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Angelousi A, Hayes AR, Chatzellis E, Kaltsas GA, Grossman AB. Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma: a new way forward. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:R85-R103. [PMID: 35521769 PMCID: PMC9175549 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignancy comprising 1-2% of all thyroid cancers in the United States. Approximately 20% of cases are familial, secondary to a germline RET mutation, while the remaining 80% are sporadic and also harbour a somatic RET mutation in more than half of all cases. Up to 15-20% of patients will present with distant metastatic disease, and retrospective series report a 10-year survival of 10-40% from time of first metastasis. Historically, systemic therapies for metastatic MTC have been limited, and cytotoxic chemotherapy has demonstrated poor objective response rates. However, in the last decade, targeted therapies, particularly multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), have demonstrated prolonged progression-free survival in advanced and progressive MTC. Both cabozantinib and vandetanib have been approved as first-line treatment options in many countries; nevertheless, their use is limited by high toxicity rates and dose reductions are often necessary. New generation TKIs, such as selpercatinib or pralsetinib, that exhibit selective activity against RET, have recently been approved as a second-line treatment option, and they exhibit a more favourable side-effect profile. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors may also constitute potential therapeutic options in specific clinical settings. In this review, we aim to present all current therapeutic options available for patients with progressive MTC, as well as new or as yet experimental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- Unit of Endocrinology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Angelousi or A B Grossman: or
| | - Aimee R Hayes
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eleftherios Chatzellis
- Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force and VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory A Kaltsas
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Angelousi or A B Grossman: or
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Duarte DB, Febra J, Miranda HP, Amaral C. Tumeur neuroendocrine pancréatique métastatique sécrétant de la calcitonine : une entité tumorale rare. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2022; 83:149-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Daskalakis K, Chatzelis E, Tsoli M, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Dimitriadis GK, Tsolakis AV, Kaltsas G. Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocrine 2019; 64:384-392. [PMID: 30280284 PMCID: PMC6531606 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the prevalence of endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes (EPNS) in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and estimate its impact on patient outcomes. DESIGN This is a retrospective analysis of 834 patients with NENs (611 gastrointestinal, 166 thoracic, 57 of unknown and various other primary origin). We included 719 consecutive NEN patients treated at EKPA-Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece and 115 patients with lung carcinoid (LC) treated at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. EPNS diagnosis was based on standard criteria. METHODS Twenty-one patients with EPNS were detected: 16 with ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS), one with hypercalcaemia due to parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion, three with hypercalcitonaemia and one patient with dual secretion of calcitonin and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG). All tumours were well-differentiated; 10 patients had Stage IV disease at diagnosis. RESULTS The prevalence of EPNS in the Greek cohort was 1.9%, whereas that of ECS among LC patients in both centres was 6.7%. Median overall survival (OS) for patients with EPNS was 160.7 months (95%CI, 86-235.4) and median event-free survival (EFS) was 25.9 months (95%CI, 0-57.2). Patients presenting with EPNS prior to NEN diagnosis had longer EFS compared to patients with synchronous or metachronous EPNS (log-rank P = 0.013). Patients with ECS of extra-thoracic origin demonstrated shorter OS and EFS compared to patients with ECS of lung or thymic origin (log-rank P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). LC patients with and without ECS were comparable in 5-year and 10-year OS rates (66.7% and 33.3% versus 89.8% and 60.2%, respectively; 95%CI [189.6-300.4 months], log-rank P = 0.94) and in median EFS, 67 versus 183 months, 95%CI [50.5-207.5], log-rank P = 0.12). CONCLUSION EPNS are relatively rare in patients with NENs and mainly concern well-differentiated tumours of the foregut. Among patients with EPNS, LC-related ECS may not adversely affect patient outcomes when diagnosed prior to NEN and effectively been treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosmas Daskalakis
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- 1st Department of Propaupedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Oncology Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios Chatzelis
- 1st Department of Propaupedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Oncology Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 251 Hellenic Air Force and VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Tsoli
- 1st Department of Propaupedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Oncology Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios K Dimitriadis
