1
|
Zhao X, Qian W, Hou S, Wu Y, Guo H, Xu J, Zhang D, Li J, Fu R, Xu M, Wang F. Development of a reliable cell-based reporter gene assay to measure the bioactivity of anti-HER2 therapeutic antibodies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116185. [PMID: 38723556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a key player in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer and is currently a primary target for breast cancer immunotherapy. Bioactivity determination is necessary to guarantee the safety and efficacy of therapeutic antibodies targeting HER2. Nevertheless, currently available bioassays for measuring the bioactivity of anti-HER2 mAbs are either not representative or have high variability. Here, we established a reliable reporter gene assay (RGA) based on T47D-SRE-Luc cell line that expresses endogenous HER2 and luciferase controlled by serum response element (SRE) to measure the bioactivity of anti-HER2 antibodies. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) can lead to the heterodimerization of HER2 on the cell membrane and induce the expression of downstream SRE-controlled luciferase, while pertuzumab can dose-dependently reverse the reaction, resulting in a good dose-response curve reflecting the activity of the antibody. After optimizing the relevant assay parameters, the established RGA was fully validated based on ICH-Q2 (R1), which demonstrated that the method had excellent specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and stability. In summary, this robust and innovative bioactivity determination assay can be applied in the development and screening, release control, biosimilar assessment and stability studies of anti-HER2 mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shang Hai 200120, China.
| | - Sheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shang Hai 200120, China
| | - Yimei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shang Hai 200120, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shang Hai 200120, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shang Hai 200120, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shang Hai 200120, China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Fugui Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Design, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jamal Eddin TM, Nasr SM, Gupta I, Zayed H, Al Moustafa AE. Helicobacter pylori and epithelial mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancers: An update of the literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18945. [PMID: 37609398 PMCID: PMC10440535 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, a multifactorial disease, is considered one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In addition to genetic and environmental risk factors, infectious agents, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) contribute to the onset and development of gastric cancer. H. pylori is a type I carcinogen that colonizes the gastric epithelium of approximately 50% of the world's population, thus increasing the risk of gastric cancer development. On the other hand, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process crucial to embryogenic growth, wound healing, organ fibrosis and cancer progression. Several studies associate gastric pathogen infection of the epithelium with EMT initiation, provoking cancer metastasis in the gastric mucosa through various molecular signaling pathways. Additionally, EMT is implicated in the progression and development of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. In this review, we recapitulate recent findings elucidating the association between H. pylori infection in EMT promotion leading to gastric cancer progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tala M. Jamal Eddin
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahd M.O. Nasr
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 2M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Zhang L, Liang Q, Wong CC, Chen H, Gou H, Dong Y, Liu W, Li Z, Ji J, Yu J. DUSP5P1 promotes gastric cancer metastasis and platinum drug resistance. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:66. [PMID: 36307394 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We elucidated the functional significance and molecular mechanisms of DUSP5P1 lncRNA (dual specificity phosphatase 5 pseudogene 1) in gastric carcinogenesis. We demonstrated that gastric cancer (GC) patients with high DUSP5P1 expression had shortened survival in two independent cohorts. DUSP5P1 promoted GC cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, DUSP5P1 activated ARHGAP5 transcription by directly binding to the promoter of ARHGAP5 with a binding motif of TATGTG. RNA-seq revealed that ARHGAP5 activated focal adhesion and MAPK signaling pathways to promote GC metastasis. DUSP5P1 also dysregulated platinum drug resistance pathway. Consistently, DUSP5P1 overexpression in GC cells antagonized cytotoxic effect of Oxaliplatin, and shDUSP5P1 plus Oxaliplatin exerted synergistic effect on inhibiting GC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. DUSP5P1 depletion also suppressed the growth of platinum drug-resistant PDO models. In conclusion, DUSP5P1 promoted GC metastasis by directly modulating ARHGAP5 expression to activate focal adhesion and MAPK pathways, serves as therapeutic target for platinum drug resistant GC, and is an independent prognostic factor in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Lianhai Zhang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Hongyan Gou
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Yujuan Dong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen XJ, Cui QX, Wang GL, Li XL, Zhou XL, Zhao HJ, Zhang MQ, Li MJ, He XJ, Zheng QS, Wang YL, Li D, Hong P. Sanggenon C Suppresses Tumorigenesis of Gastric Cancer by Blocking ERK-Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2351-2362. [PMID: 36256535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sanggenon C is a flavonoid extracted from the root bark of white mulberry, which is a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antitumor pharmacological effects. In this study, sanggenon C was found to inhibit human gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation and colony formation, induce GC cell cycle arrest in the G0-G1 phase, and promote GC cell apoptosis. Moreover, sanggenon C was found to decrease the level of mitochondrial membrane potential in GC cells and inhibit mitochondrial fission. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and a series of functional analyses confirmed that sanggenon C inhibited mitochondrial fission to induce apoptosis by blocking the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling pathway, and constitutive activation of ERK significantly abrogated these effects. Finally, sanggenon C was found to suppress the growth of tumor xenografts in nude mice without obvious side effects to the vital organs of animals. This study reveals that sanggenon C could be a novel therapeutic strategy for GC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Chen
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Xiao Cui
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- College of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Li Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhou
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jie Zhao
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qian Zhang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Jing Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Juan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zheng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Liang Wang
- College of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Hong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peripheral Cytokine Levels as a Prognostic Indicator in Gastric Cancer: A Review of Existing Literature. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121916. [PMID: 34944729 PMCID: PMC8698340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strong connections exist between the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer and chronic inflammation, gastric cancer is unique in that the chronic gastritis which frequently precedes carcinogenesis is strongly associated with H. pylori infection. The interplay between H. pylori virulence factors and host immune cells is complex but culminates in the activation of inflammatory pathways and transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT3, and AP-1, all of which upregulate cytokine production. Due to the key role of cytokines in modulating the immune response against tumour cells as well as possibly stimulating tumour growth and proliferation, different patterns of cytokine secretion may be associated with varying patient outcomes. In relation to gastric cancer, interleukin-6, 8, 10, 17A, TNF, and IFN-γ may have pro-tumour properties, although interleukin-10, TNF, and IFN-γ may have anti-tumour effects. However, due to the lack of studies investigating patient outcomes, only a link between higher interleukin-6 levels and poorer prognosis has been demonstrated. Further investigations which link peripheral cytokine levels to patient prognosis may elucidate important pathological mechanisms in gastric cancer which adversely impact patient survival and allow treatments targeting these processes to be developed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dysregulated Immune Responses by ASK1 Deficiency Alter Epithelial Progenitor Cell Fate and Accelerate Metaplasia Development during H. pylori Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121995. [PMID: 33542169 PMCID: PMC7765114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of H. pylori-induced atrophy and metaplasia has not been fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the novel role of Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and downstream MAPKs as a regulator of host immune responses and epithelial maintenance against H. pylori infection. ASK1 gene deficiency resulted in enhanced inflammation with numerous inflammatory cells including Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruited into the infected stomach. Increase of IL-1β release from apoptotic macrophages and enhancement of TH1-polarized immune responses caused STAT1 and NF-κB activation in epithelial cells in ASK1 knockout mice. Dysregulated immune and epithelial activation in ASK1 knockout mice led to dramatic expansion of gastric progenitor cells and massive metaplasia development. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that ASK1 in inflammatory cells is critical for inducing immune disorder and metaplastic changes in epithelium, while ASK1 in epithelial cells regulates cell proliferation in stem/progenitor zone without changes in inflammation and differentiation. These results suggest that H. pylori-induced immune cells may regulate epithelial homeostasis and cell fate as an inflammatory niche via ASK1 signaling.
