APC mosaicism, not always isolated: two first-degree relatives with apparently distinct APC mosaicism

Differential rates of germline heterozygote and mosaic variants in NF2 may show varying propensity for meiotic or mitotic mutation

NF2-related schwannomatosis is an autosomal dominant tumour predisposition condition that causes multiple benign tumours of the nervous system, especially schwannomas. This results from germline pathogenic variants in the NF2 gene, which are most commonly de novo NF2 nonsense variants. Over half of these de novo variants occur at just six CpG dinucleotides. In this study, we show that the six NF2 CpG nonsense variants make up 54% (136/252) of de novo nonsense variants, despite constituting <10% of nonsense positions in the germline (total=62), and that this pattern is different from the APC gene, which is also known to have a high rate of mosaicism. In addition, the NF2 c.586C>T; p.(Arg196Ter) has a higher de novo heterozygote to mosaicism ratio than the five other CpG variants (73.1% vs 53.7%, p=0.03) and the neighbouring CpG variant (NF2 c.592C>T; p.(Arg198Ter) 38.5%, p=0.02). This may be due to differences in rates of mutation at meiosis versus mitosis.