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) Arden NET CoE and Human Metabolism Research Unit (HMRU), University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Apostolos V Tsolakis
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cancer Center Karolinska, CCK, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, R8:04, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- 1st Department of Propaupedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Oncology Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gallo M, Muscogiuri G, Pizza G, Ruggeri RM, Barrea L, Faggiano A, Colao A. The management of neuroendocrine tumours: A nutritional viewpoint. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1046-1057. [PMID: 29020456 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1390729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional status in patients with neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), especially of gastroenteropancreatic origin, can be deeply affected by excessive production of gastrointestinal hormones, peptides, and amines, which can lead to malabsorption, diarrhoea, steatorrhea, and altered gastrointestinal motility. Besides, the surgical and/or medical management of NETs can lead to alteration of gastrointestinal secretory, motor, and absorptive functions, with both dietary and nutritional consequences. Indeed, disease-related malnutrition is a frequently encountered yet both underrecognized and understudied clinical phenomenon in patients with NETs, with substantial prognostic and socioeconomic consequences. Most of these conditions can be alleviated by a tailored nutritional approach, also with the aim of improving the efficacy of cancer treatments. In this setting, skilled nutritionists can play a fundamental role in the multidisciplinary health care team in NETs management and their presence should be recommended. The aim of this review is to provide dietary advices for each specific condition in patients with NETs, underlining the importance of a nutritional approach to treat malnutrition in this setting. Further, we will provide preliminary evidence coming from our data on the assessment of nutritional status in a single cohort of patients with NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gallo
- a Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin , Italy
| | | | - Genoveffa Pizza
- c Unit of Internal Medicine, Landolfi Hospital , Solofra , Avellino , Italy
| | - Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri
- d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Unit of Endocrinology, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- b Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Centre , Naples , Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- e Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University "Federico II" of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- e Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University "Federico II" of Naples , Naples , Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh D Hoang
- From the 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph Goodman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vinh Q Mai
- From the 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mohamed K M Shakir
- From the 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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Dadu R, Hu MI, Cleeland C, Busaidy NL, Habra M, Waguespack SG, Sherman SI, Ying A, Fox P, Cabanillas ME. Efficacy of the Natural Clay, Calcium Aluminosilicate Anti-Diarrheal, in Reducing Medullary Thyroid Cancer-Related Diarrhea and Its Effects on Quality of Life: A Pilot Study. Thyroid 2015; 25. [PMID: 26200040 PMCID: PMC4589264 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)-related diarrhea can be debilitating, reduces quality of life (QOL), and may be the only indication for initiating systemic therapy. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are not always helpful and may have side effects. Calcium aluminosilicate antidiarrheal (CASAD), a natural calcium montmorrilonite clay, safely adsorbs toxins and inflammatory proteins associated with diarrhea. It was hypothesized that CASAD would reduce the severity of diarrhea and improve QOL in MTC patients. METHODS This was a prospective pilot trial (NCT01739634) of MTC patients not on systemic therapy with self-reported diarrhea of three or more bowel movements (BMs) per day for a week or more. The study design included a one-week run-in period followed by one week of CASAD ± a two-week optional continuation period. The primary endpoint was efficacy of one week of CASAD treatment in decreasing the number of BMs per day by ≥20% when compared with the baseline run-in period. Secondary objectives included tolerability and safety and the impact on QOL using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Thyroid questionnaire (MDASI-THY). RESULTS Ten MTC patients (median age = 52 years, 70% female, 80% white) were enrolled. All had distant metastases, and median calcitonin was 5088 ng/mL (range 1817-42,007 ng/mL). Ninety percent had received prior antidiarrheals, and 40% of these had used two or more drugs, including tincture of opium (30%), loperamide (50%), diphenoxylate/atropine (20%), colestipol (10%), or cholestyramine (10%). Of seven evaluable patients, four (56%) had ≥20% reduction in BMs per day. Six out of seven patients discontinued their prior antidiarrheals. Best response ranged from 7% to 99% reduction in mean BMs/day from baseline. Five out of seven patients considered CASAD a success, and they opted for the two-week continuation period. Improvements in diarrhea and all six interference items assessed by MDASI-THY were noted at weeks 1 and 3. Total interference score was significantly improved at three weeks compared with baseline (p = 0.05). An oral levothyroxine absorption test was performed in one patient; malabsorption of levothyroxine was not observed. Adverse events included flatulence (40%), bloating (10%), heartburn (10%), and constipation (10%). CONCLUSIONS CASAD is a promising strategy for treatment of MTC-related diarrhea. In this small pilot study, improvements in frequency and quality of diarrhea as well as QOL were noted. Further studies in this population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Dadu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mimi I. Hu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles Cleeland
