth with and without EOs (0.025%, v/v). These EOs were then also evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects on bovine turbinate (BT) cells by analyzing the concentrations of 15 cytokines and chemokines in cell culture after 24 h incubation. The crystal violet assay was done to assess the antibiofilm activity of EOs against Escherichia coli UMN026 strain. Finally, 15 EOs were screened for their antiviral activity against the bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) using BT cells and a fluorescence-based method. Results Ajowan, fennel, and thyme resulted in a moderate reduction of overall nasopharyngeal microbiota growth with significant alterations of both alpha and beta diversity, and the relative abundance of predominant bacterial families (e.g., increasing Enterobacteriaceae and decreasing Moraxellaceae) compared to the control (p < 0.05). Co-incubation of BT cells with selected EOs resulted in minimal alterations in cytokine and chemokine levels (p > 0.05). Ajowan, thyme, fennel, and cinnamon leaf exhibited antibiofilm activity at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.05%. Reduction of BVDV-1 replication in BT cells was observed with thyme (strong), and ajowan and citronella (moderate) at 0.0125% concentration. Discussion Accordingly, ajowan, thyme, fennel, cinnamon leaf, and citronella EOs were selected for further development as an intranasal EO spray to prevent and control of BRD pathogens in feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Gabriela Magossi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - AGM Rakibuzzaman
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Kaycie N. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Luke Kosel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Magossi G, Schmidt KN, Winders TM, Carlson ZE, Holman DB, Underdahl SR, Swanson KC, Amat S. A single intranasal dose of essential oil spray confers modulation of the nasopharyngeal microbiota and short-term inhibition of Mannheimia in feedlot cattle: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:823. [PMID: 38191803 PMCID: PMC10774355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Five essential oils (EOs) were previously characterized in vitro and identified as candidate EOs for the development of an intranasal EO spray to mitigate bovine respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens. In the present study, these EOs were evaluated for their potential to (i) reduce BRD pathogens, (ii) modulate nasopharyngeal microbiota, and (iii) influence animal performance, feeding behavior and immune response when a single dose administered intranasally to feedlot cattle. Forty beef steer calves (7-8 months old, Initial body weight = 284 ± 5 kg [SE]) received either an intranasal EO spray (ajowan, thyme, fennel, cinnamon leaf, and citronella) or PBS (Control; n = 20/group) on day 0. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected on days (d) -1, 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, and 42 and processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR, and culturing. Significant effects of EO on community structure (d1), microbial richness and diversity, relative abundance of some dominant phyla (d1, d2, and d14), and the overall interaction network structure of the nasopharyngeal microbiota were detected. The relative abundance of Mannheimia was lower in the EO calves (4.34%) than in Control calves (10.4%) on d2, and M. haemolytica prevalence on d7 as compared to control calves. Feed intake, average daily gain, feeding behavior, and blood cell counts were not affected by EO treatment. Overall, a single intranasal dose of EO spray resulted in moderate modulation of nasopharyngeal microbiota and short-term inhibition of Mannheimia while not influencing animal performance, feeding behavior or immune response. Our study, for the first time, shows the potential use of intranasal EO to mitigate BRD in feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Magossi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Kaycie N Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Thomas M Winders
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Zachary E Carlson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Devin B Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Sarah R Underdahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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Webb EM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Pun B, Sedivec KK, Hurlbert JL, Bochantin KA, Ward AK, Dahlen CR, Amat S. Sequencing and culture-based characterization of the vaginal and uterine microbiota in beef cattle that became pregnant or remained open following artificial insemination. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0273223. [PMID: 37921486 PMCID: PMC10714821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Emerging evidence suggests that microbiome-targeted approaches may provide a novel opportunity to reduce the incidence of reproductive failures in cattle. To develop such microbiome-based strategies, one of the first logical steps is to identify reproductive microbiome features related to fertility and to isolate the fertility-associated microbial species for developing a future bacterial consortium that could be administered before breeding to enhance pregnancy outcomes. Here, we characterized the vaginal and uterine microbiota in beef cattle that became pregnant or remained open via artificial insemination and identified microbiota features associated with fertility. We compared similarities between vaginal and uterine microbiota and between heifers and cows. Using culturing, we provided new insights into the culturable fraction of the vaginal and uterine microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance. Overall, our findings will serve as an important basis for future research aimed at harnessing the vaginal and uterine microbiome for improved cattle fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Webb
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaycie N. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Beena Pun
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kevin K. Sedivec
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hurlbert
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kerri A. Bochantin
