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Tajiri H, Bessho K, Nakayama Y, Abukawa D, Iitsuka Y, Ito Y, Inui A, Etani Y, Suzuki M, Takano T, Tanaka A, Mizuochi T, Miyoshi Y, Murakami J. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of children with mother-to-child transmitted hepatitis C virus infection. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14962. [PMID: 35224815 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first guidelines for care of pregnant women carrying the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and their infants were published in 2005 in Japan. Since then, evidence has gradually accumulated worldwide regarding the natural course and treatment of this condition and, especially in recent years, treatment for chronic hepatitis C in adult patients has made great progress. However, the clinical practice policy for children has not been standardized, and new clinical practice guidelines for children with mother-to-child (MTC) transmitted HCV infection have become necessary. METHODS In the development of the current guideline, we requested cooperation from The Japanese Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Japan Society of Hepatology, and the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The committee members were recommended and approved by each society to participate in developing the guidelines. The guideline was also created in accordance with the Minds Guide for Practice Guideline Development. The statements were prepared by consensus-building using the Delphi method, based on the comprehensively searched academic papers and guidelines. These articles were retrieved through searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases. RESULTS Eight clinical questions (CQs) with clinical statements were developed regarding etiology (CQs 1-3), diagnosis (CQs 4 and 5), and treatment (two CQs 6 and 7). In each statement, the consensus rate, evidence level, and recommendation level were determined. CONCLUSION The guidelines will be helpful in the management of children with hepatitis C MTC transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tajiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Bessho
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Daiki Abukawa
- Division of General Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iitsuka
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chiba Kaihin Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohama City Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuri Etani
- Department of Gastroenterology Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mizuochi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoko Miyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Murakami
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Seto MTY, Cheung KW, Hung IFN. Management of viral hepatitis A, C, D and E in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 68:44-53. [PMID: 32305262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis A and E mainly present as acute hepatitis during pregnancy, while hepatitis C and D are usually found as chronic infection in pregnant women. Hepatitis A remains self-limiting during pregnancy while hepatitis E has a higher prevalence and manifests with a rigorous course in pregnant women. Screening of hepatitis C during pregnancy and its subsequent management during pregnancy are still a debatable topic. New treatments of hepatitis C and E require further evaluation for use in pregnancy. This review summarizes the prevalence, clinical manifestations, maternal, foetal and neonatal effects, and the management of hepatitis A, C, D and E viral infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Tin-Yan Seto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ka Wang Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan F N Hung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Pott H, Theodoro M, de Almeida Vespoli J, Senise JF, Castelo A. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 224:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Elsayed SAR, El-Maksoud HMA, Awadallah H, Emran TM, Ahmed E. Frequency of HCV Infection in Children of HCV Infected Mothers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2016.25.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lefevere J, Allegaert K. Question: is breastfeeding useful in the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome? Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:414-5. [PMID: 25784740 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lefevere
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
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Benova L, Awad SF, Miller FD, Abu-Raddad LJ. Estimation of hepatitis C virus infections resulting from vertical transmission in Egypt. Hepatology 2015; 61:834-42. [PMID: 25366418 PMCID: PMC4365684 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite having the highest hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in the world, the ongoing level of HCV incidence in Egypt and its drivers are poorly understood. Whereas HCV mother-to-child infection is a well-established transmission route, there are no estimates of HCV infections resulting from vertical transmission for any country, including Egypt. The aim of this study was to estimate the absolute number of new HCV infections resulting from vertical transmission in Egypt. We developed a conceptual framework of HCV vertical transmission, expressed in terms of a mathematical model and based on maternal HCV antibody and viremia. The mathematical model estimated the number of HCV vertical infections nationally and for six subnational areas. Applying two vertical transmission risk estimates to the 2008 Egyptian birth cohort, we estimated that between 3,080 and 5,167 HCV infections resulted from vertical transmission among children born in 2008. HCV vertical transmission may account for half of incident cases in the <5-year age group. Disproportionately higher proportions of vertical infections were estimated in Lower Rural and Upper Rural subnational areas. This geographical clustering was a result of higher-area-level HCV prevalence among women and higher fertility rates. CONCLUSION Vertical transmission is one of the primary HCV infection routes among children<5 years in Egypt. The absolute number of vertical transmissions and the young age at infection highlight a public health concern. These findings also emphasize the need to quantify the relative contributions of other transmission routes to HCV incidence in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Benova