Collapse
|
7
|
FGF18-FGFR2 signaling triggers the activation of c-Jun-YAP1 axis to promote carcinogenesis in a subgroup of gastric cancer patients and indicates translational potential. Oncogene 2020; 39:6647-6663. [PMID: 32934314 PMCID: PMC7581496 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2 (FGFR2) has emerged as a key oncogenic factor that regulates gastric cancer (GC) progression, but the underlying mechanism of FGF–FGFR2 signaling pathway remains largely unknown. To identify the potential molecular mechanisms of the oncogenic FGFR2 in gastric carcinogenesis and convey a novel therapeutic strategy, we profiled the FGFR alterations and analyzed their clinical associations in TCGA and Hong Kong GC cohorts. We found that FGFR2 overexpression in GC cell lines and primary tumors predicted poor survival and was associated with advanced stages of GC. Functionally, growth abilities and cell cycle progression of GC were inhibited by inactivation of ERK–MAPK signal transduction after FGFR2 knockdown, while apoptosis was promoted. Meanwhile, the first-line anti-cancer drug sensitivity was enhanced. RNA-seq analysis further revealed that YAP1 signaling serves as a significant downstream modulator and mediates the oncogenic signaling of FGFR2. When stimulating FGFR2 by rhFGF18, we observed intensified F-actin, nuclear accumulation of YAP1, and overexpression of YAP1 targets, but these effects were attenuated by either FGFR2 depletion or AZD4547 administration. Additionally, the FGF18–FGFR2 signaling upregulated YAP1 expression through activating c-Jun, an effector of MAPK signaling. In our cohort, 28.94% of GC cases were characterized as FGFR2, c-Jun, and YAP1 co-positive and demonstrated worse clinical outcomes. Remarkably, we also found that co-targeting FGFR2 and YAP1 by AZD4547 and Verteporfin synergistically enhanced the antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified the oncogenic FGF–FGFR2 regulates YAP1 signaling in GC. The findings also highlight the translational potential of FGFR2–c-Jun–YAP1 axis, which may serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie JW, Huang XB, Chen QY, Ma YB, Zhao YJ, Liu LC, Wang JB, Lin JX, Lu J, Cao LL, Lin M, Tu RH, Zheng CH, Huang CM, Li P. m 6A modification-mediated BATF2 acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer through inhibition of ERK signaling. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:114. [PMID: 32650804 PMCID: PMC7350710 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BATF2, also known as SARI, has been implicated in tumor progression. However, its role, underlying mechanisms, and prognostic significance in human gastric cancer (GC) are elusive. Methods We obtained GC tissues and corresponding normal tissues from 8 patients and identified BATF2 as a downregulated gene via RNA-seq. qRT-PCR and western blotting were applied to examine BATF2 levels in normal and GC tissues. The prognostic value of BATF2 was elucidated using tissue microarray and IHC analyses in two independent GC cohorts. The functional roles and mechanistic insights of BATF2 in GC growth and metastasis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results BATF2 expression was significantly decreased in GC tissues at both the mRNA and protein level. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that BATF2 was an independent prognostic factor and effective predictor in patients with GC. Low BATF2 expression was remarkably associated with peritoneal recurrence after curative gastrectomy. Moreover, elevated BATF2 expression effectively suppressed GC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, BATF2 binds to p53 and enhances its protein stability, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK. Tissue microarray results indicated that the prognostic value of BATF2 was dependent on ERK activity. In addition, the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of BATF2 mRNA by METTL3 repressed its expression in GC. Conclusions Collectively, our findings indicate the pivotal role of BATF2 in GC and highlight the regulatory function of the METTL3/BATF2/p53/ERK axis in modulating GC progression, which provides potential prognostic and therapeutic targets for GC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Xie
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi-Yue Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Bin Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Chao Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Bin Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xian Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mi Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ru-Hong Tu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao-Hui Zheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Chang-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lai Y, Xu P, Wang J, Xu K, Wang L, Meng Y. Tumour suppressive long non-coding RNA AFDN-DT inhibits gastric cancer invasion via transcriptional regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3157-3166. [PMID: 31981317 PMCID: PMC7077530 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has revealed that dysregulation of lncRNA is associated with the initiation and progression of cancer. However, the function of these lncRNAs in cancer remains largely unexplored. Here, we reported that AFDN‐DT, an lncRNA that is repressed in gastric cancers (GC), functions as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting cell growth and metastasis through transcriptional repression of genes involved in metastasis. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated that overexpression of AFDN‐DT inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of GC. We found that AFDN‐DT was located at the nucleus and interacted with the chromatin in gastric cells. Further, ChIRP‐seq experiments and RNA‐seq analysis revealed that AFDN‐DT directly bound to the promoter regions and regulated the expression of genes essential for malignant transformation. Moreover, we demonstrated that DNA hypermethylation could repress AFDN‐DT expression and treatment with DNA methylation inhibitors restored its expression. Collectively, the results of our study demonstrated the tumour suppressive role of AFDN‐DT in GC and elucidated the transcription regulatory role of tumour suppressive lncRNAs, which can serve as potential prognostic markers for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexing Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Meng
- Department of Central laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alarcón-Millán J, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Fernández-Tilapa G. Regulation of GKN1 expression in gastric carcinogenesis: A problem to resolve (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:555-569. [PMID: 31322194 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a protein expressed on the surface mucosa cells of the gastric antrum and fundus, which contributes to maintaining gastric homeostasis, inhibits inflammation and is a tumor suppressor. The expression of GKN1 decreases in mucosa that are either inflamed or infected by Helicobacter pylori, and is absent in gastric cancer. The measurement of circulating GKN1 concentration, the protein itself, or the mRNA in gastric tissue may be of use for the early diagnosis of cancer. The mechanisms that modulate the deregulation or silencing of GKN1 expression have not been completely described. The modification of histones, methylation of the GKN1 promoter, or proteasomal degradation of the protein have been detected in some patients; however, these mechanisms do not completely explain the absence of GKN1 or the reduction in GKN1 levels. Only NKX6.3 transcription factor has been shown to be a positive modulator of GKN1 transcription, although others also have an affinity with sequences in the promoter of this gene. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to directly or indirectly regulate the expression of genes at the post‑transcriptional level, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of GKN1 has not been reported. The present review analyzes the information reported on the determination of GKN1 expression and the regulation of its expression at the transcriptional, post‑transcriptional and post‑translational levels; it proposes an integrated model that incorporates the regulation of GKN1 expression via transcription factors and miRNAs in H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Alarcón-Millán
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Dinorah Nashely Martínez-Carrillo
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, México
| | - Gloria Fernández-Tilapa
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Y, Shen L, Liang X, Li S, Ma L, Zheng L, Li T, Yu H, Chan H, Chen C, Yu J, Jia J. Helicobacter pylori-induced YAP1 nuclear translocation promotes gastric carcinogenesis by enhancing IL-1β expression. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3965-3980. [PMID: 31145543 PMCID: PMC6639191 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and malignant pathologies, and a significant portion of GC incidences develops from Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-induced chronic gastritis. Although the exact mechanisms of GC are complex and poorly understood, gastric carcinogenesis is a good model to investigate how inflammation and infection collaboratively promote tumorigenesis. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is the key effector of the Hippo pathway, which is silenced in most human cancers. Herein, we verified the tumor-promoting effect of YAP1 in vitro, in vivo, and in human specimens. We revealed that YAP1 displays nuclear translocation and works with TEAD to activate transcription of the crucial inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in gastric cells infected with Hp. As IL-1ß accounts for inflammation-associated tumorigenesis, this process can lead to gastric carcinogenesis. Thus, in addition to activating proliferation genes, YAP1 also plays a major role in inflammation amplification by activating inflammatory cytokine genes. Excitingly, our research demonstrates that transfection of mutant plasmid YAP-5SA/S94A or addition of the drug verteporfin, both of which are thought to disrupt the YAP1-TEAD interaction, can arrest the carcinogenesis process. These findings can provide new approaches to GC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wu
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Hillary Chan
- The Faculty of MedicineThe University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of HematologyQilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Jingya Yu
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang P, Guo X, Zong W, Li Y, Liu G, Lv Y, Zhu Y, He S. PGC-1α/SNAI1 axis regulates tumor growth and metastasis by targeting miR-128b in gastric cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17232-17241. [PMID: 30684287 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator that has been characterized as master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. It has been reported that aberrant regulation of PGC-1α is involved in a variety of human cancers. However, whether PGC-1α is involved in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. In the present study, we found that the expression of PGC-1α was upregulated in GC tissues and GC cell lines. Inhibition of PGC-1α inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis of GC cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PGC-1α downregulated the SNAI1 expression, whereas upregulated microRNA (miR)-128b expression. The expression of SNAI1 was upregulated and the expression of miR-128b was downregulated in GC tissues. We further found that there was a positive correlation between PGC-1α and SNAI1 expression, and a negative correlation between PGC-1α and miR-128b expression or between SNAI1 and miR-128b expression in GC tissues. Moreover, PGC-1α inhibition-induced increased miR-128b expression, and PGC-1α overexpression-induced decreased miR-128b expression were both markedly suppressed by SNAI1 overexpression. In addition, SNAI1 overexpression or miR-128b inhibition partly reversed the effects of PGC-1α inhibition in GC cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PGC-1α suppressed the tumor growth in a nude mouse model, which may be related with the dysregulation of SNAI1 and miR-128b. In conclusion, these data indicate that the PGC-1α/SNAI1/miR-128b axis plays a vital role in GC via regulating cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueyan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guisheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifei Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li T, Shao W, Li S, Ma L, Zheng L, Shang W, Jia X, Sun P, Liang X, Jia J. H. pylori infection induced BMAL1 expression and rhythm disorder aggravate gastric inflammation. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:301-314. [PMID: 30502053 PMCID: PMC6354571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhythm abnormalities are crucial for diverse diseases. However, their role in disease progression induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains elusive. METHODS H. pylori infection was used in in vivo and in vitro experiments to examine its effect on rhythmic genes. The GEO database was used to screen H. pylori affecting rhythm genes, and the effect of rhythm genes on inflammatory factors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase assays were used to further find out the regulation between molecules. Animal models were used to confirm the relationship between rhythm genes and H. pylori-induced inflammation. FINDINGS BMAL1 disorders aggravate inflammation induced by H. pylori. Specifically, H. pylori induce BMAL1 expression in vitro and in vivo through transcriptional activation of LIN28A, breaking the circadian rhythm. Mechanistically, LIN28A binds to the promoter region of BMAL1 and directly activates its transcription under H. pylori infection. BMAL1 in turn functions as a transcription factor and enhances the expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, thereby promoting inflammation. Of note, BMAL1 dysfunction in the rhythm disorder animal model aggravates inflammatory response induced by H. pylori infection in vivo. INTERPRETATION These findings in this study imply the pathogenic relationship between BMAL1 and H. pylori. BMAL1 may serve as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to H. pylori infection. