The Impact of the Antipsychotic Medication Chlorpromazine on Cytotoxicity through Ca
2+ Signaling Pathway in Glial Cell Models.
Neurotox Res 2022;
40:791-802. [PMID:
35438391 DOI:
10.1007/s12640-022-00507-5]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medication, is conventionally applied to cope with the psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia. In cellular studies, chlorpromazine exerts many different actions through calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling, but the underlying pathways are elusive. This study explored the effect of chlorpromazine on viability, Ca2+ signaling pathway and their relationship in glial cell models (GBM 8401 human glioblastoma cell line and Gibco® Human Astrocyte (GHA)). First, chlorpromazine between 10 and 40 μM induced cytotoxicity in GBM 8401 cells but not in GHA cells. Second, in terms of Ca2+ homeostasis, chlorpromazine (10-30 μM) increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) rises in GBM 8401 cells but not in GHA cells. Ca2+ removal reduced the signal by approximately 55%. Furthermore, chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM reduced chlorpromazine (10-40 μM)-induced cytotoxicity in GBM 8401 cells. Third, in Ca2+-containing medium of GBM 8401 cells, chlorpromazine-induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited by the modulators of store-operated Ca2+ channel (2-APB and SKF96365). Lastly, in Ca2+-free medium of GBM 8401 cells, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin completely inhibited chlorpromazine-increased [Ca2+]i rises. Conversely, treatment with chlorpromazine abolished thapsigargin-increased [Ca2+]i rises. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 abolished chlorpromazine-increased [Ca2+]i rises. Together, in GBM 8401 cells but not in GHA cells, chlorpromazine increased [Ca2+]i rises by Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry and PLC-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM inhibited cytotoxicity in chlorpromazine-treated GBM 8401 cells. Therefore, Ca2+ signaling was involved in chlorpromazine-induced cytotoxicity in GBM 8401 cells.
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