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Edouard P, Reurink G, Mackey AL, Lieber RL, Pizzari T, Järvinen TAH, Gronwald T, Hollander K. Traumatic muscle injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 37857686 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic muscle injury represents a collection of skeletal muscle pathologies caused by trauma to the muscle tissue and is defined as damage to the muscle tissue that can result in a functional deficit. Traumatic muscle injury can affect people across the lifespan and can result from high stresses and strains to skeletal muscle tissue, often due to muscle activation while the muscle is lengthening, resulting in indirect and non-contact muscle injuries (strains or ruptures), or from external impact, resulting in direct muscle injuries (contusion or laceration). At a microscopic level, muscle fibres can repair focal damage but must be completely regenerated after full myofibre necrosis. The diagnosis of muscle injury is based on patient history and physical examination. Imaging may be indicated to eliminate differential diagnoses. The management of muscle injury has changed within the past 5 years from initial rest, immobilization and (over)protection to early activation and progressive loading using an active approach. One challenge of muscle injury management is that numerous medical treatment options, such as medications and injections, are often used or proposed to try to accelerate muscle recovery despite very limited efficacy evidence. Another challenge is the prevention of muscle injury owing to the multifactorial and complex nature of this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Université Jean Monnet, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France.
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- The Sports Physicians Group, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Hines VA Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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McLeod G, Murphy M, Gianotti S, Orchard JW, Fortington LV. Cricket injury in New Zealand: a study of injury insurance claims from 2008 to 2018. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:109-113. [PMID: 36639306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to quantify injury claims in organised community cricket in New Zealand over a 10-year period, 1 July, 2008 to June 30, 2018. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of administrative insurance claims data from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC), New Zealand. METHODS Injury claims relating to cricket in males and females in New Zealand were identified from coded data and relevant text searches of routinely collected claims data. Summary statistics for key variables (age, body part, injury type, and injury factors) are presented together with annual injury claim incidence rates (ICR) calculated using population-based denominators. RESULTS There were 62,776 claims for cricket injury occurring at a place of recreation/sports. Most claims were in males (91.4%) and those aged 15-19 year old age group. There was an increase in the total number of injury claims over the 10-year period (1.5%, p = 0.04), but the ICR was consistent (males: varying between 258.8-304.8, and females: 22.6-28.3 claims annually per 100,000 population). Soft tissue injury claims were the most common injury type. Lumbosacral claims were most common for bowlers (78%). Lower limb injury claims were the predominant claim from batting (36%) and fielding (42%), with knee injury claims (34%) being the most common lower-limb injury location. CONCLUSIONS Lumbosacral, shoulder and knee injuries were common amongst all playing positions and worthy of preventative attention. Strategies targeting prevention of these injuries may reduce the ICR within the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordie McLeod
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Myles Murphy
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | | | - John W Orchard
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia
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Olivier B, Obiora OL, MacMillan C, Finch C. Injury surveillance in community cricket: A new inning for South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2022; 78:1756. [PMID: 35814045 PMCID: PMC9257739 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Published injury rates amongst elite and club-level youth cricketers highlight the need to implement injury risk-reducing strategies amongst the youth cricketing population. Data from sports injury surveillance systems are a prerequisite for the development and evaluation of strategies to reduce injury risk. Therefore, collecting injury surveillance data is a positive move towards reducing injuries in cricket. In South Africa, a systematic, standardised, evidence-informed injury surveillance system currently does not exist for community levels of play, namely, in cricket-playing high schools and cricket clubs. Although injury surveillance systems exist at elite levels, the obvious differences in elite versus community cricket settings mean that these systems cannot be implemented in their current form at community-level cricket. An innovative model is required to implement an injury surveillance system in community cricket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Olivier
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluchukwu L. Obiora
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Candice MacMillan
- Wits Cricket Research Hub for Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Finch
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Kodikara D, Twomey DM, Plumb MS. A systematic review of head, neck and-facial injuries in cricket. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:496-504. [PMID: 34729732 DOI: 10.1055/a-1684-9033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review was conducted to identify the incidence, nature and mechanisms of head, neck and facial (HNF) injuries in cricket and the reported use of helmets. Five databases were searched up to 30th November 2020. From peer-reviewed cricket injury studies published in English, studies reporting on HNF cricket injuries as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were selected. Twenty-nine studies were included. HNF injuries had a cumulative total of 794/5,886 injuries equating to 13% of all injuries. Non- specified HNF injuries (n=210, 26%) were the most prevalent type of injury followed by non-specified head injuries (n=130, 16%), other non-specified fractures (n=119, 15%) and concussions (n=60, 8%).The impact of the ball was reported as the most common mechanism for sustaining HNF injuries in cricket. The use of helmet was reported in only three studies (10%). From studies reporting on HNF cricket injuries, facial fractures, and concussions were the most common specified-types of injury. There is little evidence on reporting of HNF cricket injuries as per the international cricket consensus injury definitions, as well as the use of helmets at the time of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulan Kodikara
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Dara M Twomey
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Mandy S Plumb
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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McCabe T, Peirce N, Gorczynski P, Heron N. Narrative review of mental illness in cricket with recommendations for mental health support. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000910. [PMID: 33537152 PMCID: PMC7849879 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidemiology reporting within the cricketing medical literature has emerged over the past 2 years, with a focus on physical injuries. Despite mental health in elite sport gaining increasing recognition, few studies have addressed mental health symptoms and disorders within cricket. Recently, cricketers have been prominent in the mainstream media describing their lived experiences of mental illness. As a result, some have withdrawn from competition and suggested there is an unmet need for mental health services within the sport. Objectives (i) To appraise the existing evidence on mental health symptoms and disorders amongst cricketers. (ii) To provide guidance on shaping mental health research and services within cricket. Design A narrative review of the literature from inception of available databases until 26 July 2019, with analysis and recommendations. Results Five studies were included in this narrative review. Studies covered a range of mental health symptoms and disorders, including distress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, suicide, adverse alcohol use, illicit drug use, eating disorders and bipolar disorder. Results indicated that cricketers are at high risk for distress, anxiety, depression and adverse alcohol use. When compared with the general population, cricketers are more likely to experience anxiety and depressive symptoms. Rates of suicide were proposed to be high for test cricketers. Overall, studies to date have been of low quality, demonstrating non-rigorous research methods. Some studies have relied on non-validated questionnaires to collect self-reported data on mental health symptoms and disorders, while others have presented biographical data obtained through searches of the media. Conclusions The results of this narrative review highlight the lack of evidence underpinning mental health services for athletes within cricket. We suggest the following recommendations for future research and practice: (i) normalising mental health symptoms and disorders; (ii) working with and helping vulnerable demographic segments within the target population; (iii) designing and implementing early recognition systems of mental health symptoms and disorders; (iv) addressing the mental health needs of cricketers on a population basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McCabe
- NHS Ayrshire and Arran, Kilmarnock, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Centre For Sports Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK.,National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Gorczynski
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Neil Heron
- Centre of Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.,Department of Primary Care, Keele University, Staffordhsire, UK
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