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaxia Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institutet collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institutet collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu XC, Zhang WB, Li CX, Gao H, Pei Q, Cao BW, He TH. Up-Regulation of MiR-1915 Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells via Targeting RAGE. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:38-47. [PMID: 30554489 PMCID: PMC6298885 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori (HP)-infected gastric cancer (GC) is known to be a fatal malignant tumor, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its proliferation, invasion, and migration remain far from being completely understood. Our aim in this study was to explore miR-1915 expression and its molecular mechanisms in regulating proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to determine miR-1915 and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) expression in HP-infected GC tissues and gastritis tissues, as well as human gastric mucosal cell line GES-1 and human GC cell lines SGC-7901 and MKN45. CCK8 assay and transwell assay were performed to detect the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. MiR-1915 mimics and miR-1915 inhibitor were transfected into GC cells to determine the target relationship between miR-1915 and RAGE. RESULTS MiR-1915 was under-expressed, while RAGE was over-expressed in HP-infected GC tissues and GC cells. Over-expressed miR-1915 could attenuate cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities. RAGE was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-1915 by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, HP-infected GC cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration were inhibited after treatment with pcDNA-RAGE. CONCLUSION MiR-1915 exerted tumor-suppressive effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells via targeting RAGE, which provided an innovative target candidate for treatment of HP-infected GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Chun Xing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qi Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Wei Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tie Han He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao K, He J, Wang YF, Jin SD, Fan Y, Fang N, Qian J, Xu TP, Guo RH. EZH2-mediated epigenetic suppression of EphB3 inhibits gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis by affecting E-cadherin and vimentin expression. Gene 2018; 686:118-124. [PMID: 30408551 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
EphB3 is a member of the EPH family of receptors and has been found to play a role in the carcinogenesis of some human cancers. However, its expression and clinical significance in gastric cancer (GC) have not been well documented. In the present study, we detected the expression of EphB3 in GC and adjacent noncancerous tissues and explored its relationships with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of GC patients. It was found that EphB3 silenced GC cells epigenetically by direct transcriptional repression of GC cells via polycomb group protein EZH2 mediation. EphB3 was downregulated in GC cells and tissues, and EphB3 depletion promoted GC cell growth and invasion, while ectopic overexpression of EphB3 produced a significant anti-tumor effect. EphB3 was found to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating E-cadherin and vimentin expression. In addition, patients with reduced EphB3 expression had shorter disease-free survival (DFS), indicating that EphB3 may prove to be a biomarker for prognosis of GC. These results demonstrated that EphB3 functioned as a tumor-suppressor and prognostic biomarker in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fen Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yangzhou/The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Dai Jin
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- Cancer Institute, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Fang
- Cancer Institute, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou Cancer Medical Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong-Peng Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ren-Hua Guo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Q, Xiang S, Ma J, Hui P, Wang T, Meng W, Shi M, Wang Y. Long non-coding RNA CASC15 regulates gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition by targeting CDKN1A and ZEB1. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:799-813. [PMID: 29489064 PMCID: PMC5983148 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) is responsible for a diverse range of cellular functions, such as transcriptional and translational regulation and variance in gene expression. The lncRNA CASC15 (cancer susceptibility candidate 15) is a long intergenic non‐coding RNA (lincRNA) locus in chromosome 6p22.3. Previous research shows that lncRNA CASC15 is implicated in the biological behaviors of several cancers such as neuroblastoma and melanoma. Here, we aimed to explore in detail how CASC15 contributes to the growth of gastric cancer (GC). As predicted, the expression of CASC15 was enriched in GC tissues and cell lines as compared with healthy tissues and cells using qRT‐PCR. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to demonstrate that high expression of CASC15 is linked to a poor prognosis for patients suffering from GC. Additionally, functional experiments proved that the down‐ or up‐regulation of CASC15 inhibited or facilitated cell proliferation via the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and also suppressed or accelerated cell migration and invasion by affecting the progression of the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vivo experiments showed that the knockdown of CASC15 lessened the tumor volume and weight and influenced the EMT process. This was confirmed by western blot assays and immunohistochemistry, indicating impaired metastatic ability in nude mice. CASC15 involvement in the tumorigenesis of GC occurs when CASC15 interacts with EZH2 and WDR5 to modulate CDKN1A in nucleus. Additionally, the knockdown of CASC15 triggered the silencing of ZEB1 in cytoplasm, which was shown to be associated with the competitive binding of CASC15 to miR‐33a‐5p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Shihao Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jiali Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Pingping Hui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakano M, Yahiro K, Yamasaki E, Kurazono H, Akada J, Yamaoka Y, Niidome T, Hatakeyama M, Suzuki H, Yamamoto T, Moss J, Isomoto H, Hirayama T. Helicobacter pylori VacA, acting through receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase α, is crucial for CagA phosphorylation in human duodenum carcinoma cell line AZ-521. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1473-1481. [PMID: 27935824 PMCID: PMC5200893 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a major cause of gastroduodenal diseases, produces vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), which seem to be involved in virulence. VacA exhibits pleiotropic actions in gastroduodenal disorders via its specific receptors. Recently, we found that VacA induced the phosphorylation of cellular Src kinase (Src) at Tyr418 in AZ-521 cells. Silencing of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)α, a VacA receptor, reduced VacA-induced Src phosphorylation. Src is responsible for tyrosine phosphorylation of CagA at its Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) variant C (EPIYA-C) motif in Helicobacterpylori-infected gastric epithelial cells, resulting in binding of CagA to SHP-2 phosphatase. Challenging AZ-521 cells with wild-type H. pylori induced phosphorylation of CagA, but this did not occur when challenged with a vacA gene-disrupted mutant strain. CagA phosphorylation was observed in cells infected with a vacA gene-disrupted mutant strain after addition of purified VacA, suggesting that VacA is required for H. pylori-induced CagA phosphorylation. Following siRNA-mediated RPTPα knockdown in AZ-521 cells, infection with wild-type H. pylori and treatment with VacA did not induce CagA phosphorylation. Taken together, these results support our conclusion that VacA mediates CagA phosphorylation through RPTPα in AZ-521 cells. These data indicate the possibility that Src phosphorylation induced by VacA is mediated through RPTPα, resulting in activation of Src, leading to CagA phosphorylation at Tyr972 in AZ-521 cells. Summary: The authors show a newly identified role of VacA in Helicobacter pylori infection through induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of CagA acting through the VacA receptor RPTPα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakano
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan .,Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Eiki Yamasaki
- Division of Food Hygiene, Department of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hisao Kurazono
- Division of Food Hygiene, Department of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Idaigaoka 1-1, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Idaigaoka 1-1, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Suzuki
- Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
| | - Hajime Isomoto
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiya Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kinoshita H, Hayakawa Y, Koike K. Metaplasia in the Stomach-Precursor of Gastric Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102063. [PMID: 28953255 PMCID: PMC5666745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a significant decrease in the incidence of gastric cancer in Western countries over the past century, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most human gastric cancers develop after long-term Helicobacter pylori infection via the Correa pathway: the progression is from gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, to cancer. However, it remains unclear whether metaplasia is a direct precursor of gastric cancer or merely a marker of high cancer risk. Here, we review human studies on the relationship between metaplasia and cancer in the stomach, data from mouse models of metaplasia regarding the mechanism of metaplasia development, and the cellular responses induced by H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu H, Hu Y, Liu X, Song W, Gong P, Zhang K, Chen Z, Zhou M, Shen X, Qian Y, Fan H. LncRNA TRERNA1 Function as an Enhancer of SNAI1 Promotes Gastric Cancer Metastasis by Regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 8:291-299. [PMID: 28918030 PMCID: PMC5537167 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been implicated in cancer, but little is known about the role of lncRNAs as regulators of tumor metastasis. In the present study, we demonstrate that lncRNA TRERNA1 acts like an enhancer of SNAI1 to promote cell invasion and migration and to contribute to metastasis of gastric cancer (GC). TRERNA1 is significantly unregulated in GCs and GC cell lines. Increased TRERNA1 is positively correlated with lymph node metastasis of GCs. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that TRERNA1 functions as a scaffold to recruit EZH2 to epigenetically silence epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker CDH1 by H3K27me3 of its promoter region. TRERNA1 knockdown markedly reduced GC cell migration, invasion, tumorigenicity, and metastasis. Depletion of TRERNA1 reduced cell metastasis of GCs in vivo. Taken together, our findings indicated that TRERNA1 serves as a critical effector in GC progression by regulating CDH1 at the transcription level. It is implied that TRERNA1/CDH1 is a new potential target for GC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huazhang Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiufang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pihai Gong
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital), Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhenxing Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Menghan Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fahimi F, Tohidkia MR, Fouladi M, Aghabeygi R, Samadi N, Omidi Y. Pleiotropic cytotoxicity of VacA toxin in host cells and its impact on immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:59-71. [PMID: 28546954 PMCID: PMC5439391 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2017.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Introduction: In the recent decades, a number of studies have highlighted the importance of Helicobacter pylori in the initiation and development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Some potential virulence factors (e.g., urease, CagA, VacA, BabA) are exploited by this microorganism, facilitating its persistence through evading human defense mechanisms. Among these toxins and enzymes, vacuolating toxin A (VacA) is of a great importance in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. VacA toxin shows different pattern of cytotoxicity through binding to different cell surface receptors in various cells.
