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Almalty AR, Abdelnour HM, Hawamdeh M, Alkhob SA. Physiotherapists' Understanding of Shortwave Diathermy Contraindications: A Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:1171-1185. [PMID: 37396935 PMCID: PMC10312352 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s413806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is known that electromagnetic fields and heat generated by shortwave diathermy (SWD) can have adverse effects on living tissue. The purpose of this research is to evaluate Jordanian physiotherapists' knowledge of pulsed and continuous SWD contraindications. And investigate the potential contraindications about which Jordanian physiotherapists may have limited knowledge. Subjects and Methods This cross-sectional study investigates Jordanian physiotherapists' knowledge of SWD contraindications. In 38 private and public hospitals, a self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out. Participants were asked to classify 32 conditions as "always, sometime, or never" contraindicated or "I do not know". Participants are physiotherapists with two or more years of postgraduate experience. Two forms comprised the survey. The first consisted of assessing their reaction to the contraindications of pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD), while the second consisted of continuous shortwave diathermy (CSWD). Results Approximately 270 physiotherapists were eligible to participate in this investigation. Only 150 questionnaires were distributed to the therapists who agreed to the study. One hundred twenty-eight were returned for an average response rate of 85.3% (128/150). Respondents had good agreement about using SWD for cardiovascular condition, however, 24 respondents (19%) thought PSWD can be used over venous thrombosis. Only 64% of the respondents was aware that pacemakers are contraindicated for PSWD. Approximately 14% to 32% seem unaware that tuberculosis and osteomyelitis are contraindicated for both CSWD and PSWD. About 21% to 28% have been unaware that the use of PSWD is contraindicated for specialized tissues (eg, eyes, gonads, or malignant tissues) and 29% during pregnancy. Conclusion Jordanian physiotherapists generally agreed on the widely acknowledged contraindications of CSWD for specific conditions. However, there was considerable uncertainty among Jordanian physical therapists about the contraindications of PSWD. This discrepancy highlights the need to improve physiotherapist awareness and for more fact-based research to the contraindication of SWD modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajeed R Almalty
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Physical Therapy Department, College of Allied Health Sciences, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Hassan M Abdelnour
- Physical Therapy Department, College of Allied Health Sciences, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Hawamdeh
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Shadi A Alkhob
- Physical Therapy Department, College of Allied Health Sciences, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
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Paolucci T, Pezzi L, Centra AM, Giannandrea N, Bellomo RG, Saggini R. Electromagnetic Field Therapy: A Rehabilitative Perspective in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain - A Systematic Review. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1385-1400. [PMID: 32606905 PMCID: PMC7297361 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s231778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) provide a non-invasive, safe, and easy method to treat pain with respect to musculoskeletal diseases. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the use of electromagnetic therapy in the rehabilitation field by investigating the efficacy in acute and chronic pain in the musculoskeletal disorders. A database search was conducted using the following resources: PubMed, Cochrane, PEDro, SCOPUS, and WoS. The following MESH terms were used: [Electromagnetic field AND/OR Rehabilitation], [Electromagnetic field AND/OR Pain], [Pulsed Magnetic field AND/OR Rehabilitation] and [Pulsed Magnetic field AND/OR Pain], [Pulsed Electromagnetic field AND/OR Rehabilitation] and [Pulsed Electromagnetic field AND/OR Pain], per the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. Articles published between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018 were included as assessment of musculoskeletal pain conditions, randomized clinical trial including crossover and prospective design studies, full English text available, population age > 18 years; instead were excluded neurological randomized clinical trials, transcranial magnetic stimulation application, neuropathic pain, animal/in vitro studies, and articles without English abstract or English full text. Three independent investigators (AMC, NG, and LP) retrieved all the information. Twenty-one RTC (N=21) were considered for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed as pulsed magnetic fields at low intensity and frequency (from 1 Hz up to 100 Hz) are commonly used with efficacy in resolving musculoskeletal pain. EMFs therapy is a well tolerated, effective with no negative side effects, which can be integrated with rehabilitation for the treatment of chronic and acute pain in musculoskeletal diseases, but further studies are needed to examine the use of more standardized protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Paolucci
- Department of Medical Oral Sciences and Biotechnology (DiSmob), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Letizia Pezzi
- Department of Medical Oral Sciences and Biotechnology (DiSmob), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonello Marco Centra
- Department of Medical Oral Sciences and Biotechnology (DiSmob), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Niki Giannandrea