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naifa L. Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mouhammed Habra
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven I. Sherman
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anita Ying
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Fox
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Kyriacou A, McLaughlin J, Syed AA. Thyroid disorders and gastrointestinal and liver dysfunction: A state of the art review. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:563-71. [PMID: 26260744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid disorders commonly impact on the gastrointestinal system and may even present with gastrointestinal symptoms in isolation; for example, metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma typically presents with diarrhoea. Delays in identifying and treating the underlying thyroid dysfunction may lead to unnecessary investigations and treatment, with ongoing morbidity, and can potentially be life-threatening. Similarly, gastrointestinal diseases can impact on thyroid function tests, and an awareness of the concept and management of non-thyroidal illness is necessary to avoid giving unnecessary thyroid therapies that could potentially exacerbate the underlying gastrointestinal disease. Dual thyroid and gastrointestinal pathologies are also common, with presentations occurring concurrently or sequentially, the latter after a variable time lag that can even extend over decades. Such an association aetiologically relates to the autoimmune background of many thyroid disorders (e.g. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease); such autoimmune conditions can sometimes occur in the context of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. Emphasis should also be given to the gastrointestinal side effects of some of the medications used for thyroid disease (e.g. anti-thyroid drugs causing hepatotoxicity) and vice versa (e.g. interferon therapy causing autoimmune thyroid dysfunction). In this review, we discuss disorders of the thyroid-gut axis and identify the evidence base behind the management of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Kyriacou
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and University Teaching Hospital, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - John McLaughlin
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Gastroenterology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and University Teaching Hospital, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Akheel A Syed
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and University Teaching Hospital, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Manchester Medical School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, Elisei R, Evans DB, Gagel RF, Lee N, Machens A, Moley JF, Pacini F, Raue F, Frank-Raue K, Robinson B, Rosenthal MS, Santoro M, Schlumberger M, Shah M, Waguespack SG. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2015; 25:567-610. [PMID: 25810047 PMCID: PMC4490627 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1236] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The American Thyroid Association appointed a Task Force of experts to revise the original Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. METHODS The Task Force identified relevant articles using a systematic PubMed search, supplemented with additional published materials, and then created evidence-based recommendations, which were set in categories using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The original guidelines provided abundant source material and an excellent organizational structure that served as the basis for the current revised document. RESULTS The revised guidelines are focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and hereditary MTC. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force developed 67 evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in the care of patients with MTC. The Task Force considers the recommendations to represent current, rational, and optimal medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Wells
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Douglas B. Evans
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert F. Gagel
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andreas Machens
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jeffrey F. Moley
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Furio Pacini
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Friedhelm Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Frank-Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce Robinson
- University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M. Sara Rosenthal
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics and Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' di Napoli “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Service de Medecine Nucleaire, Université of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Manisha Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Abstract