Methods: To highlight attempts in treatment for H. pylori infection, here, we discussed the VacA potential as a candidate for development of vaccine and targeted immunotherapy. Furthermore, we reviewed the related literature to provide key insights on association of the genetic variants of VacA with the toxicity of the toxin in cells.
Results: A number of investigations on the receptor(s) binding of VacA toxin confirmed the pleiotropic nature of VacA that uses a unique mechanism for internalization through some membrane components such as lipid rafts and glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-AP). Considering the high potency of VacA toxin in the clinical presentations in infection and assisting persistence and colonization of H. pylori, it is considered as one of the pivotal components in production vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Conclusion: It is possible to generate mAbs with a considerable potential to convert into secretory immunoglobulins that could penetrate into the niche of H. pylori and inhibit its normal functionalities. Further, conjugation of H. pylori targeting Ab fragments with the toxic agents or drug delivery systems (DDSs) offers new generation of H. pylori treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fahimi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fouladi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Aghabeygi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJJ, Ernst M, Putoczki TL. Mouse models for gastric cancer: Matching models to biological questions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1257-72. [PMID: 26809278 PMCID: PMC5324706 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This is in part due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease, which often results in late-stage diagnosis, at which point there are limited treatment options. Even when treated successfully, gastric cancer patients have a high risk of tumor recurrence and acquired drug resistance. It is vital to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric cancer pathogenesis to facilitate the design of new-targeted therapies that may improve patient survival. A number of chemically and genetically engineered mouse models of gastric cancer have provided significant insight into the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease onset and progression. This review outlines the strengths and limitations of current mouse models of gastric cancer and their relevance to the pre-clinical development of new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gastric Metaplasia Induced by Helicobacter pylori Is Associated with Enhanced SOX9 Expression via Interleukin-1 Signaling. Infect Immun 2015; 84:562-72. [PMID: 26644382 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01437-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa after Helicobacter pylori infection, such as atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia, are considered to be precursors of gastric cancer, yet the mechanisms of histological progression are unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the histopathological features of the gastric mucosa in mice infected with H. pylori strain PMSS1 in relation to gastric stem cell marker expression. C57BL/6J mice infected with PMSS1 were examined for histopathological changes, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and expression of stem cell markers. Histopathological gastritis scores, such as atrophy and metaplasia, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were increased after PMSS1 infection. Expression levels of the cell proliferation and stem cell markers CD44 and SOX9 were also significantly increased in PMSS1-infected mice. Importantly, almost all metaplastic cells induced by PMSS1 infection expressed SOX9. When IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) knockout mice were infected with PMSS1, metaplastic changes and expression levels of stem cell markers were significantly decreased compared with those in wild-type (WT) mice. In conclusion, H. pylori infection induced the expression of cytokines and stem cell markers and histopathological metaplasia in the mouse gastric mucosa. SOX9 expression, in particular, was strongly associated with metaplastic changes, and these changes were dependent on IL-1 signaling. The results suggested the importance of SOX9 in gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chang H, Kim N, Park JH, Nam RH, Choi YJ, Park SM, Choi YJ, Yoon H, Shin CM, Lee DH. Helicobacter pylori Might Induce TGF-β1-Mediated EMT by Means of cagE. Helicobacter 2015; 20:438-48. [PMID: 25735663 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which polarized epithelial cells have mesenchymal cell phenotypes, is thought to be a key process of invasion and metastasis of cancer. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) is known to be carcinogenic and Helicobacter pylori is a predominant carcinogen of gastric cancer. Our study aimed to determine whether TGF-β1 or H. pylori infection enhances EMT process and cytotoxin-associated gene E (CagE) is associated with EMT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human gastric cancer cell AGS and MKN45 were treated with recombinant TGF-β1 or H. pylori including cagE-negative (ΔcagE) mutant. Besides the assessment of EMT-related markers expression levels by means of RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay, the induction of in vitro EMT on gastric cancer cells (AGS and MKN cell lines) was confirmed by wound-healing assay and invasion assay. RESULTS When gastric cancer cells were treated with TGF-β1 or various strains of cagE-positive H. pylori, EMT-related marker altered significantly. However, the ΔcagE mutant did not. Wound-healing assay and invasion assay showed enhanced migration ability of the cells treated with cagE-positive H. pylori but not in ΔcagE mutant. CONCLUSIONS EMT induction in gastric cancer cells by TGF-β1 was confirmed. Only infection with cagE-positive H. pylori upregulated the TGF-β1-mediated EMT pathway and consequently promotes EMT. Therefore, H. pylori might induce TGF-β1-mediated EMT associated with the cagE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seon Mee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Glowinski F, Holland C, Thiede B, Jungblut PR, Meyer TF. Analysis of T4SS-induced signaling by H. pylori using quantitative phosphoproteomics. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:356. [PMID: 25101063 PMCID: PMC4102909 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen colonizing the human stomach. Infection with H. pylori causes chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and may lead to peptic ulceration and/or gastric cancer. A major virulence determinant of H. pylori is the type IV secretion system (T4SS), which is used to inject the virulence factor CagA into the host cell, triggering a wide range of cellular signaling events. Here, we used a phosphoproteomic approach to investigate tyrosine signaling in response to host-pathogen interaction, using stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC) of AGS cells to obtain a differential picture between multiple infection conditions. Cells were infected with wild type H. pylori P12, a P12Δ CagA deletion mutant, and a P12Δ PAI deletion mutant to compare signaling changes over time and in the absence of CagA or the T4SS. Tryptic peptides were enriched for tyrosine (Tyr) phosphopeptides and analyzed by nano-LC-Orbitrap MS. In total, 85 different phosphosites were found to be regulated following infection. The majority of phosphosites identified were kinases of the MAPK family. CagA and the T4SS were found to be key regulators of Tyr phosphosites. Our findings indicate that CagA primarily induces activation of ERK1 and integrin-linked factors, whereas the T4SS primarily modulates JNK and p38 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof Glowinski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Thiede
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter R Jungblut
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu S, Yang M, Nam KT. Mouse models of gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14:67-86. [PMID: 25061535 PMCID: PMC4105382 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Animal models have been used to elucidate the details of the molecular mechanisms of various cancers. However, most inbred strains of mice have resistance to gastric carcinogenesis. Helicobacter infection and carcinogen treatment have been used to establish mouse models that exhibit phenotypes similar to those of human gastric cancer. A large number of transgenic and knockout mouse models of gastric cancer have been developed using genetic engineering. A combination of carcinogens and gene manipulation has been applied to facilitate development of advanced gastric cancer; however, it is rare for mouse models of gastric cancer to show aggressive, metastatic phenotypes required for preclinical studies. Here, we review current mouse models of gastric carcinogenesis and provide our perspectives on future developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungsook Yu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijeong Yang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eucker TP, Samuelson DR, Hunzicker-Dunn M, Konkel ME. The focal complex of epithelial cells provides a signalling platform for interleukin-8 induction in response to bacterial pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1441-55. [PMID: 24779413 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can induce an inflammatory response from epithelial tissues due to secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Many bacterial pathogens manipulate components of the focal complex (FC) to induce signalling events in host cells. We examined the interaction of several bacterial pathogens with host cells, including Campylobacter jejuni, to determine if the FC is required for induction of chemokine signalling in response to bacterial pathogens. Our data indicate that secretion of IL-8 is triggered by C. jejuni, Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in response to engagement of β1 integrins. Additionally, we found that the secretion of IL-8 from C. jejuni infected epithelial cells requires FAK, Src and paxillin, which in turn are necessary for Erk 1/2 recruitment and activation. Targeting the FC component paxillin with siRNA prevented IL-8 secretion from cells infected with several bacterial pathogens, including C. jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Our findings indicate that maximal IL-8 secretion from epithelial cells in response to bacterial infection is dependent on the FC. Based on the commonality of the host response to bacterial pathogens, we propose that the FC is a signalling platform for an epithelial cell response to pathogenic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson P Eucker
