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Papadopoulos CH, Kadoglou NPE, Theodosis-Georgilas A, Papadopoulos KG, Rallidis L, Loizos S, Karabinos I, Kassinos N, Sahpekidis V, Chrysoheris M, Ninios V, Frogoudaki A, Makavos G, Drakopoulou M, Yiangou K, Karagiannis S, Zois N, Patrianakos A, Ikonomidis I, Tsiapras D, Kouris N, Aggeli K, Pappas K, Prappa E, Stefanidis A. Practical guidance and clinical applications of transoesophageal echocardiography. A position paper of the working group of echocardiography of the Hellenic Society of Cardiology. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102634. [PMID: 38734120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is a well-established imaging modality, providing more accurate and of higher quality information than transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for a wide spectrum cardiac and extra-cardiac diseases. The present paper represents an effort by the Echocardiography Working Group (WG) of the Hellenic Cardiology Society to state the essential steps of the typical TOE exam performed in echo lab. This is an educational text, describing the minimal requirements and the preparation of a meticulous TOE examination. Most importantly, it gives practical instructions to obtain and optimize TOE views and analyses the implementation of a combined two-and multi-dimensional protocol for the imaging of the most common cardiac structures during a TOE. In the second part of the article a comprehensive review of the contemporary use of TOE in a wide spectrum of valvular and non-valvular cardiac diseases is provided, based on the current guidelines and the experience of the WG members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos H Papadopoulos
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Korgialenio - Benakio Red Cross Hospital, +10 Platonos street, Neo Psychiko, Athens 15451, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vlasis Ninios
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Interbalkan Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Drakopoulou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Zois
- Private Practice, Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Tsiapras
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiosurgical Center, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Konstantina Aggeli
- 1st Cardiology Department, Hippokration University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Efstathia Prappa
- Cardiology Department, General Hospital of Evaggelismos, Athens, Greece
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2
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Du T, Wang W, Wang Y, Piao H, Liu K. Research Progress on Aortic Root Aneurysms. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943216. [PMID: 38332569 PMCID: PMC10863338 DOI: 10.12659/msm.943216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic root aneurysms are one of the most common aortic root diseases, involving the aortic valve, aortic sinus, bilateral coronary arteries, and part of the ascending aorta. It is a life-threatening aortic disease with a high mortality rate of approximately 90%, due to aortic aneurysm rupture. Aortic valve insufficiency is one of the most common complications of aortic root aneurysms that can lead to acute left heart failure. The etiology of aortic root aneurysms is not yet completely clear and is mainly related to genetic diseases, such as Marfan syndrome and atherosclerosis. It can also occur secondary to aortic valve stenosis or a bivalve deformity. Surgery is the primary treatment for aortic root aneurysms, and aortic root replacement is a classic surgical method. However, the incidences of perioperative complications and mortality are relatively high, particularly in high-risk patients. In recent years, the anatomical structure of the aortic root has been gradually refined, and an in-depth understanding of root aneurysms has led to individualized treatment methods. Conservative drug therapy (ß-receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers), Bentall and modified Bentall surgeries (Button technology, Cabrol surgery, and modified Cabrol surgery), valve-sparing aortic root replacement (David and Yacoub), personalized external aortic root support, and endovascular intervention therapy have significantly improved the perioperative and long-term survival rates of patients with aortic root aneurysms. However, different treatment methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. This review aimed to summarize the current research progress and treatment of aortic root aneurysms.
