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Motwade N. Kerollos K, Osman Taha B. Whipple's Disease; An Overlooked Diagnosis. Middle East J Dig Dis 2023; 15:136-138. [PMID: 37546505 PMCID: PMC10404087 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2023.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whipple disease is a rare multisystem inflammatory disease. Because fewer than 1000 reported cases have been described, clinical experience with this disorder is sparse. We are reporting a case of a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, weight loss, and polyarthralgia for 2 months, and 1 month of diarrhea. The patient was thoroughly investigated for collagen diseases and COVID-19, with no definite diagnosis. A therapeutic trial by immunosuppressive drugs provided partial remission followed by a marked rebound of the symptoms. His occult blood in stool was positive and subsequent upper endoscopy with proximal small intestinal biopsies showed the pathological features of Whipple's disease. The patient showed a dramatic improvement following treatment with ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Despite the rarity of Whipple's disease, its course mimics many rheumatological diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and COVID-19 disease. It should always be a part of the differential diagnosis of obscure polyarthralgia and chronic diarrhea.
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Serling-Boyd N, Wallace Z, Jarolimova J, Arvikar S, Miloslavsky EM. An 80-Year-Old Man With Fevers, Altered Mental Status, and Joint Effusions. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72:293-300. [PMID: 31562791 PMCID: PMC7228541 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Seronegative Arthritis and Whipple Disease: Risk of Misdiagnosis in the Era of Biologic Agents. Case Rep Rheumatol 2019; 2019:3410468. [PMID: 31737398 PMCID: PMC6815603 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3410468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 2 cases of Whipple disease (WD), previously diagnosed as seronegative polyarthritis and treated for several years with immunosuppressive agents, accordingly. Both cases had been treated over years with cDMARDs and bDMARDs. The first patient was a 48-year-old male, who developed a life-threatening disease characterized by fever, significant weight loss, and bloody diarrhoea, supported with RBC transfusions. The second patient was a 55-year-old man, presenting with arthritis, fever, serositis, lymphadenopathy, thoracic rash, and systemic inflammation; at the beginning he was diagnosed as adult onset Still's disease. He was treated with steroids and antitumour necrosis factor agents, but showed no improvement. Both patients were eventually treated with antimicrobial therapy for WD with dramatic improvement and no clinical relapse in 6 months. This paper reviews the literature on WD mimicking chronic inflammatory arthritis. WD may lead to chronic seronegative arthritis that might often be misrecognized. Importantly, patients treated with bDMARDs and glucocorticoids might develop a life-threatening disease. Therefore, WD should be suspected and excluded in patients showing resistance or frequent recurrence of chronic arthritis, if seronegative, under treatment with bDMARDs, especially in the presence of new, unexpected sign and/or symptoms.
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Ludwig DR, Amin TN, Manson JJ. Suspected systemic rheumatic diseases in adults presenting with fever. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2019; 33:101426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kono M, Yamamoto K, Nagamatsu M, Kutsuna S. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. J Infect Chemother 2015; 21:885-8. [PMID: 26390825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Whipple's disease, a systemic, chronic infectious disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei, is extremely rare in Asian populations. A correct diagnosis is necessary due to its high mortality rate. Unfortunately, patients are apt to be misdiagnosed with connective tissue diseases since they typically present with arthritis or arthralgia. There are three diagnostic tools for Whipple's disease using intestinal tissues: 1) periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages; 2) electron microscopic observation; and 3) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is challenging to diagnose this disease in the absence of histological findings, especially in Japan, where the clinical protocol currently used to make the diagnosis needs improvement, although symptomology and PCR results may be sufficient. Herein, we investigated a 24-year-old Japanese woman who had suffered from intermittent fever, migratory arthralgia, and watery diarrhea for several months. Her biopsied intestinal tissue was negative for foamy macrophages and PAS-positive cells, and electron microscopy did not provide diagnostic insight. PCR amplification of the specimens, however, successfully revealed T. whipplei. Whipple's disease was diagnosed based on a positive PCR result and strong clinical suspicion. The patient was treated parenterally with ceftriaxone (2 g daily) for two weeks, followed by oral treatment with 160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole twice per day. After one month of treatment, her symptoms disappeared and inflammatory markers returned to normal levels. This case illustrates the practicality and effectiveness of a PCR-based diagnostic test in combination with clinical suspicion to correctly diagnose Whipple's disease, especially in cases when a histological examination does not provide insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kono
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Nagamatsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tóth E, Speer G. Febrile conditions in rheumatology. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 31:1649-56. [PMID: 22923181 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fever is not the most frequent symptom in rheumatology; however, its occurrence always draws attention to a severe underlying pathologic process. The rheumatologic assessment of febrile patients usually takes place for three reasons: the patient's fever is associated with known rheumatic disease or musculoskeletal symptoms, or rheumatologic cause is suggested as the underlying cause of fever of unknown origin. The primary task of the rheumatologist is to rule out infections and autoimmune processes. In addition to the musculoskeletal and accompanying symptoms, the information about the course of fever and the observation of the continuity or periodicity of fever provide help to establish the diagnosis. A summarising discourse about this issue is rarely published in this speciality; therefore, we found it important to provide an overview of rheumatological diseases accompanied by fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tóth
