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Moulin TC, Ferro F, Berkins S, Hoyer A, Williams MJ, Schiöth HB. Transient Administration of Dopaminergic Precursor Causes Inheritable Overfeeding Behavior in Young Drosophila melanogaster Adults. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080487. [PMID: 32731370 PMCID: PMC7465534 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in dopaminergic signaling during development have been indicated as part of the underlying neurobiology of several psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and food addiction. Yet, how transient manipulation of dopaminergic signaling influences long-lasting behavioral consequences, or if these modifications can induce inheritable traits, it is still not understood. In this study, we used the Drosophila melanogaster model to test if transient pharmacological activation of the dopaminergic system leads to modulations of feeding and locomotion in adult flies. We observed that transient administration of a dopaminergic precursor, levodopa, at 6 h, 3 days or 5 days post-eclosion, induced overfeeding behavior, while we did not find significant effects on locomotion. Moreover, this phenotype was inherited by the offspring of flies treated 6 h or 3 days post-eclosion, but not the offspring of those treated 5 days post-eclosion. These results indicate that transient alterations in dopaminergic signaling can produce behavioral alterations in adults, which can then be carried to descendants. These findings provide novel insights into the conditions in which environmental factors can produce transgenerational eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C. Moulin
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (M.J.W.); (H.B.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Ferro
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (M.J.W.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Samuel Berkins
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (M.J.W.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Angela Hoyer
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (M.J.W.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Michael J. Williams
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (M.J.W.); (H.B.S.)
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.H.); (M.J.W.); (H.B.S.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Structural variants exhibit widespread allelic heterogeneity and shape variation in complex traits. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4872. [PMID: 31653862 PMCID: PMC6814777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that individually-rare hidden structural variants (SVs) could account for a significant fraction of variation in complex traits. Here we identified more than 20,000 euchromatic SVs from 14 Drosophila melanogaster genome assemblies, of which ~40% are invisible to high specificity short-read genotyping approaches. SVs are common, with 31.5% of diploid individuals harboring a SV in genes larger than 5kb, and 24% harboring multiple SVs in genes larger than 10kb. SV minor allele frequencies are rarer than amino acid polymorphisms, suggesting that SVs are more deleterious. We show that a number of functionally important genes harbor previously hidden structural variants likely to affect complex phenotypes. Furthermore, SVs are overrepresented in candidate genes associated with quantitative trait loci mapped using the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource. We conclude that SVs are ubiquitous, frequently constitute a heterogeneous allelic series, and can act as rare alleles of large effect.
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3
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Ahmad M, He L, Perrimon N. Regulation of insulin and adipokinetic hormone/glucagon production in flies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e360. [PMID: 31379062 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is under strict regulation of humoral factors across various taxa. In particular, insulin and glucagon, referred to in Drosophila as Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH), respectively, are key hormones that regulate metabolism in most metazoa. While much is known about the regulation of DILPs, the mechanisms regulating AKH/glucagon production is still poorly understood. In this review, we describe the various factors that regulate the production of DILPs and AKH and emphasize the need for future studies to decipher how energy homeostasis is governed in Drosophila. This article is categorized under: Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Chandra V, Fetter-Pruneda I, Oxley PR, Ritger AL, McKenzie SK, Libbrecht R, Kronauer DJC. Social regulation of insulin signaling and the evolution of eusociality in ants. Science 2018; 361:398-402. [PMID: 30049879 PMCID: PMC6178808 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Queens and workers of eusocial Hymenoptera are considered homologous to the reproductive and brood care phases of an ancestral subsocial life cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of reproductive division of labor remain obscure. Using a brain transcriptomics screen, we identified a single gene, insulin-like peptide 2 (ilp2), which is always up-regulated in ant reproductives, likely because they are better nourished than their nonreproductive nestmates. In clonal raider ants (Ooceraea biroi), larval signals inhibit adult reproduction by suppressing ilp2, thus producing a colony reproductive cycle reminiscent of ancestral subsociality. However, increasing ILP2 peptide levels overrides larval suppression, thereby breaking the colony cycle and inducing a stable division of labor. These findings suggest a simple model for the origin of ant eusociality via nutritionally determined reproductive asymmetries potentially amplified by larval signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Chandra
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ingrid Fetter-Pruneda
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Peter R Oxley
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Samuel J. Wood Library, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amelia L Ritger
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean K McKenzie
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Libbrecht
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
In response to adverse environmental conditions many organisms from nematodes to mammals deploy a dormancy strategy, causing states of developmental or reproductive arrest that enhance somatic maintenance and survival ability at the expense of growth or reproduction. Dormancy regulation has been studied in C. elegans and in several insects, but how neurosensory mechanisms act to relay environmental cues to the endocrine system in order to induce dormancy remains unclear. Here we examine this fundamental question by genetically manipulating aminergic neurotransmitter signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that both serotonin and dopamine enhance adult ovarian dormancy, while the downregulation of their respective signaling pathways in endocrine cells or tissues (insulin producing cells, fat body, corpus allatum) reduces dormancy. In contrast, octopamine signaling antagonizes dormancy. Our findings enhance our understanding of the ability of organisms to cope with unfavorable environments and illuminate some of the relevant signaling pathways.
