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Fungal Community in Antarctic Soil Along the Retreating Collins Glacier (Fildes Peninsula, King George Island). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081145. [PMID: 32751125 PMCID: PMC7465374 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glacial retreat is one of the most conspicuous signs of warming in Antarctic regions. Glacier soils harbor an active microbial community of decomposers, and under the continuous retraction of glaciers, the soil starts to present a gradient of physical, chemical, and biological factors reflecting regional changes over time. Little is known about the biological nature of fungi in Antarctic glacier soils. In this sense, this work aimed at studying the behavior of fungal community structure from samples of glacier soil collected after glacial retreat (Collins Glacier). A total of 309 fungi distributed in 19 genera were obtained from eleven soil samples. Representatives of the genera Pseudogymnoascus (Ascomycota) and Mortierella (Mortierellomycota) were the most abundant isolates in all samples. The data revealed the presence of filamentous fungi belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota, rarely found in Antarctica. Analysis of the generalized linear models revealed that the distance from the glacier as well as phosphorus and clay were able to modify the distribution of fungal species. Environmental variations proved to have influenced the genera Pseudogymnoascus and Pseudeutorium.
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Cooper ZS, Rapp JZ, Carpenter SD, Iwahana G, Eicken H, Deming JW. Distinctive microbial communities in subzero hypersaline brines from Arctic coastal sea ice and rarely sampled cryopegs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5593952. [PMID: 31626297 PMCID: PMC6859516 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersaline aqueous environments at subzero temperatures are known to be inhabited by microorganisms, yet information on community structure in subzero brines is very limited. Near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, we sampled subzero brines (–6°C, 115–140 ppt) from cryopegs, i.e. unfrozen sediments within permafrost that contain relic (late Pleistocene) seawater brine, as well as nearby sea-ice brines to examine microbial community composition and diversity using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We also quantified the communities microscopically and assessed environmental parameters as possible determinants of community structure. The cryopeg brines harbored surprisingly dense bacterial communities (up to 108 cells mL–1) and millimolar levels of dissolved and particulate organic matter, extracellular polysaccharides and ammonia. Community composition and diversity differed between the two brine environments by alpha- and beta-diversity indices, with cryopeg brine communities appearing less diverse and dominated by one strain of the genus Marinobacter, also detected in other cold, hypersaline environments, including sea ice. The higher density and trend toward lower diversity in the cryopeg communities suggest that long-term stability and other features of a subzero brine are more important selective forces than in situ temperature or salinity, even when the latter are extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Cooper
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Josephine Z Rapp
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shelly D Carpenter
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Go Iwahana
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Hajo Eicken
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Jody W Deming
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Chaturvedi V, DeFiglio H, Chaturvedi S. Phenotype profiling of white-nose syndrome pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans and closely-related Pseudogymnoascus pannorum reveals metabolic differences underlying fungal lifestyles. F1000Res 2018; 7:665. [PMID: 30026932 PMCID: PMC6039956 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Pseudogymnoascusdestructans, a psychrophile, causes bat white-nose syndrome (WNS). Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, a closely related fungus, causes human and canine diseases rarely. Both pathogens were reported from the same mines and caves in the United States, but only P. destructans caused WNS. Earlier genome comparisons revealed that P. pannorum contained more deduced proteins with ascribed enzymatic functions than P. destructans. Methods: We performed metabolic profiling with Biolog PM microarray plates to confirm in silico gene predictions. Results:P. pannorum utilized 78 of 190 carbon sources (41%), and 41 of 91 nitrogen sources (43%) tested. P. destructans used 23 carbon compounds (12%) and 23 nitrogen compounds (24%). P. destructans exhibited more robust growth on the phosphorous sources and nutrient supplements (83% and 15%, respectively) compared to P. pannorum (27% and 1%, respectively.). P. pannorum exhibited higher tolerance to osmolytes, pH extremes, and a variety of chemical compounds than P. destructans. Conclusions: An abundance of carbohydrate degradation pathways combined with robust stress tolerance provided clues for the soil distribution of P. pannorum. The limited metabolic profile of P. destructans validated in silico predictions of far fewer proteins and enzymes. P. destructans ability to catabolize diverse phosphorous and nutrient supplements might be critical in the colonization and invasion of bat tissues. The present study of 1,047 different metabolic activities provides a framework for future gene-function investigations of the unique biology of the psychrophilic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Holland DeFiglio
- Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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Chaturvedi V, DeFiglio H, Chaturvedi S. Phenotype profiling of white-nose syndrome pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans and closely-related Pseudogymnoascus pannorum reveals metabolic differences underlying fungal lifestyles. F1000Res 2018; 7:665. [PMID: 30026932 PMCID: PMC6039956 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15067.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Pseudogymnoascusdestructans, a psychrophile, causes bat white-nose syndrome (WNS). Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, a closely related fungus, causes human and canine diseases rarely. Both pathogens were reported from the same mines and caves in the United States, but only P. destructans caused WNS. Earlier genome comparisons revealed that P. pannorum contained more deduced proteins with ascribed enzymatic functions than P. destructans. Methods: We performed metabolic profiling with Biolog PM microarray plates to confirm in silico gene predictions. Results:P. pannorum utilized 78 of 190 carbon sources (41%), and 41 of 91 nitrogen compounds (43%) tested. P. destructans used 23 carbon compounds (12%) and 23 nitrogen compounds (24%). P. destructans exhibited more robust growth on the phosphorous compounds and nutrient supplements (83% and 15%, respectively) compared to P. pannorum (27% and 1%, respectively.). P. pannorum exhibited higher tolerance to osmolytes, pH extremes, and a variety of chemical compounds than P. destructans. Conclusions: An abundance of carbohydrate degradation pathways combined with robust stress tolerance provided clues for the soil distribution of P. pannorum. The limited metabolic profile of P. destructans was compatible with in silico predictions of far fewer proteins and enzymes. P. destructans ability to catabolize diverse phosphorous and nutrient supplements might be critical in the colonization and invasion of bat tissues. The present study of 1,047 different metabolic activities provides a framework for future gene-function investigations of the unique biology of the psychrophilic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Holland DeFiglio
- Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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Reynolds HT, Raudabaugh D, Lilje O, Allender M, Miller AN, Gleason FH. Chapter 27 Emerging Mycoses and Fungus-Like Diseases of Vertebrate Wildlife. Mycology 2017. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315119496-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Grum-Grzhimaylo OA, Debets AJM, Bilanenko EN. The diversity of microfungi in peatlands originated from the White Sea. Mycologia 2016; 108:233-54. [PMID: 26742584 DOI: 10.3852/14-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of culturable filamentous microfungi in peat and sediments of four peatlands at the coastal zone of Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (Murmansk region, Russia) was studied by culture methods on standard and selective media. Annually 100 samples were collected from the bogs 2007-2010. Based on morphological, molecular markers and cultural features, 211 taxa were identified. Fungal communities observed at the peatlands were influenced mostly by their sea origin. We discovered a large difference between fungal communities from the peat and the sediments of the peatlands. In contrast to the sediments, the fungal community of the peat was found to be consistent throughout sampling sites. Fungi with specific ecophysiology, such as Sphagnum-decomposing species (Oidiodendron griseum, O. tenuissimum. Penicillium spinulosum, P. thomii, Talaromyces funiculosus), psychrotolerant and associated with insects species (Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, Tolypocladium spp.), typical marine species (Acremonium spp.) were found. In addition, different types of sterile mycelia were characteristic for the researched peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Grum-Grzhimaylo
- White Sea Biological Station, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234, Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Biology, St Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alfons J M Debets
- Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena N Bilanenko
- Department of Mycology and Phycology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
In winter 2006, the bat population in Howe Cave, in central New York State, USA, contained a number of bats displaying an unusual white substance on their muzzles. The following year, numerous bats in four surrounding caves displayed unusual winter hibernation behavior, including day flying and entrance roosting. A number of bats were found dead and dying, and all demonstrated a white, powdery substance on their muzzles, ears, and wing membranes, which was later identified as the conidia of a previously undescribed fungal pathogen, Geomyces destructans. The growth of the conidia gave infected bats the appearance of having dunked their faces into powdered sugar. The disease was named white-nose syndrome and represents an emerging zoonotic mycosis, likely introduced through human activities, which has led to a precipitous decline in North American bat species.