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Marom G, Weltert LP, Raanani E, Chirirchilli I, Giebels C, Irace FG, De Paulis R, Schäfers HJ. Systematic adjustment of root dimensions to cusp size in aortic valve repair: a computer simulation. INTERDISCIPLINARY CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC SURGERY 2024; 38:ivae024. [PMID: 38402485 PMCID: PMC10902611 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aortic valve repair requires the creation of a normal geometry of cusps and aortic root. Of the different dimensions, geometric cusp height is the most difficult to change while annular and sinotubular dimensions can be easily modified. The objective of this study was to investigate, by computer simulation, ideal combinations of annular and sinotubular junction size for a given geometric height. METHODS Based on a literature review of anatomical data, a computational biomechanics model was generated for a tricuspid aortic valve. We aimed to determine the ideal relationships for the root dimensions, keeping geometric height constant and creating different combinations of the annular and sinotubular junction dimensions. Using this model, 125 virtual anatomies were created, with 25 different combinations of annulus and sinotubular junction. Effective height, coaptation height and mechanical cusp stress were calculated with the valves in closed configuration. RESULTS Generally, within the analysed range of geometric heights, changes to the annular diameter yielded a stronger impact than sinotubular junction diameter changes for optimal valve configuration. The best results were obtained with the sinotubular junction being 2-4 mm larger than the annulus, leading to higher effective height, normal coaptation height and lower stress. Within the range tested, stenosis did not occur due to annular reduction. CONCLUSIONS In tricuspid aortic valves, the geometric height can be used to predict ideal post-repair annular and sinotubular junction dimensions for optimal valve configuration. Such an ideal configuration is associated with reduced cusp stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Marom
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Luca Paolo Weltert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, European Hospital, Rome, Italy
- San Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Ehud Raanani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Christian Giebels
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Ruggero De Paulis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, European Hospital, Rome, Italy
- San Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Schäfers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Notenboom ML, Van Hoof L, Schuermans A, Takkenberg JJM, Rega FR, Taverne YJHJ. Aortic Valve Embryology, Mechanobiology, and Second Messenger Pathways: Implications for Clinical Practice. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:49. [PMID: 38392263 PMCID: PMC10888685 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During the Renaissance, Leonardo Da Vinci was the first person to successfully detail the anatomy of the aortic root and its adjacent structures. Ever since, novel insights into morphology, function, and their interplay have accumulated, resulting in advanced knowledge on the complex functional characteristics of the aortic valve (AV) and root. This has shifted our vision from the AV as being a static structure towards that of a dynamic interconnected apparatus within the aortic root as a functional unit, exhibiting a complex interplay with adjacent structures via both humoral and mechanical stimuli. This paradigm shift has stimulated surgical treatment strategies of valvular disease that seek to recapitulate healthy AV function, whereby AV disease can no longer be seen as an isolated morphological pathology which needs to be replaced. As prostheses still cannot reproduce the complexity of human nature, treatment of diseased AVs, whether stenotic or insufficient, has tremendously evolved, with a similar shift towards treatments options that are more hemodynamically centered, such as the Ross procedure and valve-conserving surgery. Native AV and root components allow for an efficient Venturi effect over the valve to allow for optimal opening during the cardiac cycle, while also alleviating the left ventricle. Next to that, several receptors are present on native AV leaflets, enabling messenger pathways based on their interaction with blood and other shear-stress-related stimuli. Many of these physiological and hemodynamical processes are under-acknowledged but may hold important clues for innovative treatment strategies, or as potential novel targets for therapeutic agents that halt or reverse the process of valve degeneration. A structured overview of these pathways and their implications for cardiothoracic surgeons and cardiologists is lacking. As such, we provide an overview on embryology, hemodynamics, and messenger pathways of the healthy and diseased AV and its implications for clinical practice, by relating this knowledge to current treatment alternatives and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliaan L Notenboom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Van Hoof
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Art Schuermans
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna J M Takkenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip R Rega
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick J H J Taverne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Nabipoorashrafi SA, Gulhane A, Chung C, Chalian H. A Pictorial Review of CT Guidance for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Semin Roentgenol 2024; 59:44-56. [PMID: 38388096 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avanti Gulhane
- Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Christine Chung
- Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hamid Chalian
- Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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Lansakara M, Unai S, Ozaki S. Ozaki procedure-re-construction of aortic valve leaflets using autologous pericardial tissue: a review. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 39:260-269. [PMID: 38093925 PMCID: PMC10713953 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-023-01635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ozaki procedure has emerged as a valuable option for treating various aortic valve pathologies. This review article delves into the intricacies of this innovative surgical approach by exploring its adaptation to the complex anatomy and physiology of the aortic root. The diverse etiologies of aortic valve diseases, ranging from congenital anomalies to degenerative changes, make treatment selection a complex challenge. Aortic valve replacement has traditionally been the gold standard, but emerging evidence supports valve repair techniques, emphasizing the importance of preserving native tissue. Nevertheless, issues like lifelong anticoagulation with mechanical valves and patient-prosthetic mismatch remain. The Ozaki procedure offers a compelling alternative by utilizing autologous pericardium or a tissue substitute to construct new aortic valve leaflets. This technique, standardized by Dr. Ozaki in 2007, provides a customizable and adaptable solution. The article highlights the anatomy of the aortic root, emphasizing the critical role of the sinus of Valsalva and interleaflet triangles in maintaining proper valve function. The procedure's unique adaptation to aortic root dynamics allows for reduced mechanical stress during systole and diastole, mimicking the natural valve's behavior. Furthermore, Ozaki leaflets exhibit promising hemodynamics and reduced risks of complications, such as permanent pacemaker implantation and patient-prosthetic mismatch. The use of autologous pericardium in the Ozaki procedure presents advantages, including enhanced tissue strength, minimal immunogenicity, and reduced risk of immune-mediated calcification. These factors contribute to the longevity and resilience of the reconstructed valve. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the procedure's intricacies, its alignment with aortic root anatomy and physiology, and its potential as a valuable tool in the armamentarium of aortic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinya Unai
- The Peter and Elizabeth C. Tower and Family Endowed Chair in Cardiothoracic Research, Aortic Valve Center, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Desk J4-1, Cleveland, OH 44915 USA
| | - Shigeyuki Ozaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Hospital, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 153-8515 Japan
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Tsiachris D, Botis M, Doundoulakis I, Bartsioka LI, Tsioufis P, Kordalis A, Antoniou CK, Tsioufis K, Gatzoulis KA. Electrocardiographic Characteristics, Identification, and Management of Frequent Premature Ventricular Contractions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3094. [PMID: 37835837 PMCID: PMC10572222 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are frequently encountered in clinical practice. The association of PVCs with adverse cardiovascular outcomes is well established in the context of structural heart disease, yet not so much in the absence of structural heart disease. However, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) seems to contribute prognostically in the latter subgroup. PVC-induced myocardial dysfunction refers to the impairment of ventricular function due to PVCs and is mostly associated with a PVC burden > 10%. Surface 12-lead ECG has long been used to localize the anatomic site of origin and multiple algorithms have been developed to differentiate between right ventricular and left ventricular outflow tract (RVOT and LVOT, respectively) origin. Novel algorithms include alternative ECG lead configurations and, lately, sophisticated artificial intelligence methods have been utilized to determine the origins of outflow tract arrhythmias. The decision to therapeutically address PVCs should be made upon the presence of symptoms or the development of PVC-induced myocardial dysfunction. Therapeutic modalities include pharmacological therapy (I-C antiarrhythmic drugs and beta blockers), as well as catheter ablation, which has demonstrated superior efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tsiachris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
- Athens Heart Center, Athens Medical Center, 15125 Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Botis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Ioannis Doundoulakis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Lamprini Iro Bartsioka
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Athanasios Kordalis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Christos-Konstantinos Antoniou
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
- Athens Heart Center, Athens Medical Center, 15125 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Konstantinos A. Gatzoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Hippokration” Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.B.); (I.D.); (L.I.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.); (C.-K.A.); (K.T.); (K.A.G.)