After surgery, patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) should be assessed regarding the presence of residual disease, the localization of metastases, and the identification of progressive disease. Postoperatively, patients with MTC are staged to separate those at low risk from those at high risk of recurrence. The TNM staging system is based on tumor size, extra-thyroidal invasion, nodal metastasis, and distant spread of cancer. In addition, the number of lymph-node metastases, the number of compartments involved, and the postoperative calcitonin (CTN) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels should be documented. The postoperative normalization of the serum CTN level is associated with a favorable outcome. When patients have basal serum CTN levels less than 150 pg/ml after a thyroidectomy, any persistent or recurrent disease is nearly always confined to lymph nodes in the neck. When the postoperative serum CTN level exceeds 150 pg/ml, patients should be evaluated with imaging procedures, including computed tomography (CT) of the neck and chest, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) of the liver, bone scintigraphy, MRI of the bone, and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. One can estimate the growth rate of MTC metastases by quantifying increases in tumor size over time from sequential imaging studies analyzed with response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), and by determining the tumor marker doubling time from sequential measures of serum CTN or CEA levels over multiple time points. One of the main challenges remains to find effective adjuvant and palliative options for patients with metastatic disease. Patients with persistent or recurrent MTC localized to the neck following thyroidectomy are candidates for neck operations, depending on the tumor extension. Once metastases appear, the clinician must decide which patients require therapy. This requires a balance between the (often) slow rate of tumor progression, which is associated with a good quality of life, and the limited efficacy and potential toxicities of local and systemic therapies. Considering that metastatic MTC is incurable, the management goals are to provide loco-regional disease control, palliate symptoms of hormonal excess, such as diarrhea, palliate symptomatic metastases, like pain or bone fracture, and control metastases that threaten life, such as bronchial obstruction or spinal cord compression. This can be achieved with palliative surgery, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), or systemic therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedhelm Raue
- Endokrinologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Brückenstr. 21, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Karin Frank-Raue
- Endokrinologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Brückenstr. 21, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Maia AL, Siqueira DR, Kulcsar MAV, Tincani AJ, Mazeto GMFS, Maciel LMZ. Diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento do carcinoma medular de tireoide: recomendações do Departamento de Tireoide da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:667-700. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introdução O carcinoma medular de tireoide (CMT) origina-se das células parafoliculares da tireoide e corresponde a 3-4% das neoplasias malignas da glândula. Aproximadamente 25% dos casos de CMT são hereditários e decorrentes de mutações ativadoras no proto-oncogene RET (REarranged during Transfection). O CMT é uma neoplasia de curso indolente, com taxas de sobrevida dependentes do estádio tumoral ao diagnóstico. Este artigo descreve diretrizes baseadas em evidências clínicas para o diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento do CMT. Objetivo O presente consenso, elaborado por especialistas brasileiros e patrocinado pelo Departamento de Tireoide da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, visa abordar o diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento dos pacientes com CMT, de acordo com as evidências mais recentes da literatura. Materiais e métodos: Após estruturação das questões clínicas, foi realizada busca das evidências disponíveis na literatura, inicialmente na base de dados do MedLine-PubMed e posteriormente nas bases Embase e SciELO – Lilacs. A força das evidências, avaliada pelo sistema de classificação de Oxford, foi estabelecida a partir do desenho de estudo utilizado, considerando-se a melhor evidência disponível para cada questão. Resultados Foram definidas 11 questões sobre o diagnóstico, 8 sobre o tratamento cirúrgico e 13 questões abordando o seguimento do CMT, totalizando 32 recomendações. Como um todo, o artigo aborda o diagnóstico clínico e molecular, o tratamento cirúrgico inicial, o manejo pós-operatório e as opções terapêuticas para a doença metastática. Conclusões O diagnóstico de CMT deve ser suspeitado na presença de nódulo tireoidiano e história familiar de CMT e/ou associação com feocromocitoma, hiperparatireoidismo e/ou fenótipo sindrômico característico, como ganglioneuromatose e habitus marfanoides. A punção aspirativa por agulha fina do nódulo, a dosagem de calcitonina sérica e o exame anatomopatológico podem contribuir na confirmação do diagnóstico. A cirurgia é o único tratamento que oferece a possibilidade de cura. As opções de tratamento da doença metastática ainda são limitadas e restritas ao controle da doença. Uma avaliação pós-cirúrgica criteriosa para a identificação de doença residual ou recorrente é fundamental para definir o seguimento e a conduta terapêutica subsequente.
