Role of resistin, IL-6 and NH2-terminal portion proBNP in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers reflective of cardiac remodelling in diabetes mellitus: A scoping review

AIMS

The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate the current biomarkers used in the assessment of adverse cardiac remodelling in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and in the diagnosis and prognosis of subsequent cardiovascular disease. We aim to discuss the biomarkers' pathophysiological roles as a reflection of the cardiac remodelling mechanisms in the presence of DM.

METHODS

We performed the literature search to include studies from 2003 to 2021 using the following databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane library. Articles that met our inclusion criteria were screened and appraised before being included in this review. The PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews were followed.

RESULTS

Our literature search identified a total of 43 eligible articles, which were included in this scoping review. We identified 15 different biomarkers, each described by at least two studies, that were used to determine signs of cardiac remodelling in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and people with DM. NT-proBNP was identified as the most frequently employed biomarker in this context; however, we also identified emerging biomarkers including hs-CRP, hs-cTnT, and Galectin-3.

CONCLUSION

There is a complex relationship between DM and cardiovascular health, where more research is needed. Current biomarkers reflective of adverse cardiac remodelling in DM are often used to diagnose other CVDs, such as NT-proBNP for heart failure. Hence there is a need for identification of specific biomarkers that can detect early signs of cardiac remodelling in the presence of DM. Further research into these biomarkers and mechanisms can deepen our understanding of their role in DM-associated CVD and lead to better preventative therapies.

Antiresistin Neutralizing Antibody Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Injury in Mice

Background

Resistin is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, and this study is aimed at examining the role of resistin in doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced cardiac injury.

Methods

First, 48 mice were divided into 2 groups and treated with saline or DOX, and the expression of resistin at different time points was examined (N = 24). A total of 40 mice were pretreated with the antiresistin neutralizing antibody (nAb) or isotype IgG for 1 hour and further administered DOX or saline for 5 days. The mice were divided into 4 groups: saline-IgG, saline-nAb, DOX-IgG, and DOX-nAb (N = 10). Cardiac injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and the biomarkers of M1 and M2 macrophages in each group were analyzed.

Result

DOX administration increased the expression of resistin. DOX treatment exacerbated the loss of body and heart weight and cardiac vacuolation in mice. The antiresistin nAb reversed these conditions, downregulated the expression of myocardial injury markers, and decreased apoptosis. In addition, the antiresistin nAb decreased p65 pathway activation, decreased M1 macrophage differentiation and the expression of related inflammatory factors, and increased M2 macrophage differentiation and the expression of related inflammatory factors.

Conclusion

The antiresistin nAb protected against DOX-induced cardiac injury by reducing cardiac inflammation and may be a promising target to relieve DOX-related cardiac injury.

The Effect of Resveratrol on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Rats with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background

Previous studies have reported that resveratrol has various biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on blood glucose and blood lipids in rats with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

The rat diabetes model was prepared by one-time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose was measured by using a blood glucose meter. The ELISA method was used to detect the levels of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6. The content of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C was determined by using an automatic biochemical detector.

Results

Compared with the GDM group, the insulin level in the resveratrol (120 and 240 mg/kg) treatment group was significantly increased. But, the blood glucose level and body weight were significantly reduced. The content of TC, TG, and LDL-C in the resveratrol (240 mg/kg) treatment group was significantly reduced, and the content of HDL-C was significantly increased. In addition, leptin, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in the 240 mg/kg resveratrol treatment group were significantly reduced, and adiponectin was significantly increased. Also, resveratrol (240 mg/kg) was stronger than metformin hydrochloride in improving insulin secretion and regulating blood lipids and adipokine content.

Conclusion

Resveratrol has a dose-dependent effect on GDM rats to increase insulin secretion, reduce blood glucose and body weight, and regulate blood lipids and plasma adipokines.

Resistin levels and inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Obesity-associated coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is higher in women than in men with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Resistin, an adipokine secreted by adispose tissue, may contribute to this higher risk.

AIMS

To explore the relationships among resistin levels and common inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers and CHD risk in obese post-menopausal T2DM women.

METHODS

Serum levels of resistin, hsCRP, IL-6, Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM), homocysteine (tHcy), HOMA-IR and metabolic parameters were determined in a group of 132 T2DM women with and without documented CHD and in 55 non-diabetic women.

RESULTS

Resistin, sVCAM, IL-6 and tHcy levels were comparable in T2DM and controls. CHD women showed higher resistin, sVCAM and tHcy levels than those without CHD, and for resistin this difference remained significant after age-adjustment (P = 0.013); conversely hsCRP were ~ 2X higher in T2DM women than in controls (P = 0.0132) without any difference according to CHD history. At univariate analysis resistin levels were significantly associated with age, waist circumference, hypertension, tHcy, hsPCR, sVCAM, IL-6, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine levels, but only creatinine, triglycerides, hsCRP, IL-6 and sVCAM were independently associated to resistin levels at stepwise regression analysis. Resistin levels were independently associated to CHD, increasing the risk by 1.15 times (0.986-1.344 95% CI), together with age, tHcy, LDL-C and hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating resistin levels were comparable in obese/overweight T2DM and control women. In T2DM women, resistin levels correlated with markers of renal function, systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and were independently associated with a higher CHD risk.