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Agricola E, Ancona F, Bartel T, Brochet E, Dweck M, Faletra F, Lancellotti P, Mahmoud-Elsayed H, Marsan NA, Maurovich-Hovart P, Monaghan M, Pontone G, Sade LE, Swaans M, Von Bardeleben RS, Wunderlich N, Zamorano JL, Popescu BA, Cosyns B, Donal E. Multimodality imaging for patient selection, procedural guidance, and follow-up of transcatheter interventions for structural heart disease: a consensus document of the EACVI Task Force on Interventional Cardiovascular Imaging: part 1: access routes, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and transcatheter mitral valve interventions. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:e209-e268. [PMID: 37283275 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcatheter therapies for the treatment of structural heart diseases (SHD) have expanded dramatically over the last years, thanks to the developments and improvements of devices and imaging techniques, along with the increasing expertise of operators. Imaging, in particular echocardiography, is pivotal during patient selection, procedural monitoring, and follow-up. The imaging assessment of patients undergoing transcatheter interventions places demands on imagers that differ from those of the routine evaluation of patients with SHD, and there is a need for specific expertise for those working in the cath lab. In the context of the current rapid developments and growing use of SHD therapies, this document intends to update the previous consensus document and address new advancements in interventional imaging for access routes and treatment of patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation, and mitral stenosis and regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustachio Agricola
- Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Francesco Ancona
- Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Thomas Bartel
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, 26th Street, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eric Brochet
- Cardiology Department, Hopital Bichat, 46 rue Huchard, Paris 75018, France
| | - Marc Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Francesco Faletra
- Senior SHD Consultant Istituto Cardiocentro Via Tesserete 48, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Senior Imaging Consultant ISMETT UPCM Hospital, Discesa dei Giudici, 4, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of Cardiology, University of Liège Hospital, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège B4000, Belgium
- Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, and Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nina Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gianluca Pontone
- Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Leyla Elif Sade
- University of Pittsburgh-Heart & Vascular Institute UPMC, 200 Lothrop St Ste E354.2, Pıttsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Cardiology Department, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Swaans
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Wunderlich
- Asklepios Klinik Langen Röntgenstrasse 20, Langen 63225, Germany
| | | | - Bogdan A Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila' -Euroecolab, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu', Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Cardiology Department, Centrum voor Hart en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erwan Donal
- Cardiologie, CHU de RENNES, LTSI UMR1099, INSERM, Universite´ de Rennes-1, Rennes, France
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Giebels C, Ehrlich T, Schäfers HJ. Aortic root remodeling. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 12:369-376. [PMID: 37554714 PMCID: PMC10405338 DOI: 10.21037/acs-2023-avs2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Aortic root remodeling was originally designed in the late 1980s to treat patients with tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs), aortic regurgitation (AR), and root aneurysm to normalize root dimensions. The late results showed a relevant proportion of patients who required reoperation for recurrent AR. Later observations revealed that cusp prolapse is frequently present after correction of root dilatation. We showed that such prolapse could be detected by measuring effective height (eH) and corrected by concomitant cusp repair. In the past 13 years, we have added a suture annuloplasty to improve aortic valve function further. The operation starts with ascertaining adequate cusp size by measuring geometric cusp height. The dilated aortic wall is resected, and a Dacron graft is tailored to create three tongues. These tongues are sutured to the cusp insertion lines. Starting the suture in the nadir allows for easy extension of tongue length to avoid commissural height restriction. A suture annuloplasty is added at nadir level and tied around a Hegar dilator to normalize annular diameter. The valve is assessed visually and by measuring eH. Cusp prolapse (eH <9 mm) is frequent and corrected by free margin plication until all free margins are at equal level and eH is 9 mm. We have employed root remodeling in more than 710 instances of root aneurysm and TAVs. Mean myocardial ischemic time has been 65±13 minutes for isolated remodeling, operative mortality has been 1.5% for elective procedures. With suture annuloplasty, 10-year freedom from reoperation is 95%, even without suture annuloplasty 20-year freedom from reoperation is 85%. In our experience, root remodeling has been a valid form of valve-preserving surgery with low morbidity and mortality and excellent long-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Giebels
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tristan Ehrlich
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schäfers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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10