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell UniversityQatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne F Awad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell UniversityQatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - F DeWolfe Miller
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of HawaiiHonolulu, HI
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell UniversityQatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell UniversityNew York, NY,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WA
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Nie QH, Gao LH, Cheng YQ, Huang XF, Zhang YF, Luo XD, Wang JQ, Wang YY. Hepatitis C virus infection of human cytotrophoblasts cultured in vitro. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1586-92. [PMID: 22930506 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the uterus is a significant path of vertical HCV transmission. Some studies consider vertical HCV transmission in the uterus as the result of maternal blood leakage into infant blood, whereas others theorize that HCV is transmitted by the mother to the infant through cells constituting the placenta barrier. Although trophoblasts play an important role in the placenta barrier, no definitive evidence has been presented to prove that cytotrophoblasts can be infected with HCV. The current study investigated whether or not these can be infected with HCV by conducting an experiment, in which cultured human cytotrophoblasts were infected with HCV in vitro. The results were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ultrastructural characteristic changes under an electron microscope, and immunoelectron microscopy. HCV RNA in the supernatant of the cultured medium of the infected group was intermittently detected during the 16-day incubation period using RT-PCR. Under an electron microscope, the ultrastructures of infected human cytotrophoblasts were markedly different from normal cells, demonstrating lysosomal hyperplasia, rough endoplasmic reticulum, decreased lipid droplets, presence of vacuoles, and the appearance of HCV-like particles. Using immunoelectron microscopy, HCV-like particles conjoined with golden granules were also observed. Based on the data, the current study concludes that HCV infects a human cytotrophoblast cultured in vitro; moreover, its ultrastructure changes dramatically upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-He Nie
- Chinese PLA Centre of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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De Flora S, Bonanni P. The prevention of infection-associated cancers. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:787-95. [PMID: 21436188 PMCID: PMC3314281 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collectively, chronic viral and bacterial infections and trematode infestations have been estimated to be associated with approximately one of five human cancers worldwide. The fraction attributable to each one of the chronic infections caused by hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Helicobacter pylori, is ∼5%. These infections are the most important causes of major types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer and stomach cancer, respectively. Taking into account the mechanisms of infection-related carcinogenesis, integrated approaches are addressed to the control of the associated infection as well as to avoidance of cancer occurrence and progression. Large-scale interventions have been implemented, such as the anti-HBV and anti-HPV routine vaccination programs. The latter has been designed with the specific goal of preventing HPV-associated cancers, which is an outstanding breakthrough in cancer prevention. Intriguingly, not only prevention but even therapy of an infectious disease and eradication of a pathogen become a crucial tool for the primary prevention of these cancers. An important role is also played by secondary prevention (e.g. Pap test and DNA testing for HPV-associated cervical cancers) and by tertiary prevention (e.g. antiangiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma). The present article reviews the microbial and parasitic diseases that have been associated so far with human cancers, draws an overview of their burden in cancer epidemiology, deals with applicable prevention strategies and provides examples of co-ordinated approaches to the control of cancers associated with HBV, HCV, HPV, human immunodeficiency virus and H.pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Brook G, Soriano V, Bergin C. European guideline for the management of hepatitis B and C virus infections, 2010. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21:669-78. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
These are the guidelines on hepatitis B and C management for IUSTI/WHO in Europe, 2010. They describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, treatment and prevention of hepatitis B and C with particular reference to sexual health clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brook
- Central Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - C Bergin
- St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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