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Durante C, Paciaroni A, Plasmati K, Trulli F, Filetti S. Vandetanib: opening a new treatment practice in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine 2013; 44:334-42. [PMID: 23584948 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is frequently diagnosed in a locally advanced or metastatic stage, and 10-year survival rates in these cases are below 20 %. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has no significant impact on overall or progression-free survival. Vandetanib (Caprelsa(®), AstraZeneca) is a once-daily oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits signalling mediated by growth-factor receptor tyrosine kinase RET (constitutively activated in roughly 60 % of all MTCs), vascular endothelial growth-factor receptors 2 and 3, and epidermal growth-factor receptors. It is the first systemic drug with demonstrated anti-tumor benefits in advanced MTC, and it has recently been approved for locally advanced or metastatic MTC by the United States Food and Drug Administration (April 2011) and the European Medicines Agency (February 2012). This review, starting from the phases II and III efficacy and safety data that led to these approvals, explores important issues related to dosing, patient selection, and strategies for managing the substantial risk of toxicity associated with the drug (including life-threatening cardiac events that are the subject of a black-box warning in the United States). All these issues still remain to be defined. Vandetanib is becoming a standard of care for symptomatic, progressive, metastatic MTCs, to be used selectively in those patients who are likely to benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Durante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, V.le del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Liu H, Singla A, Ao M, Gill RK, Venkatasubramanian J, Rao MC, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Calcitonin receptor-mediated CFTR activation in human intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2697-705. [PMID: 21251218 PMCID: PMC3131411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of calcitonin (CT) observed in medullary thyroid carcinoma and other CT-secreting tumours cause severe diarrhoea. Previous studies have suggested that CT induces active chloride secretion. However, the involvement of CT receptor (CTR) and the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of intestinal electrolyte secreting intestinal epithelial cells have not been investigated. Therefore, current studies were undertaken to investigate the direct effects of CT on ion transport in intestinal epithelial cells. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of CTR in intestinal epithelial T84 cells. Exposure of T84 cells to CT from the basolateral but not from apical side significantly increased short circuit current (ISC) in a dose-dependent manner that was blocked by 1 μM of CTR antagonist, CT8–32. CT-induced ISC was blocked by replacing chloride in the bath solutions with equimolar gluconate and was significantly inhibited by the specific cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor, CFTR127inh. Further, biotinylation studies showed that CT increased CFTR levels on the apical membrane. The presence of either the Ca2+ chelator, bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl (BAPTA-AM) ester or the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, significantly inhibited ISC induced by CT (∼32–58% reduction). Response to CT was retained after permeabilization of the basolateral or the apical membranes of T84 cells with nystatin. In conclusion, the activation of CTR by CT induced chloride secretion across T84 monolayers via CFTR channel and the involvement of PKA- and Ca2+-dependent signalling pathways. These data elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying CT-induced diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Schlumberger M, Bastholt L, Dralle H, Jarzab B, Pacini F, Smit J. 2012 European thyroid association guidelines for metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. Eur Thyroid J 2012; 1:5-14. [PMID: 24782992 PMCID: PMC3821456 DOI: 10.1159/000336977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Distant metastases are the main cause of death in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). These 21 recommendations focus on MTC patients with distant metastases and a detailed follow-up protocol of patients with biochemical or imaging evidence of disease, selection criteria for treatment, and treatment modalities, including local and systemic treatments based on the results of recent trials. Asymptomatic patients with low tumor burden and stable disease may benefit from local treatment modalities and can be followed up at regular intervals of time. Imaging is usually performed every 6-12 months, or at longer intervals of time depending on the doubling times of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Patients with symptoms, large tumor burden and progression on imaging should receive systemic treatment. Indeed, major progress has recently been achieved with novel targeted therapies using kinase inhibitors directed against RET and VEGFR, but further research is needed to improve the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schlumberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Institute Gustave-Roussy and University Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
- *Martin Schlumberger, MD, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, FR–94805 Villejuif Cedex (France), Tel. +33 142 116 095, E-Mail
| | - L. Bastholt
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - H. Dralle
- Department of Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg Medical Faculty, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - B. Jarzab
- MSC Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - F. Pacini
- Department of Endocrinologia, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - J.W.A. Smit
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) are characterized by the presence of hormone syndromes. Reports focusing on calcitonin-secreting PET (CTsPETs) are very rare. This study aimed to define a CTsPET-associated syndrome in regard to chemical, anatomical, and developmental aspects. METHODS A computerized MEDLINE search was conducted under the search items: "pancreatic endocrine tumor," "calcitonin," "neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor," and "pancreas." Results of clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical assessments of all patients identified with CTsPET were registered and statistically analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients with CTsPET were identified. Mean serum calcitonin was elevated to the 89.2-fold of the upper reference value. Main symptoms were watery diarrhea (51.4%) and abdominal pain (35.1%). Most patients (59.5%) presented with metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. Of all patients, 66.7% were alive after a mean follow-up of 28.9 months. Survival was higher in patients who underwent more aggressive surgical therapies independent from tumor sizes and in those with no metastases at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS High calcitonin levels should always raise suspicion of medullary thyroid carcinomas. However, when thyroid examination remains without pathological findings, a CTsPET should be excluded. An aggressive surgical approach even in cases with large primary tumor sizes may lead to a longer survival.