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Tretter JT, Spicer DE, Franklin RCG, Béland MJ, Aiello VD, Cook AC, Crucean A, Loomba RS, Yoo SJ, Quintessenza JA, Tchervenkov CI, Jacobs JP, Najm HK, Anderson RH. Expert Consensus Statement: Anatomy, Imaging, and Nomenclature of Congenital Aortic Root Malformations. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:1060-1068. [PMID: 37288941 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, several categorizations have been proposed for the abnormalities of the aortic root. These schemes have mostly been devoid of input from specialists of congenital cardiac disease. The aim of this review is to provide a classification, from the perspective of these specialists, based on an understanding of normal and abnormal morphogenesis and anatomy, with emphasis placed on the features of clinical and surgical relevance. We contend that the description of the congenitally malformed aortic root is simplified when approached in a fashion that recognizes the normal root to be made up of 3 leaflets, supported by their own sinuses, with the sinuses themselves separated by the interleaflet triangles. The malformed root, usually found in the setting of 3 sinuses, can also be found with 2 sinuses, and very rarely with 4 sinuses. This permits description of trisinuate, bisinuate, and quadrisinuate variants, respectively. This feature then provides the basis for classification of the anatomical and functional number of leaflets present. By offering standardized terms and definitions, we submit that our classification will be suitable for those working in all cardiac specialties, whether pediatric or adult. It is of equal value in the settings of acquired or congenital cardiac disease. Our recommendations will serve to amend and/or add to the existing International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code, along with the Eleventh iteration of the International Classification of Diseases provided by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Tretter
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's and The Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Heart Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida
- Congenital Heart Center, UF Health Shands Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rodney C G Franklin
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton & Harefield National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie J Béland
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Montreal Children's Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vera D Aiello
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Crucean
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit S Loomba
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, Illinois
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christo I Tchervenkov
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Montreal Children's Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Congenital Heart Center, UF Health Shands Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hani K Najm
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Children's and the Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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11
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Salmasi MY, Pirola S, Mahuttanatan S, Fisichella SM, Sengupta S, Jarral OA, Oo A, O'Regan D, Xu XY, Athanasiou T. Geometry and flow in ascending aortic aneurysms are influenced by left ventricular outflow tract orientation: Detecting increased wall shear stress on the outer curve of proximal aortic aneurysms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:11-21.e1. [PMID: 34217540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geometrical characterization of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms in clinical practice is limited to diameter measurements. Despite growing interest in hemodynamic assessment, its relationship with ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm pathogenesis is poorly understood. This study examines the relationship between geometry of the ventriculo-aortic junction and blood flow patterns in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm disease. METHODS Thirty-three patients with ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (exclusions: bicuspid aortic valves, connective tissue disease) underwent 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging. After image segmentation, geometrical parameters were measured, including aortic curvature, tortuosity, length, and diameter. A unique angular measurement made by the trajectory of the left ventricular outflow tract axis and the proximal aorta was also conducted. Velocity profiles were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. In addition, 11 patients (33%) underwent wall shear stress mapping of the ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm region using computational fluid dynamics simulation. RESULTS Greater left ventricular outflow tract aortic angles were associated with larger aortic diameters at the levels of the sinus (coefficient = 0.387, P = .014) and ascending aorta (coefficient = 0.284, P = .031). Patients with left ventricular outflow tract aortic angles greater than 60° had marked asymmetric flow acceleration on the outer curvature in the proximal aorta, ascertained from 4-dimensional flow analysis. For patients undergoing computational fluid dynamics assessment, regression analysis found that higher left ventricular outflow tract aortic angles were associated with significantly higher wall shear stress values in the outer curve of the aorta (coefficient 0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.11, P = .002): Angles greater than 50° yielded time-averaged wall shear stress values greater than 2.5 Pa, exhibiting a linear relationship. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strengthen the hypothesis of flow-mediated ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm disease progression and that left ventricular outflow tract aortic angle may be a predictor of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yousuf Salmasi
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Selene Pirola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suchaya Mahuttanatan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serena M Fisichella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sampad Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar A Jarral
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aung Oo
- Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Declan O'Regan
- London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Yun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thanos Athanasiou