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bessède E, Staedel C, Acuña Amador LA, Nguyen PH, Chambonnier L, Hatakeyama M, Belleannée G, Mégraud F, Varon C. Helicobacter pylori generates cells with cancer stem cell properties via epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes. Oncogene 2013; 33:4123-31. [PMID: 24096479 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the major risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. The link with gastric adenocarcinoma is partly due to the H. pylori CagA oncoprotein. CagA is responsible for a particular cell phenotype in vitro, the 'hummingbird' phenotype, that corresponds to an elongation of the cells, mimicking an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT participates in the carcinogenesis process, and is involved in the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, its involvement in gastric carcinogenesis has yet not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of H. pylori in EMT and in the emergence of gastric CSCs. For this purpose, gastric epithelial cells were cocultured with a cagA-positive H. pylori strain or its isogenic-deleted mutants or were transfected with CagA expression vectors. Study of the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers showed that H. pylori, via CagA, is responsible for an EMT phenotype associated with an increase in mesenchymal markers as well as CD44 expression, a known gastric CSC marker. Moreover, infection led to an increased ability to migrate, to invade and to form tumorspheres. Cell sorting experiments showed that only the CD44(high) cells induced by H. pylori infection displayed the mesenchymal phenotype and CSC properties in vitro, and had higher tumorigenic properties than CD44(low) cells in xenografted mice. Immunohistochemistry analyses on human and mouse gastric mucosa tissue samples confirmed a high expression of CD44 and mesenchymal markers in H. pylori-infected cases, and in gastric dysplasia and carcinoma. All of these data suggest that H. pylori, via CagA, unveils CSC-like properties by induction of EMT-like changes in gastric epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bessède
- 1] Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Staedel
- 1] 'RNA: Natural and Artificial Regulation' (ARNA) Laboratory, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U869, Bordeaux, France
| | - L A Acuña Amador
- 1] Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - P H Nguyen
- 1] Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Chambonnier
- 1] Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Belleannée
- Pathology Department, Haut Leveque Hospital, University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Mégraud
- 1] Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Varon
- 1] Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France [2] INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Differential roles of ASK1 and TAK1 in Helicobacter pylori-induced cellular responses. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4551-60. [PMID: 24082073 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00914-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway regulates various cellular functions, including those induced by Helicobacter pylori. TAK1 is an upstream MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) required for H. pylori-induced MAPK and NF-κB activation, but it remains unclear whether other MAP3Ks are involved in H. pylori-induced cellular responses. In this study, we focused on the MAP3K ASK1, which plays a critical role in gastric tumorigenesis. In gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori activates ASK1 in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and cag pathogenicity island-dependent manner, and ASK1 regulates sustained JNK activation and apoptosis induced by H. pylori. In contrast, TAK1 regulates H. pylori-mediated early JNK activation and cytokine production. We also found reciprocal regulation between ASK1 and TAK1 in H. pylori-related responses, whereby inhibition of TAK1 or downstream p38 MAPK activates ASK1 through ROS production, and ASK1 suppresses TAK1 and downstream NF-κB activation. We identified ROS/ASK1/JNK as a new signaling pathway induced by H. pylori, which regulates apoptotic cell death. The balance of ASK1-induced apoptosis and TAK1-induced antiapoptotic or inflammatory responses may determine the fate of epithelial cells infected with H. pylori and thus be involved in the pathogenesis of gastritis and gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hayakawa Y, Fox JG, Gonda T, Worthley DL, Muthupalani S, Wang TC. Mouse models of gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:92-130. [PMID: 24216700 PMCID: PMC3730302 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have greatly enriched our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of numerous types of cancers. Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a poor prognosis and high incidence of drug-resistance. However, most inbred strains of mice have proven resistant to gastric carcinogenesis. To establish useful models which mimic human gastric cancer phenotypes, investigators have utilized animals infected with Helicobacter species and treated with carcinogens. In addition, by exploiting genetic engineering, a variety of transgenic and knockout mouse models of gastric cancer have emerged, such as INS-GAS mice and TFF1 knockout mice. Investigators have used the combination of carcinogens and gene alteration to accelerate gastric cancer development, but rarely do mouse models show an aggressive and metastatic gastric cancer phenotype that could be relevant to preclinical studies, which may require more specific targeting of gastric progenitor cells. Here, we review current gastric carcinogenesis mouse models and provide our future perspectives on this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Poursina F, Faghri J, Moghim S, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Nasr-Esfahani B, Fazeli H, Hasanzadeh A, Safaei HG. Assessment of cagE and babA mRNA expression during morphological conversion of Helicobacter pylori from spiral to coccoid. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:406-13. [PMID: 23263256 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is an actively dividing spiral bacterium that changes to coccoid morphology under stressful environments. The infectivity of the coccoids is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the viability and expression of two important virulence genes (babA and cagE), in antibiotic-induced coccoid forms. Three strains of H. pylori, the standard 26695 and two clinical isolates (p1, p2) were converted to coccoid form by amoxicillin. Coccoids were identified according to Gram-staining and microscopic morphology. The viability of the cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of cagE and babA in coccoid forms were evaluated and compared to the spirals by quantitative PCR assay. The coccoid forms were developed after 72 h exposure of H. pylori to ½ MIC of amoxicillin, and the conversion form was completed (100 %) at 144 h in all of three isolates. Flow cytometry analyses showed that the majority of the induced coccoids (90-99.9 %) were viable. Expression of cagE and babA was seen in coccoids; however, in lower rate (cagE, ~3-fold and babA, ~10-fold) than these in spiral forms. Coccoid forms of two clinical isolates significantly expressed higher rate of cagE and babA than standard 26695 strain (P = 0.01). These results suggest that the induced coccoid form of H. pylori is not a passive entity but can actively infect the human by expression of the virulence genes for long time in stomach and probably play a role in chronic and severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Poursina
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hayakawa Y, Hirata Y, Sakitani K, Nakagawa H, Nakata W, Kinoshita H, Takahashi R, Takeda K, Ichijo H, Maeda S, Koike K. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 inhibitor as a potent therapeutic drug for the treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2181-5. [PMID: 23110662 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-targeting agent trastuzumab, molecular targeting therapy for gastric cancer (GC) has not been established. We previously reported that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) was upregulated in human GC and that overexpression of ASK1 promoted GC cell proliferation. Here, we investigated the effect of ASK1 inhibitor K811 on GC cells. K811 efficiently prevented cell proliferation in cell lines with high ASK1 expression and in HER2-overexpressing GC cells. Treatment with K811 reduced sizes of xenograft tumors by downregulating proliferation markers. These results indicate that ASK1 inhibition prevents GC cell growth in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that ASK1 inhibitors can be potent therapeutic drugs for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
CHEN PING, ZHAO DESHOU, SUN YUNWEI, HUANG LIYA, ZHANG SHUXIAN, YUAN YAOZONG. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 is downregulated in gastric cancer tissue and involved in cell metastasis. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2149-55. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
33
|
Pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori alters the expression profile of p53 protein isoforms and p53 response to cellular stresses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2543-50. [PMID: 22927405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205664109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein plays a central role in the prevention of tumorigenesis. Cellular stresses, such as DNA damage and aberrant oncogene activation, trigger induction of p53 that halts cellular proliferation and allows cells to be repaired. If cellular damage is beyond the capability of the repair mechanisms, p53 induces apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, preventing damaged cells from becoming cancerous. However, emerging evidence suggests that the function of p53 needs to be considered as isoform-specific. Here, we report that the expression profile of p53 can be shifted toward inhibitory p53 isoforms by the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which is known for its strong association with gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. We found that interaction of H. pylori with gastric epithelial cells, mediated via the cag pathogenicity island, induces N-terminally truncated Δ133p53 and Δ160p53 isoforms in human cells. Induction of an orthologous p53 isoform, Δ153p53, was also found in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. The p53 isoforms inhibit p53 and p73 activities, induce NF-κB, and increase survival of infected cells. Expression of Δ133p53, in response to H. pylori infection, is regulated by phosphorylation of c-Jun and activation of activator protein-1-dependent transcription. Together, these results provide unique insights into the regulation of p53 protein and may contribute to the understanding of tumorigenesis associated with H. pylori.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastritis and gastric cancer. An H. pylori virulence factor, the cag pathogenicity island (PAI), is related to host cell cytokine induction and gastric inflammation. Since elucidation of the mechanisms of inflammation is important for therapy, the associations between cytokines and inflammatory diseases have been investigated vigorously. Levels of interleukin-32 (IL-32), a recently described inflammatory cytokine, are increased in various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, and in malignancies, including gastric cancer. In this report, we examined IL-32 expression in human gastric disease. We also investigated the function of IL-32 in activation of the inflammatory cytokines in gastritis. IL-32 expression paralleled human gastric tissue pathology, with low IL-32 expression in H. pylori-uninfected gastric mucosa and higher expression levels in gastritis and gastric cancer tissues. H. pylori infection increased IL-32 expression in human gastric epithelial cell lines. H. pylori-induced IL-32 expression was dependent on the bacterial cagPAI genes and on activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). IL-32 expression induced by H. pylori was not detected in the supernatant of AGS cells but was found in the cytosol. Expression of the H. pylori-induced cytokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-8 was decreased in IL-32-knockdown AGS cell lines compared to a control AGS cell line. We also found that NF-κB activation was decreased in H. pylori-infected IL-32-knockdown cells. These results suggest that IL-32 has important functions in the regulation of cytokine expression in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa.