- Department of Medical Oral Sciences and Biotechnology (DiSmob), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rosa Grazia Bellomo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Study of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Raoul Saggini
- Department of Medical Oral Sciences and Biotechnology (DiSmob), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Fu T, Lineaweaver WC, Zhang F, Zhang J. Role of shortwave and microwave diathermy in peripheral neuropathy. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:3569-3579. [PMID: 31304815 PMCID: PMC6726803 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519854905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to review the current evidence for the efficacy of shortwave and microwave diathermy in promoting nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries in both animal models and human patients. Methods An extensive literature search was conducted without publication data restrictions. Studies including the intervention and outcome in animal or human models were selected. Non-English studies, reviews, letters, and case reports were excluded. Results Eleven articles were included in this study. Shortwave diathermy at the frequency of 27.12 or 40.68 MHz was used in six of seven animal studies, while only one study utilized microwave diathermy at 915 MHz. Seven animal experiments demonstrated that shortwave or microwave diathermy produces an increased myelinated nerve fiber number, myelin sheath thickness, and axon diameter as well as improved electrophysiological parameters and locomotion. A total of 128 patients (207 wrists) were enrolled in four clinical studies. The clinical use of diathermy in human patients with carpal tunnel syndrome showed positive effects on pain, hand function, and electrophysiological findings. Conclusions Shortwave or microwave diathermy can improve the electrophysiological parameters, myelinated fiber number, and axon diameter of the injured nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Fu
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- 3 Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kumaran B, Watson T. Radiofrequency-based treatment in therapy-related clinical practice – a narrative review. Part I: acute conditions. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x15y.0000000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Soleimani R, Jalali MM, Hasandokht T. Therapeutic impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on tinnitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:1663-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Boyaci A, Tutoglu A, Boyaci N, Aridici R, Koca I. Comparison of the efficacy of ketoprofen phonophoresis, ultrasound, and short-wave diathermy in knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2013; 33:2811-8. [PMID: 23832291 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of three different deep heating modalities: phonophoresis (PH), short-wave diathermy (SWD), and ultrasound (US), in knee osteoarthritis. Patients who consented to participate in the study were randomly divided into the following three groups. Group 1 (n = 33) received PH, Group 2 (n = 33) received US, and Group 3 (n = 35) received SWD. These deep heating therapies were applied by the same therapist. Each therapy began with 20-min hot pack application. Each of the three physical therapy modalities was applied 5 days a week for 2 weeks (a total of 10 sessions). The patients were evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest, 15-m walking time, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) both before and after the treatment. Moreover, at the end of the treatment, both the physician and the patient made an overall evaluation, by rating the treatment efficacy. The results of the study showed that VAS, 15-m walking time, and WOMAC parameters were improved with all three deep heating modalities, and all the three modalities were effective. However, there was no significant difference between the three modalities in terms of efficacy. There was also no significant difference between the three groups in terms of post-treatment general evaluation of the physician and the patient. The present study is the first to suggest that choosing one of PH/US/SWD therapy options would provide effective results and none of them are superior to the others, and we believe that these findings will be a basis for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Boyaci
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harran University Medical School, Yenisehir Kampusu, 63100, Sanliurfa, Turkey,
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An Analytic Analysis of the Diffusive-Heat-Flow Equation for Different Magnetic Field Profiles for a Single Magnetic Nanoparticle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/135708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study analytically analyzes the changes in the temperature profile of a homogenous and isotropic medium having the same thermal parameters as a muscular tissue, due to the heat released by a single magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) to its surroundings when subject to different magnetic field profiles.
Exploring the temperature behavior of a heated MNP can be very useful predicting the temperature increment of it immediate surroundings. Therefore, selecting the most effective magnetic field profile (MFP) in order to reach the necessary temperature for cancer therapy is crucial in hyperthermia treatments.
In order to find the temperature profile caused by the heated MNP immobilized inside a homogenous medium, the 3D diffusive-heat-flow equation (DHFE) was solved for three different types of boundary conditions (BCs). The change in the BC is caused by the different MF profiles (MFP), which are analyzed in this article. The analytic expressions are suitable for describing the transient temperature response of the medium for each case.
