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Sun X, Huang Z, Wagner AL, Prosser LA, Xu E, Ren J, Wang B, Yan W, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. The role of severity perceptions and beliefs in natural infections in Shanghai parents' vaccine decision-making: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:813. [PMID: 29954371 PMCID: PMC6025737 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background China has reduced incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases through its Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). Vaccines outside of the EPI are not provided for free by the government, however. This study explored how the stated importance of different disease and vaccine-related attributes interacted with beliefs about the immune system of a child to affect Chinese parents’ decision to obtain a non-EPI vaccine. Methods Mothers and fathers of young children at immunization clinics in Shanghai, China, were interviewed about vaccine decision-making and what attributes of a disease were important when making this decision. An inductive thematic analysis explored their beliefs about disease attributes and how these related to vaccination decisions. Results Among the 34 interviews, severity of the disease—particularly in causing long-term disability—was the most commonly cited factor influencing a parent’s decision to get a vaccine for their child. Many parents believed that natural infection was preferable to vaccination, as long as disease was not severe, and many were concerned that imported vaccines were inadequate for Chinese children’s physical constitutions. All these beliefs could influence the decision to vaccinate. Conclusions Many parents do not appear to understand how and why vaccines can support development of a healthy immune system. Because severity emerged as parents’ overriding concern when making decisions about vaccines, marketing for a childhood vaccine could focus on the severe condition that a vaccine can protect against.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, NO, China
| | - Zhuoying Huang
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, NO, China
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Lisa A Prosser
- Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erzhan Xu
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jia Ren
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1380, West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, NO, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wenlu Yan
- School of Information, University of Michigan, 4322 North Quad, 105 S. State St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian J Zikmund-Fisher
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Huang Z, Sun X, Wagner AL, Ren J, Boulton ML, Prosser LA, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Parent and caregiver perceptions about the safety and effectiveness of foreign and domestic vaccines in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197437. [PMID: 29782508 PMCID: PMC5962069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chinese parents have access to domestic and foreign vaccines for their children. Their vaccine preferences are unclear, especially given recent pharmaceutical quality scandals and widely held beliefs deriving from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This study characterized parental beliefs about the safety and effectiveness of Chinese and foreign vaccines. Methods In May 2014, caregivers of young children at public immunization clinics in Shanghai, China, responded to a survey on vaccine perceptions. The two outcomes (differential belief in the effectiveness and safety of foreign vs domestic vaccines) were separately regressed onto demographic predictors in multinomial logistic regression models. Results Among 618 caregivers, 56% thought the effectiveness of domestic and foreign vaccines were comparable; 33% thought domestic were more effective and 11% foreign. Two-thirds thought foreign and domestic vaccines had similar safety; 11% thought domestic were safer and 21% thought foreign were safer. Compared to college graduates, those with a high school education or less had greater odds of believing domestic vaccines were more effective, and also had greater odds of believing imported vaccines were safer. Greater trust in TCM was not associated with differential beliefs in the effectiveness or safety of domestic vs foreign vaccines. Conclusions Although there is no evidence that foreign and domestic vaccines differ in either effectiveness or safety, less educated caregivers in China (but not those with greater trust in TCM) appear to believe such differences exist. Further exploration of the causes of these beliefs may be necessary in order to optimize vaccine communications in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Huang
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jia Ren
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew L Boulton
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lisa A Prosser
- Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Brian J Zikmund-Fisher
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Identification of counterfeit medicines for erectile dysfunction from an illegal supply chain. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010; 61:69-75. [PMID: 20338870 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of counterfeit medicines in supply chains is a global public health problem that may seriously affect patients. Counterfeit drugs do not meet quality standards and do not declare their real composition and/or source for the purposes of fraud. They may be generic or innovative, they may contain genuine constituents in a fake packaging, or wrong ingredients, or inactive ingredients, or an incorrect quantity of the active substance. In Croatia, no cases of counterfeit medicines have been detected so far, but the Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices has received 34 samples of medicines and other products for testing from Zagreb City Police. The samples included medicines for erectile dysfunction: sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil. Twenty-three samples of tablets without marketing authorisation in Croatia were tested with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the declared sildenafil and tadalafil content. Samples labelled 1 (batch T/33), 3 (batch T/33), 5 (batch 4), 6 (batch M0016J), 10 (batch T-070235), 12 (batch T-070544), 15 (batch 314833201), 16 (batch 832718474), and 17 (batch 504830028) containing sildenafil and samples labelled 20 (batch 070356), 21 (batch 05668), and 22 (batch T 378 5) containing tadalafil did not contain the active substance within the acceptable 95 % to 105 % margin of deviation from the declared content. While most samples cannot be described as fake with a reasonable amount of certainty, there is still a suspicion of counterfeit. A correct conclusion can be drawn only with the assistance of the manufacturers and by conducting additional laboratory tests.
