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Ceylan T, Akin AT, Karabulut D, Tan FC, Taşkiran M, Yakan B. Therapeutic effect of thymoquinone on brain damage caused by nonylphenol exposure in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23471. [PMID: 37466128 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), causes various harmful effects such as cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity. Thymoquinone (TQ), has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. In this study, our aim is to investigate the effects of TQ on the brain damage caused by NP. Corn oil was applied to the control group. NP (100 mg/kg/day) was administered to the NP and NP + TQ groups for 21 days. TQ (5 mg/kg/day) was administered to the NP + TQ and TQ groups for 7 after 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the new object recognition test was applied to the rats and the rats were killed and their brain tissues were removed. Sections taken from brain tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological evaluation. In addition, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Cas-3, and nerve growth factor (NGF) immunoreactivities were evaluated in brain tissue sections. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. Comet assay was applied to determine DNA damage in cells. The results of our study showed that NP, caused behavioral disorders and damage to the cerebral cortex in rats. This damage in the form of neuron degeneration seen in the cortex was associated with apoptosis involving Cas-3 activation, increased DNA damage, and free oxygen radicals. NP, SOD, and CAT caused a decrease in enzyme activities. In addition, the cellular protein NeuN was decreased, astrocytosis-associated GFAP was increased, and growth factor NGF was decreased. When all our evaluations are taken together, treatment with TQ showed an ameliorative effect on the behavioral impairment and brain damage caused by NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Ceylan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cappadocia University, Nevsehir, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuğrul Akin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fazile Cantürk Tan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Taşkiran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Birkan Yakan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Shedenkova MO, Stelmashook EV, Golyshev SA, Genrikhs EE, Isaev NK. Extracellular Alkalosis Reduces the Neurotoxicity of Zinc Ions in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:856-864. [PMID: 35665882 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zn2+ is known to be important for the normal brain functions. Disruption of zinc homeostasis and zinc-induced neurotoxicity has been shown to play a role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we investigated the effect of extracellular alkalosis on the zinc ions neurotoxicity in the cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Zinc chloride (0.03-0.06 mM, 24 h) added to the culture medium of rat cerebellar granule neurons caused the dose-dependent death of these cells. According to ultrastructural morphological features, the process of cell death could be attributed to necrosis, since it was accompanied by swelling of intracellular organelles and disruption of cell membranes against the background of relatively intact nuclear membranes. Neuronal death was associated with an increase in the level of intracellular free zinc. The toxic effect of zinc ions was significantly decreased when ionotropic glutamate NMDA-receptors were blocked by MK-801 or when the extracellular pH was increased from 7.3 to 7.8, due to a decrease in the zinc overload of the cytoplasm of these cells. The presented results demonstrate that NMDA channels are one of the Zn ion entry pathways in the cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Extracellular alkalosis reduces the zinc overload of the cytoplasm and, consequently, promotes the survival of neurons. Probably, zinc's neurotoxicity is inextricably linked with changes in the intracellular concentration of protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita O Shedenkova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 119234, Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey A Golyshev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nickolay K Isaev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
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Kozin SV, Kravtsov AA, Kravchenko SV, Ivashchenko LI. Cytoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Meconic Acid in Model Systems. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:619-622. [PMID: 34617178 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of meconic acid in the model systems. Meconic acid, similar to commercial drug Mexidol, reduced the intensity of chemiluminescence in the model system of yolk lipoproteins. Meconic acid also reduced the toxic effect of glutamate on neurons in the primary cerebellar culture, but had no effect on cell viability under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kozin
- Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia. .,Federal Research Center South Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostovon-Don, Russia.
| | - A A Kravtsov
- Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia.,Federal Research Center South Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostovon-Don, Russia
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Thymoquinone reduces mitochondrial damage and death of cardiomyocytes induced by clozapine. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:1675-1684. [PMID: 33937934 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a reactive nitrenium ion by microsomal/mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYPs) from clozapine (CLZ) has been suggested as the main cause of cardiotoxicity by this drug. Previous studies indicated that thymoquinone (TQ) as an active constituent of Nigella sativa has pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, and inhibitory effect on CYPs enzymes. Therefore, we hypothesized that TQ with these pharmacological effects can reduce CLZ-induced toxicity in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria. Rat left ventricular cardiomyocytes and mitochondria were isolated by collagenase perfusion and differential centrifugation respectively. Then, isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria were pretreated with different concentrations of TQ (1, 5, and 10 μmol/l) for 30 min and then followed by exposure to CLZ (50 μmol/l) for 6 h. After 6 h of incubation, using biochemical evaluations and flow cytometric analysis, the parameters of cellular toxicity including cytotoxicity, the level of oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lysosomal membrane integrity, mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) collapse, and mitochondrial toxicity including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and mitochondrial swelling were analyzed. We observed a significant toxicity in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria after exposure with CLZ which was related to ROS formation, oxidative stress, GSH depletion, lysosomal and mitochondrial damages, and mitochondrial dysfunction and swelling, while TQ pretreatment reverted the above toxic effect of CLZ on isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria. Our results indicate that TQ prevents and reverses CLZ-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial damages in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria, providing an experimental basis for clinical treatment on CLZ-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV, Voronkov DN, Novikova SV, Alexandrova OP, Fedorov AV, Isaev NK. The single intravenous administration of methylene blue after traumatic brain injury diminishes neurological deficit, blood-brain barrier disruption and decrease in the expression of S100 protein in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146854. [PMID: 32339501 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of methylene blue (MB) was investigated on the model of focal one-sided traumatic brain injury (TBI) of the sensorimotor cortex region from 1 to 7 days after the injury. TBI caused a reliable disruption of the functions of the limbs contralateral to injury focus, an increase in the expression of S100 protein and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The single intravenous injection of MB (1 mg/kg body weight) 30 min after TBI significantly reduced the limb function impairment as well as a TBI-induced increase in the expression of inflammatory marker S100 protein, and BBB permeability. When modeling inflammation in vitro, MB was found to protect cultured neurons from the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, the preservation of blood-brain barrier and a decrease in the expression of S100 protein may be an important mechanism by means of which MB improves neurological outcome. Our data demonstrate that MB can be a very promising pharmacological compound with neuroprotective properties for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Stelmashook
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N Voronkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Novikova
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Olga P Alexandrova
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Artem V Fedorov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Biological Faculty, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nickolay K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Biological Faculty, Moscow 119234, Russia.
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Isaev NK, Chetverikov NS, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE, Khaspekov LG, Illarioshkin SN. Thymoquinone as a Potential Neuroprotector in Acute and Chronic Forms of Cerebral Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:167-176. [PMID: 32093593 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Thymoquinone is one of the main active components of the essential oil from black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds. Thymoquinone exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective action demonstrated in the models of brain ischemia/reperfusion, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and traumatic brain injury. The neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone is mediated via inhibition of lipid peroxidation, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and prevention of apoptosis through inhibition of caspases-3, -8, and -9. Thymoquinone-based mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are accumulated in the mitochondria and exhibit neuroprotective properties in nanomolar concentrations. Thymoquinone reduces the negative effects of acute and chronic forms of brain pathologies. The mechanisms of the pharmacological action of thymoquinone and its chemical derivatives require more comprehensive studying. In this paper, we formulated the prospects of application of thymoquinone and thymoquinone-based drugs in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N S Chetverikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - E E Genrikhs
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - L G Khaspekov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia.
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