The analysis showed that the maximum temperature increment surrounding the MNP can be achieved by radiating periodic magnetic pulses (PMPs) on it, making this MFP more effective than the conventional cosine profile.
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Atamaz FC, Durmaz B, Baydar M, Demircioglu OY, Iyiyapici A, Kuran B, Oncel S, Sendur OF. Comparison of the Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Interferential Currents, and Shortwave Diathermy in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93:748-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Guo L, Kubat NJ, Isenberg RA. Pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) use in human medical applications. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:21-45. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.566775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rattanachaiyanont M, Kuptniratsaikul V. No additional benefit of shortwave diathermy over exercise program for knee osteoarthritis in peri-/post-menopausal women: an equivalence trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:823-8. [PMID: 18178111 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefit of shortwave diathermy (SWD) supplemented to an exercise program for knee osteoarthritis (OA) in peri-/post-menopausal women. METHODS A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled equivalence trial was conducted in a university hospital. Participants including 113 women aged 50-85 years with primary knee OA were instructed to do regular quadriceps exercise, and randomized to control (n=60) and treatment (n=53) groups receiving sham SWD and therapeutic SWD, respectively. The treatment being evaluated was continuous SWD, 20 min/session, 3 sessions/week for 3 weeks. The outcomes including Thai Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA (WOMAC) index, 100-m walking speed, stair ascent-and-descent time, global assessment, patient's satisfaction, and adverse events were assessed at baseline and end of treatment. RESULTS At the end of treatment, both groups had trivial but statistical improvement in all outcomes. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in all outcomes. Per protocol analysis demonstrated the equivalence in Thai WOMAC total score, as the 95% confidence interval of difference (-0.62, 0.92) was within confidence limits of +/-1cm. CONCLUSION The addition of SWD to an exercise program for knee OA in peri-/post-menopausal women is not superior to the exercise program alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rattanachaiyanont
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand.
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Seiger C, Draper DO. Use of pulsed shortwave diathermy and joint mobilization to increase ankle range of motion in the presence of surgical implanted metal: A case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006; 36:669-77. [PMID: 17017272 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2006.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case series. BACKGROUND Traditionally, all forms of diathermy have been contraindicated over metal implants. There is a lack of research-based evidence for harm regarding the use of pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) over orthopedic metal implants. Because PSWD is an effective modality for deep heating, we investigated whether ankle range of motion (ROM) could improve with the cautious use of PSWD and joint mobilizations, despite orthopedic metal implants being in the treatment field. CASE DESCRIPTIONS Four subjects presented with decreased ankle ROM due to extensive fractures from traumatic injuries. All subjects were postsurgical, with several internal fixation devices. Subjects previously received rehabilitation therapy involving joint mobilizations, therapeutic exercises, moist heat, and ice, but continued to lack 15 degrees to 23 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion. The Human Subjects Review Board of Brigham Young University approved the methods of this case series. Subjects gave written informed consent. Initial dorsiflexion active ROM for each patient was -3 degrees, 0 degrees, 8 degrees, and 5 degrees, respectively. Treatment regime consisted of PSWD to the ankle for 20 minutes at 27.12 MHz, 800 pps, 400 microseconds (48 W). Immediately after PSWD, mobilizations were administered to the joints of the ankle and foot. Ice was applied posttreatment. OUTCOMES Dorsiflexion improved 15 degrees, 15 degrees, 10 degrees, and 14 degrees, respectively, after 8 or 13 visits. All patients returned to normal activities with functional ROM in all planes. Follow-up 4 to 6 weeks later indicated that the subjects maintained 78% to 100% of their dorsiflexion. No discomfort, pain, or burning was reported during or after treatment. No negative effects were reported during the short-term follow-up. DISCUSSION When applied with appropriate caution, we propose PSWD (48 W) may be an appropriate adjunct to joint mobilizations to increase ROM in peripheral joints, despite implanted metal. We continue to advise caution when applying diathermy with machines other than the Megapulse II. Further research is needed to determine the safety parameters of other diathermy machines. As a final caution, we advise that diathermy not be used in the presence of a cardiac pacemaker or neurostimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Seiger
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 93201, USA.
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