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Abstract
Thyroid disease is common, and its effects on the gastrointestinal system are protean, affecting most hollow organs. Hashimoto disease, the most common cause of hypothyroidism, may be associated with an esophageal motility disorder presenting as dysphagia or heartburn. Dyspepsia, nausea, or vomiting may be due to delayed gastric emptying. Abdominal discomfort, flatulence, and bloating occur in those with bacterial overgrowth and improve with antibiotics. Reduced acid production may be due to autoimmune gastritis or low gastrin levels. Constipation may result from diminished motility, leading to an ileus, megacolon, or rarely pseudoobstruction. Ascites in myxedema is characterized by a high protein concentration. Graves' disease accounts for 60% to 80% of thyrotoxicosis. Hyperthyroidism is accompanied by normal gastric emptying with low acid production, partly due to an autoimmune gastritis with hypergastrinemia. Transit time from mouth to cecum is accelerated, resulting in diarrhea. Steatorrhea is due to hyperphagia and stimulation of the adrenergic system. Diarrhea in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) may be due to elevated calcitonin, prostaglandins, or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Ileal or colonic function may be abnormal. The esophagus may be compressed by benign processes, but more often by malignancies. MRI and CT scans are the best diagnostic modalities. The gastrointestinal manifestations of thyroid disease are generally due to reduced motility in hypothyroidism, increased motility in hyperthyroidism, autoimmune gastritis, or esophageal compression by a thyroid process. Symptoms usually resolve with treatment of the thyroid disease.
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Kloos RT, Eng C, Evans DB, Francis GL, Gagel RF, Gharib H, Moley JF, Pacini F, Ringel MD, Schlumberger M, Wells SA. Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 2009; 19:565-612. [PMID: 19469690 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited and sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an uncommon and challenging malignancy. The American Thyroid association (ATA) chose to create specific MTC Clinical Guidelines that would bring together and update the diverse MTC literature and combine it with evidence-based medicine and the knowledge and experience of a panel of expert clinicians. METHODS Relevant articles were identified using a systematic PubMed search and supplemented with additional published materials. Evidence-based recommendations were created and then categorized using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. RESULTS Clinical topics addressed in this scholarly dialog included: initial diagnosis and therapy of preclinical disease (including RET oncogene testing and the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy), initial diagnosis and therapy of clinically apparent disease (including preoperative testing and imaging, extent of surgery, and handling of devascularized parathyroid glands), initial evaluation and treatment of postoperative patients (including the role of completion thyroidectomy), management of persistent or recurrent MTC (including the role of tumor marker doubling times, and treatment of patients with distant metastases and hormonally active metastases), long-term follow-up and management (including the frequency of follow-up and imaging), and directions for future research. CONCLUSIONS One hundred twenty-two evidence-based recommendations were created to assist in the clinical care of MTC patients and to share what we believe is current, rational, and optimal medical practice.
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Ichimura T, Kondo S, Okushiba S, Morikawa T, Katoh H. A calcitonin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing pancreatic endocrine tumor associated with the WDHA syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 33:99-102. [PMID: 14716055 DOI: 10.1385/ijgc:33:2-3:99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pancreatic endocrine tumor can produce a variety of hormones, few pancreatic tumors produce a high systemic calcitonin concentration. Furthermore, calcitonin-producing pancreatic tumors rarely produce elevations of VIP in addition. METHODS We evaluated and treated a 50-yr-old woman with the WDHA syndrome. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) detected a tumor in the tail of the pancreas. Peripheral plasma calcitonin and VIP concentrations were markedly increased to 2000 pg/mL (normal, <74 pg/mL) and 7200 pg/mL (normal, <100 pg/mL), respectively. We diagnosed a calcitonin- and VIP-producing pancreatic endocrine tumor, which was removed by distal pancreatectomy including splenectomy. RESULTS Plasma calcitonin and VIP were determined in blood from the vein draining the tumor and splenic vein, sampled at operation. These secreted concentrations were extremely high: 4640 and 3610 pg/mL for calcitonin; 24700 and 13500 pg/mL for VIP. Calcitonin and VIP were also highly elevated in the resected tumor. Plasma calcitonin and VIP rapidly decreased after tumor resection. The patient has been well without recurrence for over 20 yr. CONCLUSION An unusual pancreatic tumor secreting vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) caused WDHA syndrome (watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria/hypochlorhydria) and also hypercalcemia. The latter was only partially offset by a large excess of calcitonin also secreted by the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunosuke Ichimura
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Cancer Medicine, Surgical Oncology, Sapporo, Japan.