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Chong XM, Hu CQ. Compilation of an ESI-MS Library of β-Lactam Antibiotics for Rapid Identification of Drugs. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yao J, Shi YQ, Li ZR, Jin SH. Development of a RP-HPLC method for screening potentially counterfeit anti-diabetic drugs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:254-9. [PMID: 17409031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical counterfeiting is becoming a serious problem in the world, especially in developing countries including China. Herein an isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for screening counterfeit medicines and adulterated dietary supplement products. The developed method could be employed to separate and determine simultaneously six anti-diabetic drugs (glipizide, gliclazide, glibenclamide, glimepiride, gliquidone, repaglinide) on an isocratic solvent system using an Alltima C18 column (5 microm, 150 mmx4.6 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase of methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 3.0; 0.01 mol/L) (70:30, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at a wavelength of 230 nm. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of medicinal and dietary supplement samples purchased from the local market in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Gaudiano MC, Di Maggio A, Cocchieri E, Antoniella E, Bertocchi P, Alimonti S, Valvo L. Medicines informal market in Congo, Burundi and Angola: counterfeit and sub-standard antimalarials. Malar J 2007; 6:22. [PMID: 17316432 PMCID: PMC1810297 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of counterfeits and sub-standards in African medicines market is a dramatic problem that causes many deaths each year. The increase of the phenomenon of pharmaceutical counterfeiting is due to the rise of the illegal market and to the impossibility to purchase branded high cost medicines. Methods In this paper the results of a quality control on antimalarial tablet samples purchased in the informal market in Congo, Burundi and Angola are reported. The quality control consisted in the assay of active substance by means of validated liquid chromatographic methods, uniformity of mass determination, disintegration and dissolution tests. Moreover, a general evaluation on label and packaging characteristics was performed. Results The results obtained on thirty antimalarial tablet samples containing chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine showed the presence of different kinds of problems: a general problem concerning the packaging (loose tablets, packaging without Producer name, Producer Country and sometimes without expiry date); low content of active substance (in one sample); different, non-declared, active substance (in one sample); sub-standard technological properties and very low dissolution profiles (in about 50% of samples). This last property could affect the bioavailability and bioequivalence in comparison with branded products and could be related to the use of different excipients in formulation or bad storage conditions. Conclusion This paper evidences that the most common quality problem in the analysed samples appears to be the low dissolution profile. Here it is remarked that the presence of the right active substance in the right quantity is not a sufficient condition for a good quality drug. Dissolution test is not less important in a quality control and often evidences in vitro possible differences in therapeutic efficacy among drugs with the same active content. Dissolution profile can be dramatically affected by the choice of excipients in the oral solid formulation and, in many cases, is out of specifications due to the absence of formulation studies by producers of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Gaudiano
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maggio
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Emilia Cocchieri
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Antoniella
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Bertocchi
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Alimonti
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Valvo
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Feng YC, Hu CQ. Construction of universal quantitative models for determination of roxithromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate in tablets from different manufacturers using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:373-84. [PMID: 16406447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Universal quantitative models using NIR reflectance spectroscopy were developed for the analysis of API contents (active pharmaceutical ingredient) in roxithromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate tablets from different manufacturers in China. The two quantitative models were built from 78 batches of roxithromycin samples from 18 different manufacturers with the API content range from 19.5% to 73.9%, and 66 batches erythromycin ethylsuccinate tablets from 36 manufacturers with the API content range from 28.1% to 70.9%. Three different spectrometers were used for model construction in order to have robust and universal models. The root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) and the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of the model for roxithromycin tablets were 1.84% and 1.45%, respectively. The values of RMSECV and RMSEP of the model for erythromycin ethylsuccinate tablets were 2.31% and 2.16%, respectively. Based on the ICH guidelines and characteristics of NIR spectroscopy, the quantitative models were then evaluated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and model transferability. Our study has shown that it is feasible to build a universal quantitative model for quick analysis of pharmaceutical products from different manufacturers. Therefore, the NIR method could be used as an effective method for quick, non-destructive inspection of medicines in the distribution channels or open market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chun Feng
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Hu CQ, Zou WB, Hu WS, Ma XK, Yang MZ, Zhou SL, Sheng JF, Li Y, Cheng SH, Xue J. Establishment of a Fast Chemical Identification System for screening of counterfeit drugs of macrolide antibiotics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 40:68-74. [PMID: 16087307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A Fast Chemical Identification System (FCIS) consisting of two colour reactions based on functional groups in molecules of macrolide antibiotics and two TLC methods was developed for screening of fake macrolide drugs. The active ingredients could be extracted from their oral preparations by absolute alcohol. Sulfuric acid reaction as a common reaction of macrolides was first used to distinguish the macrolides from other types of drugs and then 16-membered macrolides and 14-membered ones were distinguished by potassium permanganate reactions depending on the time of loss of colour in the test solution; after which a TLC method carried out on a GF(254) plate (5 cm x 10 cm) was chosen to further identification of the macrolides. The mobile phase A consisting of ethyl acetate, hexane and ammonia (100:15:15, v/v) was used for the identification of 14-membered macrolides, and the mobile phase B consisting of trichloromethane, methanol and ammonia (100:5:1, v/v) was used for the identification of 16-membered ones. A suspected counterfeit macrolide preparation can be identified within 40 min. The system can be used under different conditions and has the virtues of robustness, simplicity and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qin Hu
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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