Collapse
|
35
|
Multifactorial etiology of gastric cancer. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012. [PMID: 22359309 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_26.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric cancer is associated with several factors including geographical location, diet, and genetic background of the host. However, it is evident that infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is crucial for the development of the disease. Virulence of the bacteria is also important in modulating the risk of the disease. After infection, H. pylori gains access to the gastric mucosa and triggers the production of cytokines that promote recruitment of inflammatory cells, probably involved in tissue damage. Once the infection is established, a cascade of inflammatory steps associated with changes in the gastric epithelia that may lead to cancer is triggered. H. pylori-induced gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastric cancer have been the focus of extensive research aiming to discover the underlying mechanisms of gastric tissue damage. This research has led to the association of host genetic components with the risk of the disease. Among these is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes, including cytokine genes, which are able to differentially modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and then modulate the risk of gastric cancer. Interestingly, the frequency of some of these SNPs is different among populations and may serve as a predictive factor for gastric cancer risk within that specific population. However, the role played by other genetic modifications should not be minimized. Methylation of gene promoters has been recognized as a major mechanism of gene expression regulation without changing the primary structure of the DNA. Most DNA methylation occurs in cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotide, but it can also be found in other DNA bases. DNA methyltransferases add methyl groups to the CpG dinucleotide, and when this methylation level is too high, the gene expression is turned off. In H. pylori infection as well as in gastric cancer, hypermethylation of promoters of genes involved in cell cycle control, metabolism of essential nutrients, and production of inflammatory mediators, among others, has been described. Interestingly, DNA changes like SNPs or mutations can create CpG sites in sequences where transcription factors normally sit, affecting transcription.In this chapter, we review the literature about the role of SNPs and methylation on H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, with big emphasis to the H. pylori role in the development of the disease due to the strong association between both.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric cancer is associated with several factors including geographical location, diet, and genetic background of the host. However, it is evident that infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is crucial for the development of the disease. Virulence of the bacteria is also important in modulating the risk of the disease. After infection, H. pylori gains access to the gastric mucosa and triggers the production of cytokines that promote recruitment of inflammatory cells, probably involved in tissue damage. Once the infection is established, a cascade of inflammatory steps associated with changes in the gastric epithelia that may lead to cancer is triggered. H. pylori-induced gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastric cancer have been the focus of extensive research aiming to discover the underlying mechanisms of gastric tissue damage. This research has led to the association of host genetic components with the risk of the disease. Among these is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes, including cytokine genes, which are able to differentially modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and then modulate the risk of gastric cancer. Interestingly, the frequency of some of these SNPs is different among populations and may serve as a predictive factor for gastric cancer risk within that specific population. However, the role played by other genetic modifications should not be minimized. Methylation of gene promoters has been recognized as a major mechanism of gene expression regulation without changing the primary structure of the DNA. Most DNA methylation occurs in cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotide, but it can also be found in other DNA bases. DNA methyltransferases add methyl groups to the CpG dinucleotide, and when this methylation level is too high, the gene expression is turned off. In H. pylori infection as well as in gastric cancer, hypermethylation of promoters of genes involved in cell cycle control, metabolism of essential nutrients, and production of inflammatory mediators, among others, has been described. Interestingly, DNA changes like SNPs or mutations can create CpG sites in sequences where transcription factors normally sit, affecting transcription.In this chapter, we review the literature about the role of SNPs and methylation on H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, with big emphasis to the H. pylori role in the development of the disease due to the strong association between both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Pediatrics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roles of the ERK, JNK/AP-1/cyclin D1–CDK4 pathway in silica-induced cell cycle changes in human embryo lung fibroblast cells. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:697-704. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
38
|
Cho SO, Lim JW, Kim KH, Kim H. Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:501-7. [PMID: 21181544 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether NADPH oxidase induces MCP-1 expression and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. MATERIAL H. pylori in Korean isolates, human gastric epithelial AGS cells TREATMENT AGS cells pretreated with or without an NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) are cultured in the presence of H. pylori at a bacterium/cell ratio of 300:1. METHODS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MCP-1 were determined by confocal microscopy and enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay. NADPH oxidase activity was measured by lucigenin assay. mRNA expression of MCP-1 was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of MAPKs were assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS H. pylori induced increase in ROS, NADPH oxidase activity, MCP-1 expression, and the activation of MAPKs including extracellular signal-regulated kinases, p38, and jun N-terminal kinases in AGS cells, which was inhibited by DPI. CONCLUSION Inhibiting NADPH oxidase by DPI suppresses H. pylori-induced activation of MAPKs and MCP-1 expression in AGS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
El-Zaatari M, Zavros Y, Tessier A, Waghray M, Lentz S, Gumucio D, Todisco A, Merchant JL. Intracellular calcium release and protein kinase C activation stimulate sonic hedgehog gene expression during gastric acid secretion. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2061-2071.e2. [PMID: 20816837 PMCID: PMC2997213 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypochlorhydria during Helicobacter pylori infection inhibits gastric Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) expression. We investigated whether acid-secretory mechanisms regulate Shh gene expression through intracellular calcium (Ca2(+)(i))-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activation. METHODS We blocked Hedgehog signaling by transgenically overexpressing a secreted form of the Hedgehog interacting protein-1, a natural inhibitor of hedgehog ligands, which induced hypochlorhydria. Gadolinium, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) + 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), PKC-overexpressing adenoviruses, and PKC inhibitors were used to modulate Ca(2+)(i)-release, PKC activity, and Shh gene expression in primary gastric cell, organ, and AGS cell line cultures. PKA hyperactivity was induced in the H(+)/K(+)-β-cholera-toxin-overexpressing mice. RESULTS Mice that expressed secreted hedgehog-interacting protein-1 had lower levels of gastric acid (hypochlorhydria), reduced production of somatostatin, and increased gastrin gene expression. Hypochlorhydria in these mice repressed Shh gene expression, similar to the levels obtained with omeprazole treatment of wild-type mice. However, Shh expression also was repressed in the hyperchlorhydric H(+)/K(+)-β-cholera-toxin model with increased cAMP, suggesting that the regulation of Shh was not solely acid-dependent, but pertained to specific acid-stimulatory signaling pathways. Based on previous reports that Ca(2+)(i) release also stimulates acid secretion in parietal cells, we showed that gadolinium-, thapsigargin-, and carbachol-mediated release of Ca(2+)(i) induced Shh expression. Ca(2+)-chelation with BAPTA + EGTA reduced Shh expression. Overexpression of PKC-α, -β, and -δ (but not PKC-ϵ) induced an Shh gene expression. In addition, phorbol esters induced a Shh-regulated reporter gene. CONCLUSIONS Secretagogues that stimulate gastric acid secretion induce Shh gene expression through increased Ca(2+)(i)-release and PKC activation. Shh might be the ligand transducing changes in gastric acidity to the regulation of G-cell secretion of gastrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Art Tessier
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Meghna Waghray
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Steve Lentz
- Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah Gumucio
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence: Juanita L. Merchant, M.D., Ph.D., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB, Rm. 2051, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, Phone: (734) 647-2944, Fax: (734) 736-4686,
