Sodium Humate-Derived Gut Microbiota Ameliorates Intestinal Dysfunction Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice

Sodium humate ameliorates LPS-induced liver injury in mice by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB and activating NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Acute liver damage is a type of liver disease that has a significant global occurrence and a lack of successful treatment and prevention approaches. Sodium humate (HNa), a natural organic substance, has extensive applications in traditional Chinese medicine due to its antibacterial, anti-diarrheal, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The purpose of this research was to examine the mitigating impacts of HNa on liver damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 30 female mice were randomly assigned into Con, Mod, L-HNa, M-HNa, and H-HNa groups. Mice in the Con and Mod groups were gavaged with PBS, whereas L-HNa, M-HNa, and H-HNa groups mice were gavaged with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% HNa, daily. On day 21, Mod, L-HNa, M-HNa, and H-HNa groups mice were challenged with LPS (10 mg/kg). We discovered that pretreatment with HNa improved liver pathological damage and inflammation by inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, enhancing the polarization of liver M2 macrophages, and reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Our further study found that pretreatment with HNa enhanced the liver ability to combat oxidative stress and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis by activating the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, HNa could alleviate LPS-induced liver damage through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB and activating NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathways. This study is the first to discover the therapeutic effects of HNa on liver damage induced by LPS.