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Tretter JT, Spicer DE, Franklin RCG, Béland MJ, Aiello VD, Cook AC, Crucean A, Loomba RS, Yoo SJ, Quintessenza JA, Tchervenkov CI, Jacobs JP, Najm HK, Anderson RH. Expert Consensus Statement: Anatomy, Imaging, and Nomenclature of Congenital Aortic Root Malformations. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 116:6-16. [PMID: 37294261 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, several categorizations have been proposed for the abnormalities of the aortic root. These schemes have mostly been devoid of input from specialists of congenital cardiac disease. The aim of this review is to provide a classification, from the perspective of these specialists, based on an understanding of normal and abnormal morphogenesis and anatomy, with emphasis placed on the features of clinical and surgical relevance. We contend that the description of the congenitally malformed aortic root is simplified when approached in a fashion that recognizes the normal root to be made up of 3 leaflets, supported by their own sinuses, with the sinuses themselves separated by the interleaflet triangles. The malformed root, usually found in the setting of 3 sinuses, can also be found with 2 sinuses, and very rarely with 4 sinuses. This permits description of trisinuate, bisinuate, and quadrisinuate variants, respectively. This feature then provides the basis for classification of the anatomical and functional number of leaflets present. By offering standardized terms and definitions, we submit that our classification will be suitable for those working in all cardiac specialties, whether pediatric or adult. It is of equal value in the settings of acquired or congenital cardiac disease. Our recommendations will serve to amend and/or add to the existing International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code, along with the Eleventh iteration of the International Classification of Diseases provided by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Tretter
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's and The Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Heart Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida; Congenital Heart Center, UF Health Shands Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rodney C G Franklin
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton & Harefield National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie J Béland
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Montreal Children's Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vera D Aiello
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Crucean
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit S Loomba
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, Illinois
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christo I Tchervenkov
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Montreal Children's Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Congenital Heart Center, UF Health Shands Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hani K Najm
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Children's and the Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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13
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Elderly with Varying Extents of Cardiac Disease Show Interindividual Fluctuating Myocardial TRPC6-Immunoreactivity. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10010026. [PMID: 36661921 PMCID: PMC9861266 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Both particular myocardial locations in the human heart and the canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) cation channel have been linked with cardiac pathophysiologies. Thus, the present study mapped TRPC6-protein distribution in select anatomic locations associated with cardiac disease in the context of an orienting pathological assessment. Specimens were obtained from 5 body donors (4 formalin fixation, 1 nitrite pickling salt-ethanol-polyethylene glycol (NEP) fixation; median age 81 years; 2 females) and procured for basic histological stains and TRPC6-immunohistochemistry. The latter was analyzed descriptively regarding distribution and intensity of positive signals. The percentage of positively labelled myocardium was also determined (optical threshold method). Exclusively exploratory statistical analyses were performed. TRPC6-protein was distributed widespread and homogenously within each analyzed sample. TRPC6-immunoreactive myocardial area was comparable regarding the different anatomic regions and sex. A significantly larger area of TRPC6-immunoreactive myocardium was found in the NEP-fixed donor compared to the formalin fixed donors. Two donors with more severe heart disease showed smaller areas of myocardial TRPC6-immunoreactivity overall compared to the other 3 donors. In summary, in the elderly, TRPC6-protein is widely and homogenously distributed, and severe cardiac disease might be associated with less TRPC6-immunoreactive myocardial area. The tissue fixation method represents a potential confounder.
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14
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Sassis L, Kefala-Karli P, Cucchi I, Kouremenos I, Demosthenous M, Diplaris K. Valve Repair in Aortic Insufficiency: A State-of-the-art Review. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:e270422204131. [PMID: 35490315 PMCID: PMC10201877 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x18666220427120235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve insufficiency (AI) describes the pathology of blood leaking through the aortic valve to the left ventricle during diastole and is classified as mild, moderate or severe according to the volume of regurgitating blood. Intervention is required in severe AI when the patient is symptomatic or when the left ventricular function is impaired. Aortic valve replacement has been considered the gold standard for decades for these patients, but several repair techniques have recently emerged that offer exceptional stability and long-term outcomes. The appropriate method of repair is selected based on the mechanism of AI and each patient's anatomic variations. This review aims to describe different pathologies of AI based on its anatomy, along with the different surgical techniques of aortic repair and their reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene Cucchi
- University of Nicosia, School of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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15