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Uddin MS, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Waldner M, Meléndez DM, Niu YD, Alexander TW. Auction market placement and a rest stop during transportation affect the respiratory bacterial microbiota of beef cattle. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192763. [PMID: 37808284 PMCID: PMC10556482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a significant health problem in beef cattle production, resulting in considerable economic losses due to mortalities, cost of treatment, and reduced feed efficiency. The onset of BRD is multifactorial, with numerous stressors being implicated, including transportation from farms to feedlots. In relation to animal welfare, regulations or practices may require mandatory rest times during transportation. Despite this, there is limited information on how transportation and rest stops affect the respiratory microbiota. Results This study evaluated the effect of cattle source (ranch-direct or auction market-derived) and rest stop duration (0 or 8 h of rest) on the upper respiratory tract microbiota and its relationship to stress response indicators (blood cortisol and haptoglobin) of recently weaned cattle transported for 36 h. The community structure of bacteria was altered by feedlot placement. When cattle were off-loaded for a rest, several key bacterial genera associated with BRD (Mannheimia, Histophilus, Pasteurella) were increased for most sampling times after feedlot placement for the ranch-direct cattle group, compared to animals given no rest stop. Similarly, more sampling time points had elevated levels of BRD-associated genera when auction market cattle were compared to ranch-direct. When evaluated across time and treatments several genera including Mannheimia, Moraxella, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium were positively correlated with blood cortisol concentrations. Conclusion This is the first study to assess the effect of rest during transportation and cattle source on the respiratory microbiota in weaned beef calves. The results suggest that rest stops and auction market placement may be risk factors for BRD, based solely on increased abundance of BRD-associated genera in the upper respiratory tract. However, it was not possible to link these microbiota to disease outcome, due to low incidence of BRD in the study populations. Larger scale studies are needed to further define how transportation variables impact cattle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Salah Uddin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Waldner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniela M. Meléndez
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Yan D. Niu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor W. Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Wilhelm B, Fossen J, Gow S, Waldner C. A Scoping Review of Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance in Beef Cow-Calf Herds in the United States and Canada. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1177. [PMID: 37508273 PMCID: PMC10376086 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnitude and knowledge gaps regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have not been summarized for the North American cow-calf production sector, although estimates of AMU and AMR are essential to AMR risk analysis. The objectives of this scoping review were to map AMU and AMR in the beef cow-calf sector in Canada and the United States, summarize published AMU/AMR predictors, and identify research gaps. METHODS An electronic search was conducted of four bibliographic databases and Google Scholar, augmented by a hand-search of captured studies. RESULTS Twenty-three of three-hundred and forty-three publications screened advanced to data extraction. Of these, 10 were conducted in the USA and 13 in Canada. Thirteen studied AMR and twelve studied AMU, with two reporting both. Of twelve captured AMU studies, nine presented counts of herd AMU by antimicrobial class or specific antimicrobial. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) was reported in nine studies. Risk factors for AMU include herd size, vaccine use, and start date of calving season. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a small number of AMR studies were available for synthesis in primarily one population (cows) reporting E. coli AMR. Additional studies targeting reasons for AMU in calves, the impact of management procedures on AMU, potential environmental AMR sources, and AMR in respiratory pathogens and enteric organisms other than E. coli for pre-weaning calves are required to inform AMR risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayce Fossen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Luecke SM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Gzyl KE, Hurlbert JL, Menezes ACB, Bochantin KA, Kirsch JD, Baumgaertner F, Sedivec KK, Swanson KC, Dahlen CR, Amat S. Whole-body microbiota of newborn calves and their response to prenatal vitamin and mineral supplementation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207601. [PMID: 37434710 PMCID: PMC10331429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life microbial colonization and factors affecting colonization patterns are gaining interest due to recent developments suggesting that early life microbiome may play a role in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. In cattle, limited information exists on the early microbial colonization of anatomical sites involved in bovine health beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we investigated 1) the initial microbial colonization of seven different anatomical locations in newborn calves and 2) whether these early life microbial communities and 3) serum cytokine profiles are influenced by prenatal vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplementation. Samples were collected from the hoof, liver, lung, nasal cavity, eye, rumen (tissue and fluid), and vagina of beef calves that were born from dams that either received or did not receive VTM supplementation throughout gestation (n = 7/group). Calves were separated from dams immediately after birth and fed commercial colostrum and milk replacer until euthanasia at 30 h post-initial colostrum feeding. The microbiota of all samples was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. Calf serum was subjected to multiplex quantification of 15 bovine cytokines and chemokines. Our results indicated that the hoof, eye, liver, lung, nasal cavity, and vagina of newborn calves were colonized by site-specific microbiota, whose community structure differed from the ruminal-associated communities (0.64 ≥ R2 ≥ 0.12, p ≤ 0.003). The ruminal fluid microbial community was the only one that differed by treatment (p < 0.01). However, differences (p < 0.05) by treatment were detected in microbial richness (vagina); diversity (ruminal tissue, fluid, and eye); composition at the phylum and genus level (ruminal tissue, fluid, and vagina); and in total bacterial abundance (eye and vagina). From serum cytokines evaluated, concentration of chemokine IP-10 was greater (p = 0.02) in VTM calves compared to control calves. Overall, our results suggest that upon birth, the whole-body of newborn calves are colonized by relatively rich, diverse, and site-specific bacterial communities. Noticeable differences were observed in ruminal, vaginal, and ocular microbiota of newborn calves in response to prenatal VTM supplementation. These findings can derive future hypotheses regarding the initial microbial colonization of different body sites, and on maternal micronutrient consumption as a factor that may influence early life microbial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Luecke
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Kaycie N. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Katherine E. Gzyl
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Hurlbert
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Ana Clara B. Menezes
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kerri A. Bochantin
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - James D. Kirsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Friederike Baumgaertner
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kevin K. Sedivec
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND, United States
| | - Kendall C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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