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Allison CC, Kufer TA, Kremmer E, Kaparakis M, Ferrero RL. Helicobacter pylori induces MAPK phosphorylation and AP-1 activation via a NOD1-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:8099-109. [PMID: 20007577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori rapidly activates MAPKs and transcription factors, NF-kappaB and AP-1, in gastric epithelial cells following host attachment. Activation of these signal transducers is largely dependent on the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded Type IV Secretion System. H. pylori was shown to translocate peptidoglycan through the Type IV Secretion System, which is recognized by the pathogen recognition molecule, NOD1, thus resulting in NF-kappaB activation. The mechanisms of H. pylori-induced MAPK and AP-1 activation, however, are less well defined and therefore, we assessed the contribution of NOD1 to their activation. For this, we used gastric epithelial cell lines, stably expressing siRNA to either NOD1 or a control gene. In siNOD1-expressing cells stimulated with cagPAI(+) H. pylori, we observed significant reductions in p38 and ERK phosphorylation (p < 0.05), whereas the levels of Jnk phosphorylation remained unchanged. Consistent with a previous report, however, we were able to demonstrate NOD1-dependent Jnk phosphorylation by the invasive pathogen Shigella flexneri, highlighting pathogen-specific host responses to infection. We also show that NOD1 was essential for H. pylori induction of not only NF-kappaB, but also AP-1 activation, implying that NOD1 induces robust proinflammatory responses, in an attempt to rapidly control infection. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 and ERK activity significantly reduced IL-8 production in response to H. pylori, further emphasizing the importance of MAPKs in innate immune responses to the pathogen. Thus, for the first time we have shown the important role for NOD1 in MAPK and AP-1 activation in response to cagPAI(+) H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody C Allison
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lamb A, Yang XD, Tsang YHN, Li JD, Higashi H, Hatakeyama M, Peek RM, Blanke SR, Chen LF. Helicobacter pylori CagA activates NF-kappaB by targeting TAK1 for TRAF6-mediated Lys 63 ubiquitination. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:1242-9. [PMID: 19820695 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori-initiated chronic gastritis is characterized by the cag pathogenicity island-dependent upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which is largely mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. However, the cag pathogenicity island-encoded proteins and cellular signalling molecules that are involved in H. pylori-induced NF-kappaB activation and inflammatory response remain unclear. Here, we show that H. pylori virulence factor CagA and host protein transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) are essential for H. pylori-induced activation of NF-kappaB. CagA physically associates with TAK1 and enhances its activity and TAK1-induced NF-kappaB activation through the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6-mediated, Lys 63-linked ubiquitination of TAK1. These findings show that polyubiquitination of TAK1 regulates the activation of NF-kappaB, which in turn is used by H. pylori CagA for the H. pylori-induced inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Acacia Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kenny S, Duval C, Sammut SJ, Steele I, Pritchard DM, Atherton JC, Argent RH, Dimaline R, Dockray GJ, Varro A. Increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator system by Helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G431-41. [PMID: 18599586 PMCID: PMC2536790 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90283.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is linked to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, but the relevant pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. We now report that H. pylori stimulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and its receptor (uPAR) in gastric epithelial cells and the consequences for epithelial cell proliferation. Real-time PCR of biopsies from gastric corpus, but not antrum, showed significantly increased PAI-1, uPA, and uPAR in H. pylori-positive patients. Transfection of primary human gastric epithelial cells with uPA, PAI-1, or uPAR promoters in luciferase reporter constructs revealed expression of all three in H+/K+ATPase- and vesicular monoamine transporter 2-expressing cells; uPA was also expressed in pepsinogen- and uPAR-containing trefoil peptide-1-expressing cells. In each case expression was increased in response to H. pylori and for uPA, but not PAI-1 or uPAR, required the virulence factor CagE. H. pylori also stimulated soluble and cell surface-bound uPA activity, and both were further increased by PAI-1 knockdown, consistent with PAI-1 inhibition of endogenous uPA. H. pylori stimulated epithelial cell proliferation, which was inhibited by uPA immunoneutralization and uPAR knockdown; exogenous uPA also stimulated proliferation that was further increased after PAI-1 knockdown. The proliferative effects of uPA were inhibited by immunoneutralization of the EGF receptor and of heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) by the mutant diphtheria toxin CRM197 and an EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. H. pylori induction of uPA therefore leads to epithelial proliferation through activation of HB-EGF and is normally inhibited by concomitant induction of PAI-1; treatments directed at inhibition of uPA may slow the progression to gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kenny
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric Duval
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sammut
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Islay Steele
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Atherton
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Argent
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rod Dimaline
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Dockray
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ding SZ, Smith MF, Goldberg JB. Helicobacter pylori and mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate the cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:e67-78. [PMID: 18702686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and modulates cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the relationship between H. pylori infection and MAPK signaling in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis is not clear, nor has the role of MAPK on the gastric epithelial cell cycle and proliferation been established. Therefore, we investigated the effects of H. pylori infection and MAPK inhibition on these processes. METHODS Gastric epithelial cell lines (AGS and MKN45) were infected with H. pylori and/or treated with MAPK inhibitors. Cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Cell cycle proteins and proliferation were monitored by western blot and cell count, respectively. RESULTS Infection with H. pylori resulted in dose-dependent MAPK activation, cell cycle arrest, reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. The effect of H. pylori and MAPK at various cell cycle checkpoints was noted: MEK1/2 and p38 inhibition increased H. pylori-induced cell cycle G(1) arrest, while JNK inhibition reduced G(1) arrest. MEK1/2 inhibition increased p21, p27 and cyclin E and JNK inhibition additionally increased cyclin D1 expression. Both inhibitors decreased cell proliferation. All inhibitors enhanced apoptosis after H. pylori infection. We also detected MAPK cross-talk in AGS cells: p38 and JNK inhibitors increased ERK activation. The p38 inhibitor increased JNK and the MEK1/2 inhibitor decreased JNK activation only during H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest H. pylori and MAPK differentially regulate the cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. The imbalance between H. pylori infection and MAPK activation likely contributes to the H. pylori-induced pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ze Ding
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0734, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yano K, Imaeda T, Niimi T. Transcriptional activation of the human claudin-18 gene promoter through two AP-1 motifs in PMA-stimulated MKN45 gastric cancer cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G336-43. [PMID: 18032479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00328.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-18 (CLDN18), a member of the claudin family of proteins that are structural components of tight junctions, has two alternatively spliced variants, claudin-18a1 and claudin-18a2, which are highly expressed in lung and stomach, respectively. Downregulation of claudin-18a2 is associated with gastric cancers of an intestinal phenotype; however, the mechanisms regulating its expression have not been defined. Here, we found that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of MKN45 human gastric cancer cell line increased claudin-18a2 expression. In addition, this study aimed to characterize the human CLDN18a2 promoter. Using reporter gene assays and deletion analysis, we mapped the critical promoter region of the PMA-stimulated claudin-18a2 expression to the -923/-286 region. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and mutational analyses revealed that two activator protein (AP)-1 binding sites played an important role in the expression of claudin-18a2 in PMA-stimulated MKN45 cells. Protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors suppressed the upregulation of claudin-18a2. These results indicate that the PKC/MAPK/AP-1 dependent pathway regulates claudin-18a2 expression in gastric cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yano
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Activation of IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB is essential for Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Infect Immun 2007; 76:781-7. [PMID: 18070894 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01046-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mongolian gerbil model of Helicobacter pylori infection resembles human gastritis. In this study, we investigated the role of NF-kappaB activation in H. pylori-infected gerbils. Activated macrophages were significantly increased in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa and were identified as being important cells with potent activation of NF-kappaB, which plays an important part in producing proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophage depletion by the administration of clodronate resulted in milder inflammation in gerbils infected with H. pylori. In macrophages, the inhibition of IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), which is a critical kinase for NF-kappaB activation, resulted in lower proinflammatory cytokine expression caused by heat-killed H. pylori cells. Furthermore, treatment with IKKbeta inhibitor resulted in milder inflammation in gerbils with H. pylori gastritis. Collectively, our data suggest that H. pylori-mediated gastric inflammation critically depends on the efficient recruitment and activation of macrophages, with sufficient NF-kappaB activation.
