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Trondsen M, Aqrawi LA, Zhou F, Pedersen G, Trieu MC, Zhou P, Cox RJ. Induction of Local Secretory IgA and Multifunctional CD4⁺ T-helper Cells Following Intranasal Immunization with a H5N1 Whole Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in BALB/c Mice. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:305-17. [PMID: 25737202 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza subunit vaccines have been shown to be poorly immunogenic, leading to the re-evaluation of the immunogenic and dose-sparing potential of whole virus vaccines. In this study, we investigated the immune responses after one or two doses of intramuscular or intranasal whole inactivated influenza H5N1 virus vaccine in BALB/c mice. Serum samples and nasal washings were collected weekly post-vaccination and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera were also analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Antibody-secreting cells were measured in lymphocytes from spleen and bone marrow via enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT). Splenocytes were stimulated in vitro, and T-helper profiles were measured through multiplex bead assay in the supernatants, or intracellularly by multiparametric flow cytometry. Both vaccine routes induced high HI titres following the second immunization (intramuscular = 370, intranasal = 230). Moreover, the intramuscular group showed significantly higher levels of serum IgG (P < 0.01), IgG1 (P < 0.01) and IgG2a (P < 0.01) following the second vaccine dose, while the intranasal group exhibited significantly higher levels of serum IgA (P < 0.05) and local IgA (P < 0.01) in the nasal washings. Also, IgA antibody-secreting cells were found in significantly higher numbers in the intranasal group in both the spleen (P < 0.01) and the bone marrow (P < 0.01). Moreover, Th1 (TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokines were expressed by both groups, yet only the intranasal group expressed the Th17 marker IL-17. As the intranasal vaccines induce local IgA and are easily administered, we suggest the intranasally administered whole virus vaccine as a promising candidate for a pandemic H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trondsen
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Han F, Faraco J, Dong XS, Ollila HM, Lin L, Li J, An P, Wang S, Jiang KW, Gao ZC, Zhao L, Yan H, Liu YN, Li QH, Zhang XZ, Hu Y, Wang JY, Lu YH, Lu CJ, Zhou W, Hallmayer J, Huang YS, Strohl KP, Pollmächer T, Mignot E. Genome wide analysis of narcolepsy in China implicates novel immune loci and reveals changes in association prior to versus after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003880. [PMID: 24204295 PMCID: PMC3814311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in narcolepsy, an autoimmune disorder affecting hypocretin (orexin) neurons and recently associated with H1N1 influenza, have demonstrated significant associations with five loci. Using a well-characterized Chinese cohort, we refined known associations in TRA@ and P2RY11-DNMT1 and identified new associations in the TCR beta (TRB@; rs9648789 max P = 3.7×10−9 OR 0.77), ZNF365 (rs10995245 max P = 1.2×10−11 OR 1.23), and IL10RB-IFNAR1 loci (rs2252931 max P = 2.2×10−9 OR 0.75). Variants in the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)- DQ region were associated with age of onset (rs7744020 P = 7.9×10−9 beta −1.9 years) and varied significantly among cases with onset after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic compared to previous years (rs9271117 P = 7.8×10−10 OR 0.57). These reflected an association of DQB1*03:01 with earlier onset and decreased DQB1*06:02 homozygosity following 2009. Our results illustrate how genetic association can change in the presence of new environmental challenges and suggest that the monitoring of genetic architecture over time may help reveal the appearance of novel triggers for autoimmune diseases. Narcolepsy-hypocretin deficiency results from a highly specific autoimmune attack on hypocretin cells. Recent studies have established antigen presentation by specific class II proteins encoded by (HLA DQB1*06:02 and DQA1*01:02) to the cognate T cell receptor as the main disease pathway, with a role for H1N1 influenza in the triggering process. Here, we have used a large and well-characterized cohort of Chinese narcolepsy cases to examine genetic architecture not observed in European samples. We confirmed previously implicated susceptibility genes (T cell receptor alpha, P2RY11), and identify new loci (ZNF365, IL10RB-IFNAR1), most notably, variants at the beta chain of the T cell receptor. We found that one HLA variant, (DQB1*03:01), is associated with dramatically earlier disease onset (nearly 2 years). We also identified differences in HLA haplotype frequencies among cases with onset following the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic as compared to before the outbreak, with fewer HLA DQB1*06:02 homozygotes. This may be the first demonstration of such an effect, and suggests that the study of changes in GWAS signals over time could help identify environmental factors in other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FH); (EM)
| | - Juliette Faraco
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Xiao Song Dong
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanna M. Ollila
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Ling Lin
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pei An
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wei Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Cheng Gao
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Nan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Hua Li
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bin Zhou Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Hui Lu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Yun Nan Province Hospital, Yun Nan, China
| | - Chang Jun Lu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bin Zhou Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | | | - Kingman P. Strohl
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Cleveland Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Thomas Pollmächer
- Center of Mental Health, Ingolstadt, Klinikum Ingolstadt, Krumenauerstrasse, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, California, United States
- * E-mail: (FH); (EM)
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