Corrections: Lipid rescue for treatment of delayed systemic ropivacaine toxicity from a continuous thoracic paravertebral block

Local Anesthetic Toxicity in the Geriatric Population

This article provides a concise overview of local anesthetic systemic toxicity, its history, mechanisms, risk factors, prevention, clinical presentation, and treatment, with a special emphasis on issues specific to the geriatric population. The authors used MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar to search for original research articles (human and animal studies), registries data, case reports, review articles, and pertinent online publications using the combinations of the following search terms: local anesthetics, local anesthetic systemic toxicity, intralipid, lipid emulsion, Exparel, ultrasound-guidance, regional anesthesia, lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, cocaine, procaine, tetracaine, levobupivacaine, liposomal bupivacaine, lignocaine. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity continues to occur despite the use of putatively less cardiotoxic formulations of local anesthetics and more common use of ultrasound guidance. The elderly appear to be at a disproportionately increased risk for toxicity owing to the presence of relevant comorbidities and decreased muscle mass. Examination of recent case reports involving patients over the age of 65 years demonstrates that inadvertent overdosing is responsible for some cases of local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Elderly patients are at increased risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity. When considering use of local anesthetics in older patients, special attention should be paid to the presence of systemic disease and muscle wasting. The safety of regional anesthesia and multi-modal analgesia among these at-risk patients will be improved by educating physicians and staff to recognize and manage local anesthetic systemic toxicity.