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Artoni F, Kreipke RE, Palmeira O, Dixon C, Goldberg Z, Ruohola-Baker H. Loss of foxo rescues stem cell aging in Drosophila germ line. eLife 2017; 6:27842. [PMID: 28925355 PMCID: PMC5644957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging stem cells lose the capacity to properly respond to injury and regenerate their residing tissues. Here, we utilized the ability of Drosophila melanogaster germline stem cells (GSCs) to survive exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) as a model of adult stem cell injury and identified a regeneration defect in aging GSCs: while aging GSCs survive exposure to IR, they fail to reenter the cell cycle and regenerate the germline in a timely manner. Mechanistically, we identify foxo and mTOR homologue, Tor as important regulators of GSC quiescence following exposure to ionizing radiation. foxo is required for entry in quiescence, while Tor is essential for cell cycle reentry. Importantly, we further show that the lack of regeneration in aging germ line stem cells after IR can be rescued by loss of foxo. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the unique ability to replace dead cells and repair damaged tissues. To give rise to new cells, stem cells need to divide. This process, known as the cell cycle, includes several stages and is regulated by many different genes. For example, in many organisms, a gene called foxo helps cells respond to stress and to regulate the cell cycle and cell death. Defects in this gene have been linked to age-related diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Previous research has shown that foxo can also regulate Tor – a gene that helps cells to divide and grow. As we age, stem cells become less efficient at regenerating tissues, especially after exposure to toxins and radiation. However, until now, it was not known how stem cells control their division after injury and during aging, and what role these two genes play in injured and aging stem cells. Now, Artoni, Kreipke et al. used germline stem cells from fly ovaries to investigate how young and old stem cells respond to injury. In young flies, foxo paused the cell cycle of the damaged stem cells. After 24 hours, Tor was able to overcome the action of foxo, and the stem cells resumed dividing and regenerating the damaged tissue. However, in old stem cells, foxo and Tor were misregulated and the stem cells could not restart dividing or repairing tissue after injury. When the levels of foxo in old stem cells were experimentally reduced, their ability to regenerate the tissue was restored. These discoveries provide new insights into how stem cells respond to injury and suggest that stem cell aging may be a reversible process. A next step will be to investigate why foxo and Tor are misregulated during aging and how these two genes interact with each another. In future, this could help develop new anti-aging therapies that can restore the body’s natural ability to repair itself following injury. Moreover, since cancer cells can become resistant to conventional cancer treatment by withdrawing from the cell cycle, developing new treatments that target foxo and Tor could help beat cancer and prevent its reoccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Artoni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Rebecca E Kreipke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Ondina Palmeira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Connor Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Zachary Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
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7
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Rauschenbach IY, Karpova EK, Burdina EV, Adonyeva NV, Bykov RA, Ilinsky YY, Menshanov PN, Gruntenko NE. Insulin-like peptide DILP6 regulates juvenile hormone and dopamine metabolism in Drosophila females. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 243:1-9. [PMID: 27823956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide DILP6 is a component of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway of Drosophila. Juvenile hormone (JH) and dopamine (DA) are involved in the stress response and in the control of reproduction. In this study, we investigate whether DILP6 regulates the JH and DA levels by studying the effect of a strong hypomorphic mutation dilp641 on JH and DA metabolism in D. melanogaster females. We show that DILP6 regulates JH and DA metabolism: the mutation dilp641 results in a reduction in JH-hydrolysing activity and an increase in the activities of DA synthesis enzymes (alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)). In the mutant females, we also found increased fecundity in addition to the intensity of the response (stress reactivity) of ALP and TH to heat stress. As we showed previously, this suggests an increased level of JH synthesis. We confirm this suggestion by treating the mutant females with the JH inhibitor, precocene, which restors the activity and stress reactivity of ALP and TH as well as fecundity to levels similar to those in the control flies. The data suggest a feedback system in the interaction between JH and DILP6 in which DILP6 negatively regulates the JH titre via an increase in the hormone degradation and a decrease in its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yu Rauschenbach
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - E K Karpova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - E V Burdina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - N V Adonyeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - R A Bykov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Y Y Ilinsky
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - P N Menshanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - N E Gruntenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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8
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Bednářová A, Hanna ME, Rakshit K, O'Donnell JM, Krishnan N. Disruption of dopamine homeostasis has sexually dimorphic effects on senescence characteristics of Drosophila melanogaster. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:816-825. [PMID: 28112452 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is known to be involved in a multitude of physiological processes. We investigated sexually dimorphic effects of disruptions in DA homeostasis and its relationship to senescence using three different Drosophila melanogaster mutants namely Catsup (Catsup26 ) with elevated DA levels, and pale (ple2 ), Punch (PuZ22 ) with depleted DA levels. In all genotypes including controls, DA levels were significantly lower in old (45-50-day-old) flies compared with young (3-5-day-old) in both sexes. Interestingly, females had lower DA content than males at young age whereas this difference was not observed in old age, suggesting that males had a larger decline in DA levels with age. Females, in general, were longer lived compared with males in all genotypes except ple2 mutants with depleted DA levels. This phenotype was abolished in the ple2 rescue flies. Interestingly, females also demonstrated marked age-related decline in circadian locomotor activity compared with males. Old Catsup26 males with elevated DA levels accumulated significantly lower levels of lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (4-HNE) compared with age-matched wild type, ple2 and PuZ22 mutant males. In Catsup26 revertant lines this phenomenon was absent. We also observed a sexually dimorphic response in the expression levels of key stress and aging associated and/or related transcription factor genes across genotypes with elevated or depleted DA levels which was reverted to wild type levels in specific rescue lines. Taken together, our results reveal a novel sexually dimorphic involvement of DA in senescence characteristics of D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bednářová
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marley E Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janis M O'Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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