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Viljoen C, Janse van Rensburg DCC, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E, Silva B, Scheer V, Besomi M, Gajardo-Burgos R, Matos S, Schoeman M, Jansen van Rensburg A, van Dyk N, Scheepers S, Botha T. Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:577-587. [PMID: 35022162 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running. DESIGN Living systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years. DATA SOURCES Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running. RESULTS Nineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7-61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe. CONCLUSION Limited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa .,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Medical Board Member, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Silva
- School of Sports and Leisure, Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health Science and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation (USSF), Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Manuela Besomi
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sérgio Matos
- School of Sports and Leisure, Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal.,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Marlene Schoeman
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Scheepers
- Department of Library Services, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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