- Rheumatology Unit, Flór Ferenc Hospital, Kistarcsa, Hungary
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Soltner E, Neel A, Tiab M, Varin S, Cormier G, Maisonneuve H, Maugars Y, Tanguy G, Hamidou M, Berthelot JM. Maladie de Kawasaki de l’adulte : un cas d’évolution chronique et d’issue fatale avec une spondylarthropathie sensible au traitement par immunoglobulines intraveineuses. REVUE DU RHUMATISME 2009; 76:908-911. [PMID: 32288504 PMCID: PMC7110466 DOI: 10.1016/j.rhum.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nous rapportons l’observation inhabituelle d’un homme âgé de 40 ans, d’origine caucasienne, qui présentait une atteinte clinique sévère évocatrice de maladie de Kawasaki. La maladie évoluait depuis sept années avant que n’apparaissent des anévrismes coronariens multiples qui ont entraîné le décès malgré un traitement par immunoglobulines intraveineuses polyvalentes (IgIV). Le patient souffrait aussi d’une atteinte invalidante du rachis qui avait débuté en même temps que la maladie de Kawasaki. Alors que ni les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens, ni la corticothérapie à forte dose, ni les agents anti-TNF n’avaient eu d’efficacité probante, les signes cliniques d’inflammation rachidienne ont été très sensibles au traitement par IgIV et ont été attribués de manière certaine à une spondylarthrite axiale HLA B27 négative sur les données de la scintigraphie osseuse et de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique qui avaient mis en évidence des enthésites des deux talons et une sacro-iliite bilatérale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Soltner
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu-CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - Antoine Neel
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Nantes, 44093, Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - Mourad Tiab
- Service de médecine interne, centre hospitalier de La Roche-sur-Yon, Les Oudairies, 85000, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Stéphane Varin
- Service de rhumatologie, centre hospitalier de La Roche-sur-Yon, Les Oudairies, 85000, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Grégoire Cormier
- Service de rhumatologie, centre hospitalier de La Roche-sur-Yon, Les Oudairies, 85000, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Hervé Maisonneuve
- Service de médecine interne, centre hospitalier de La Roche-sur-Yon, Les Oudairies, 85000, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Yves Maugars
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu-CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - Gilles Tanguy
- Service de rhumatologie, centre hospitalier de La Roche-sur-Yon, Les Oudairies, 85000, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Mohamed Hamidou
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu-CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - Jean-Marie Berthelot
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu-CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes cedex 01, France
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Soltner E, Neel A, Tiab M, Varin S, Cormier G, Maisonneuve H, Maugars Y, Tanguy G, Hamidou M, Berthelot JM. Chronic, eventually fatal, Kawasaki-like disease in an adult with spondylarthropathy responding to IVIG therapy. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76:559-61. [PMID: 19464220 PMCID: PMC7172168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on an unusual case of a 40-year-old Caucasian male displaying severe Kawasaki-like symptoms. The disease lasted for seven years before diffuse coronary aneurysms occurred, leading to the patient's death, despite ongoing treatment by intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs). The patient had also been suffering from a disabling inflammation of the spine, which was reported to have started at the onset of the disorder. Whereas neither NSAIDS, nor high doses corticosteroids, or anti-TNF drugs had a clear effect, the clinical features of spinal inflammation were highly sensitive to IVIGs, and were attributed definitively to HLA-B27-negative axial spondylarthropathy after bone scan and magnetic resonance imaging disclosed typical enthesitis of both heels and bilateral sacroiliitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Soltner
- Rheumatology Unit, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
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Nubourgh I, Vandergheynst F, Lefebvre P, Lemy A, Dumarey N, Decaux G. An atypical case of Whipple's disease: case report and review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63:107-11. [PMID: 18575052 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2008.63.2.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 57-year-old man, presenting with bilateral panuveitis, bilateral sacroiliitis, intermittent pyrexia and a pulmonary nodule. The patient had been under immunosuppressive treatment for 2 years for Behçet's disease. However, he did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria of Behçet's disease. Blood analysis showed a very high C reactive protein (CRP at 34 mg/dl). In view of severe intra-ocular inflammation, the anterior chamber was punctured. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the aqueous humour and on the blood revealed the presence of Tropheryma whippelii DNA, an agent responsible for Whipple's disease. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol for 1 year with good clinical and biological evolution. This case illustrates the difficulty to diagnose an atypical Whipple's disease. In cases of uveitis with atypical signs and/or not responding to the treatment, the internist must consider to perform an analysis of the ocular fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nubourgh
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Cunha BA. Fever of Unknown Origin: Clinical Overview of Classic and Current Concepts. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2007; 21:867-915, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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García A, Batlle C, Losada E, Selva A. Enfermedad de Whipple y fiebre de origen desconocido. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125:635. [PMID: 16287577 DOI: 10.1157/13080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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