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Ha E, Bang SY, Lim J, Yun JH, Kim JM, Bae JB, Lee HS, Kim BJ, Kim K, Bae SC. Genetic variants shape rheumatoid arthritis-specific transcriptomic features in CD4 + T cells through differential DNA methylation, explaining a substantial proportion of heritability. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:876-883. [PMID: 33436383 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+ T cells have been suggested as the most disease-relevant cell type in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in which RA-risk non-coding variants exhibit allele-specific effects on regulation of RA-driving genes. This study aimed to understand RA-specific signatures in CD4+ T cells using multi-omics data, interpreting inter-omics relationships in shaping the RA transcriptomic landscape. METHODS We profiled genome-wide variants, gene expression and DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells from 82 patients with RA and 40 healthy controls using high-throughput technologies. We investigated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential methylated regions (DMRs) in RA and localised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for expression and methylation. We then integrated these based on individual-level correlations to inspect DEG-regulating sources and investigated the potential regulatory roles of RA-risk variants by a partitioned-heritability enrichment analysis with RA genome-wide association summary statistics. RESULTS A large number of RA-specific DEGs were identified (n=2575), highlighting T cell differentiation and activation pathways. RA-specific DMRs, preferentially located in T cell regulatory regions, were correlated with the expression levels of 548 DEGs mostly in the same topologically associating domains. In addition, expressional variances in 771 and 83 DEGs were partially explained by expression QTLs for DEGs and methylation QTLs (meQTLs) for DEG-correlated DMRs, respectively. A large number of RA variants were moderately to strongly correlated with meQTLs. DEG-correlated DMRs, enriched with meQTLs, had strongly enriched heritability of RA. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that the methylomic changes, driven by RA heritability-explaining variants, shape the differential expression of a substantial fraction of DEGs in CD4+ T cells in patients with RA, reinforcing the importance of a multidimensional approach in disease-relevant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Ha
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical SciencesBiology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Bang
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Lim
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical SciencesBiology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Yun
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Bae
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangwoo Kim
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical SciencesBiology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea .,Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ha E, Bae SC, Kim K. Large-scale meta-analysis across East Asian and European populations updated genetic architecture and variant-driven biology of rheumatoid arthritis, identifying 11 novel susceptibility loci. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:558-565. [PMID: 33310728 PMCID: PMC8053349 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Nearly 110 susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with modest effect sizes have been identified by population-based genetic association studies, suggesting a large number of undiscovered variants behind a highly polygenic genetic architecture of RA. Here, we performed the largest-ever trans-ancestral meta-analysis with the aim to identify new RA loci and to better understand RA biology underlying genetic associations. Methods Genome-wide RA association summary statistics in three large case–control collections consisting of 311 292 individuals of Korean, Japanese and European populations were used in an inverse-variance-weighted fixed-effects meta-analysis. Several computational analyses using public omics resources were conducted to prioritise causal variants and genes, RA variant-implicating features (tissues, pathways and transcription factors) and potentially repurposable drugs for RA treatment. Results We identified 11 new RA susceptibility loci that explained 6.9% and 1.8% of the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability in East Asians and Europeans, respectively, and confirmed 71 known non-human leukocyte antigens (HLA) susceptibility loci, identifying 90 independent association signals. The RA variants were preferentially located in binding sites of various transcription factors and in cell type-specific transcription–activation histone marks that simultaneously highlighted the importance of CD4+ T-cell activation and the potential role of non-immune organs in RA pathogenesis. A total of 615 plausible effector genes, based on gene-based associations, expression-associated variants and chromatin interaction, included targets of drugs approved for RA treatments and potentially repurposable drugs approved for other indications. Conclusion Our findings provide useful insights regarding RA genetic aetiology and variant-driven RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Ha
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea .,Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangwoo Kim
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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