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Klimek-Ochab M. Phosphate-independent utilization of phosphonoacetic acid as sole phosphorus source by a psychrophilic strain of Geomyces pannorum P15. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 59:375-80. [PMID: 24570323 PMCID: PMC4133637 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A psychrophilic fungal strain of Geomyces pannorum P15 was screened for its ability to utilize a range of synthetic and natural organophosphonate compounds as the sole source of phosphorus, nitrogen, or carbon. Only phosphonoacetic acid served as a phosphorus source for microbial growth in phosphate-independent manner. Substrate metabolism did not lead to extracellular release of inorganic phosphate. No phosphonate metabolizing enzyme activity was detectable in cell-free extracts prepared from Geomyces biomass pregrown on 2 mmol/L phosphonoacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klimek-Ochab
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland,
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Reynolds HT, Barton HA. Comparison of the white-nose syndrome agent Pseudogymnoascus destructans to cave-dwelling relatives suggests reduced saprotrophic enzyme activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86437. [PMID: 24466096 PMCID: PMC3899275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose Syndrome (WNS) is an emerging infectious mycosis that has impacted multiple species of North American bats since its initial discovery in 2006, yet the physiology of the causal agent, the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans ( = Geomyces destructans), is not well understood. We investigated the ability of P. destructans to secrete enzymes that could permit environmental growth or affect pathogenesis and compared enzyme activity across several Pseudogymnoascus species isolated from both hibernating bats and cave sediments. We found that P. destructans produced enzymes that could be beneficial in either a pathogenic or saprotrophic context, such as lipases, hemolysins, and urease, as well as chitinase and cellulases, which could aid in saprotrophic growth. The WNS pathogen showed significantly lower activity for urease and endoglucanase compared to con-generic species (Pseudogymnoascus), which may indicate a shift in selective pressure to the detriment of P. destructans’ saprotrophic ability. Based on the positive function of multiple saprotrophic enzymes, the causal agent of White-nose Syndrome shows potential for environmental growth on a variety of substrates found in caves, albeit at a reduced level compared to environmental strains. Our data suggest that if P. destructans emerged as an opportunistic infection from an environmental source, co-evolution with its host may have led to a reduced capacity for saprotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah T. Reynolds
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hazel A. Barton
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
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Vanderwolf KJ, McAlpine DF, Malloch D, Forbes GJ. Ectomycota Associated with Hibernating Bats in Eastern Canadian Caves prior to the Emergence of White-Nose Syndrome. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2013. [DOI: 10.1656/045.020.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Novototskaya-Vlasova K, Petrovskaya L, Yakimov S, Gilichinsky D. Cloning, purification, and characterization of a cold-adapted esterase produced by Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5T from Siberian cryopeg. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 82:367-75. [PMID: 22486752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A psychrotrophic gram-negative bacterium Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5(T) was previously isolated from a cryopeg within Siberian permafrost and its genome has been completely sequenced. To clone and characterize potential cold-active lipases/esterases produced by P. cryohalolentis K5(T) , we have identified their potential genes by alignment with amino acid sequences of lipases/esterases from related bacteria. One of the targets, EstPc, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The recombinant protein was produced with a 6x histidine tag at its C-terminus and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Purified recombinant protein displayed maximum esterolytic activity with p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) as a substrate at 35 °C and pH 8.5. Activity assay conducted at different temperatures revealed that EstPc is a cold-adapted esterase which displayed more than 90% of its maximum activity at 0-5 °C. In contrast to many known cold-active enzymes, it possesses relatively high thermostability, preserving more than 60% of activity after incubation for 1 h at 80 °C. It was activated by Ca(2+) , Mn(2+) , and EDTA whereas Zn(+2) , Cu(+2) , Co(+2) , Ni(+2) , and Mg(+2) inhibited it. Various organic solvents (ethanol, methanol and others) inhibited the enzyme. Most non-ionic detergents, such as Triton X-100 and Tween 20 increased the lipase activity while SDS completely inhibited it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Novototskaya-Vlasova
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Kuzmina LY, Galimzianova NF, Abdullin SR, Ryabova AS. Microbiota of the Kinderlinskaya cave (South Urals, Russia). Microbiology (Reading) 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261712010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Burgaud G, Le Calvez T, Arzur D, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Barbier G. Diversity of culturable marine filamentous fungi from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:1588-600. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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