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Pace A, García-Marin LJ, Tapia JA, Bragado MJ, Jensen RT. Phosphospecific site tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK and proline-rich kinase 2 is differentially regulated by cholecystokinin receptor type A activation in pancreatic acini. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:19008-16. [PMID: 12651850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300832200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinases, p125FAK and proline-rich kinase 2 (PYK2), are involved in numerous processes as adhesion, cytoskeletal changes, and growth. These kinases have 45% homology and share three tyrosine phosphorylation (TyrP) sites. Little information exists on the ability of stimulants to cause TyrP of each kinase site and the cellular mechanism involved. We explored the ability of the neurotransmitter/hormone, CCK, to stimulate TyrP at each site. In rat pancreatic acini, CCK stimulated TyrP at each site in both kinases. TyrP was rapid except for pY397FAK. The magnitude of TyrP differed with the different FAK and PYK2 sites. The CCK dose-response curve for TyrP for sites in each kinase was similar. CCK-JMV, an agonist of the high affinity receptor state and antagonist of the low affinity receptor state, was less efficacious than CCK at each FAK/PYK2 site and inhibited CCK maximal stimulation. Thapsigargin decreased CCK-stimulated TyrP of pY402PYK2 and pY925FAK but not the other sites. GF109203X reduced TyrP of only the PYK2 sites, pY402 and pY580. GF109203X with thapsigargin decreased TyrP of pY402PYK2 and the three FAK sites more than either inhibitor alone. Basal TyrP of pY397FAK was greater than other sites. These results demonstrate that CCK stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of each of the three homologous phosphorylation sites in FAK and PYK2. However, CCK-stimulated TyrP at these sites differs in kinetics, magnitude, and participation of the high/low affinity receptor states and by protein kinase C and [Ca2+]i. These results show that phosphorylation of these different sites is differentially regulated and involves different intracellular mechanisms in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pace
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
The possibility that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) acts as a key sensitising agent in the aetiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is reviewed. The strategic locations of 5-HT and its receptors are described, the most dominant being the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 type. 5-HT, acting mostly at 5-HT3 or 5-HT3-like receptors, enhances the sensitivity of visceral neurones projecting between the gut and the central nervous systems. 5-HT, acting at 5-HT4 receptors promotes the sensitivity of enteric neurones that react to luminal stimuli. 5-HT4 and 5-HT3 receptors also mediate, respectively, sensitising and physiological actions of 5-HT on gastro-intestinal motor and secretory functions. This distribution implies that some 5-HT3 receptor antagonists might reduce certain symptoms of IBS, such as pain, by reducing the reactivity of the visceral afferent neurones linking the gut with the brain and spinal cord. However, such antagonists are not likely to find widespread clinical acceptance because they can also affect normal lower bowel function and promote constipation. 5-HT4 receptor antagonists, by contrast, reduce 5-HT-induced enteric nerve hypersensitivity without notably affecting the function of the normal bowel. Accordingly, these agents may reduce the symptoms of IBS directly, by reducing the incidence of defecation and diarrhoea and indirectly, by reducing both 'rebound' constipation and the post-prandial discomfort and pain associated with gastrointestinal hyper-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sanger
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK
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20
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Abstract
The MEN syndromes continue to be the focus of considerable interest and research. Since successful treatment requires early diagnosis, proper screening and follow-up of patients at risk is important. In the individual at risk for developing MEN IIa, annual screening should include measurement of the basal and stimulated plasma CT levels, and determination of plasma levels of calcium, PTH, and CEA. Twenty-four hour urine excretion rates of norepinephrine, epinephrine, metanephrine, dopamine, and VMA should also be obtained. It is our recommendation that this screening be continued through the third decade of life. Patients having thyroidectomy for MTC need to be tested annually for recurrent MTC and the development of adrenal medullary disease. All patients at risk for developing MEN IIb should be evaluated in a similar fashion. Recently, several groups using DNA linkage analysis have mapped the gene for MEN IIa to chromosome 10, although the exact location of the gene is yet to be determined. Preliminary linkage studies have mapped the gene for MEN I to chromosome 11. The identification of the genes for MEN I and MEN II will greatly simplify the diagnosis of the disease and perhaps also the therapy of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Decker
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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