Collapse
|
46
|
Yanai A, Maeda S, Hikiba Y, Shibata W, Ohmae T, Hirata Y, Ogura K, Yoshida H, Omata M. Clinical relevance of Helicobacter pylori sabA genotype in Japanese clinical isolates. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:2228-32. [PMID: 18031386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection is strongly affected by the bacterial genotype. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the status of H. pylori sialic acid-binding adhesin (sabA) and the severity of gastric inflammation and diseases. METHODS Clinical isolates from 108 patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, or chronic gastritis were analyzed by sequencing and PCR assay. The degree of neutrophil infiltration in the antral region was evaluated by histopathological examination. The extent of atrophic change was evaluated using serum pepsinogen levels and the pepsinogen I/II ratio. RESULTS Functional sabA was present in 88 (81%) of the 108 patients. Although there was no correlation between the sabA status and gastric diseases, severe neutrophil infiltration and atrophy were associated with functional sabA. CONCLUSIONS The results show a high prevalence of functional sabA in Japanese clinical isolates. The status of sabA may be an important virulence factor in inducing chronic gastric inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yanai
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ashktorab H, Daremipouran M, Wilson M, Siddiqi S, Lee EL, Rakhshani N, Malekzadeh R, Johnson AC, Hewitt SM, Smoot DT. Transactivation of the EGFR by AP-1 is induced by Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:2135-46. [PMID: 17617207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is strongly associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms by which H. pylori causes cancer are currently unknown. Binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to its receptor (EGFR) may be important in the development of gastric cancer. This interaction accelerates cell proliferation and migration, and triggers epithelial cell signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of H. pylori on EGFR- and AP-1-mediated signal transduction pathways in the AGS gastric epithelial cell line and gastric tissue from humans. METHODS Cells were treated with H. pylori and cell death was examined at a variety of time points using cell viability and trypan blue exclusion dye assay. To investigate the effects on EGFR regulation, AGS cells were transfected with a full-length and truncated EGFR luciferase (luc) reporter. Tissue microarray containing 44 samples of gastric biopsies from H. pylori-positive patients was analyzed for protein expression level of EGFR by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS EGFR promoter activity was increased (twofold) 3 h after treatment with H. pylori commenced. Using a series of EGFR promoter deletion mutants, we identified a region that was crucial for transactivation of the EGFR by H. pylori. To determine whether AP-1 binding was altered, we transfected AGS cells with an AP-1 luciferase construct and then treated them with H. pylori for up to 6 h. We found that AP-1 activity was induced by H. pylori in gastric cells, while electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that binding of AP-1 to the EGFR promoter site was increased following H. pylori treatment. Binding of c-Jun and c-Fos to the EGFR promoter region -1,062/-900 was induced eight- and six fold, respectively, using ChIP assay. Active EGFR staining was markedly increased in gastric mucosa from infected persons, compared to uninfected controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that exposure of gastric cells to H. pylori induces increased production of EGFR through various signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by the EGFR and AP-1. Distinct effects on EGFR activation may specify the subset of AP-1 target genes that are selected, including those involved in proliferation and apoptosis. This is consistent with EGFR activation that was found in the gastric mucosa of humans infected with H. pylori. Hence, the balance between apoptosis and proliferation in these cells may be altered in response to injury caused by H. pylori infection, leading to an increased risk of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fujita T, Doihara H, Washio K, Ino H, Murakami M, Naito M, Shimizu N. Antitumor effects and drug interactions of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341) in gastric cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:677-86. [PMID: 17762396 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32808bf9d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341) inhibits the function of the 26S proteasome and has been extensively investigated in the clinical setting of hematologic malignancies. Remarkable efficacy has been reported in the treatment of multiple myeloma, but there have been few studies of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancy, especially gastric cancer. Here, we demonstrate its efficacy, both alone and in combination with other cytotoxic agents, in gastric cancer cell lines. The human gastric cancer cell lines AZ521, MKN45 and NUGC3 were used as experimental models. Bortezomib produced significant growth inhibition in these cells (mean IC50 values: 1.26, 9.44 and 8.63 micromol/l, respectively) and was also observed to decrease the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt signal pathways, increasing the accumulation of p21. Cell-cycle analysis revealed that a low concentration of bortezomib (10-100 nmol/l) increased accumulation in the G1 phase. Moreover, bortezomib showed synergistic growth inhibition in combination with the conventional cytotoxic agents 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, doxorubicin and SN-38, and also downregulates the activity of nuclear factor -kappaB, which is induced by these agents. Our results demonstrate that bortezomib could be an effective antitumor agent in the treatment of gastric cancer, both as single-agent therapy and in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Fujita
- Department of Cancer and Thoracic Surgery, Okayama University School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee JS, Kim HS, Hahm KB, Sohn MW, Yoo M, Johnson JA, Surh YJ. Inhibitory effects of 7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxyflavone (DA-6034) on Helicobacter pylori-induced NF-kappa B activation and iNOS expression in AGS cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:527-35. [PMID: 17404066 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori were identified by Marshall and Warren in 1984. H. pylori survive in the forbidding harsh acid environment of the stomach and duodenum by hiding in the mucus layer and neutralizing gastric acid in its local surrounding environment. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that H. pylori infection is one of the primary causes of gastritis and peptic ulcer, which are provoked by oxidative stress and inflammation. More than 50% of the world's population is infected by this bacterium. The H. pylori-induced inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. DA-6034 (7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxy flavone) is a synthetic flavonoid known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. It has been reported that oral administration of DA-6034 suppresses the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in animal models. In this article, we attempted to examine the effect of DA-6034 on H. pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric cancer (AGS) cells by targeting NF-kappaB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a representative MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sang Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pillinger MH, Marjanovic N, Kim SY, Lee YC, Scher JU, Roper J, Abeles AM, Izmirly PI, Axelrod M, Pillinger MY, Tolani S, Dinsell V, Abramson SB, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori stimulates gastric epithelial cell MMP-1 secretion via CagA-dependent and -independent ERK activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18722-31. [PMID: 17475625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703022200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric injury are incompletely understood, we examined the hypothesis that H. pylori induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion, with potential to disrupt gastric stroma. We further tested the role of CagA, an H. pylori virulence factor, in MMP-1 secretion. Co-incubation of AGS cells with Tx30a, an H. pylori strain lacking the cagA virulence gene, stimulated MMP-1 secretion, confirming cagA-independent secretion. Co-incubation with strain 147C (cagA(+)) resulted in CagA translocation into AGS cells and increased MMP-1 secretion relative to Tx30a. Transfection of cells with the recombinant 147C cagA gene also induced MMP-1 secretion, indicating that CagA can independently stimulate MMP-1 secretion. Co-incubation with strain 147A, containing a cagA gene that lacks an EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motif, as well as transfection with 147A cagA, yielded an MMP-1 secretion intermediate between no treatment and 147C, indicating that CagA tyrosine phosphorylation regulates cellular signaling in this model system. H. pylori induced activation of the MAP kinase ERK, with CagA-independent (early) and dependent (later) components. MEK inhibitors UO126 and PD98059 inhibited both CagA-independent and -dependent MMP-1 secretion, whereas p38 inhibition enhanced MMP-1 secretion and ERK activation, suggesting p38 negative regulation of MMP-1 and ERK. These data indicate H. pylori effects on host epithelial MMP-1 expression via ERK, with p38 playing a potential regulatory role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Pillinger
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|