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Matto F, Venugopal D, Bhave PD, Rhodes TE, Mazur A. Utility of high resolution mapping to guide ablation of ventricular arrhythmias from the aortic sinuses of Valsalva. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2023; 66:51-59. [PMID: 34363567 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-021-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) arrhythmias are commonly targeted from the aortic sinuses of Valsalva (SOV). Both presystolic potentials during ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and late diastolic potentials during sinus rhythm have been recognized as markers of successful ablation sites. The study aimed to evaluate the utility of high resolution mapping (HRM) with small and closely spaced electrodes for guiding ablation of VA from the SOV. METHODS Seventeen patients with LVOT VA underwent HRM in the SOV with either PentaRay (13) or Orion (4) catheters. Ablation was guided by low amplitude high frequency potentials that were identified with HRM and tagged on the electroanatomic map. RESULTS High frequency low amplitude potentials during sinus rhythm (late) or VA (early) were demonstrated with HRM in all 17 consecutive patients; while these potentials were either absent or usually had a far-field appearance in the recordings obtained at the same sites with a 3.5-mm standard ablation catheter. On intracardiac echocardiogram, sites with these potentials corresponded to the bases of the sinuses adjacent to the LV ostium. Ablation was acutely successful in 16 out of 17 patients. Significant reduction in VA burden (≥ 90%) was noted in 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS High frequency low amplitude potentials during sinus rhythm (late) and VA (early) are consistently recorded using HRM in the SOV in patients with VA arising from the aortic sinuses of Valsalva. Standard ablation catheters have limited resolution for detecting these potentials. HRM may potentially improve outcomes of ablation of VA originating from the aortic SOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Matto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, E-317C GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Dev Venugopal
- Division of Cardiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Prashant D Bhave
- Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Troy E Rhodes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, E-317C GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alexander Mazur
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, E-317C GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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16
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Federspiel JM, Lux C, Burkhard K, Kettner M, Verhoff MA, Tschernig T, Ramsthaler F. Retrograde dye perfusion of the proximal aorta - A postmortem technical study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12475. [PMID: 36636207 PMCID: PMC9830167 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple cardiovascular conditions can lead to unexpected fatality, which is defined as sudden cardiac death. One of these potentially underlying conditions is aortic regurgitation, which can be caused by discrete changes of the geometry of the proximal aorta. To analyze aortic valve competency and furthermore to elucidate underlying pathological alterations of the coronary arteries and the vasa vasorum a perfusion method to simulate a diastolic state was designed. Material and methods A postmortem approach with retrograde perfusion of the ascending aorta with methylene blue was applied to three bodies. The procedure comprised cannulation of the brachiocephalic trunk, clamping of the aortic arch between brachiocephalic trunk and left carotid artery, infusion of 250 ml of methylene blue, and optical clearing of the superficial tissue layers after perfusion. Organs were examined directly following perfusion and after optical clearing. Results Assessment and visualization of aortic valve competency and the vasa vasorum were possible in all three instances. Visualization of the coronary perfusion was impaired by postmortem thrombus formation. Optical clearing did not provide additional information. Discussion The method presented here is a time- and cost-efficient way of visualizing aortic valve competency and the vasa vasorum. The visualization of the vasa vasorum highlights the potential of this method in basic research on diseases of the great arteries and coronaries. However, for a time-efficient functional analysis of the coronaries, other methods must be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Federspiel
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Campus Homburg, Kirrberger Straße, Building 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany,Corresponding author.
| | - Constantin Lux
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Burkhard
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mattias Kettner
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Verhoff
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute for Anatomy, Saarland University, Medical Campus, Kirrberger Straße, Building 61, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Frank Ramsthaler
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Campus Homburg, Kirrberger Straße, Building 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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17
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Qiu S, Sun Z, Li X, Li J, Huang X, Liu M, Bin J, Liao Y, Xiu J, Zha D, Xue Y, Wang L, Wang Y. A novel and effective ECG method to differentiate right from left ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias: Angle-corrected V2S. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:868634. [PMID: 36312235 PMCID: PMC9606339 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.868634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns combined with the anatomical cardiac long-axis angle revealed by chest X-ray can prevent the influence of cardiac rotation, physical shape, and lead position, so it may be an ideal means to predict the origin of the outflow tract (OT) ventricular arrhythmias (OTVAs) for ablation procedures. The study explores the value of this strategy in identifying the origin of OTVA. Methods This study was conducted using a retrospective cohort and a prospective cohort of consecutive patients at two centers. The anatomical cardiac long-axis angle was calculated by measuring the angle between the cardiac long-axis (a line joining the apex to the midpoint of the mitral annulus) and the horizontal plane on a chest X-ray. The V2S angle was calculated as the V2S amplitude times the angle. We ultimately enrolled 147 patients with symptomatic OTVAs who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) (98 women (66.7%); mean age 46.9 ± 14.7 years; 126 right ventricular OT (RVOT) origins, 21 left ventricular OT (LVOT) origins) as a development cohort. The new algorithm was validated in 48 prospective patients (12 men (25.0%); mean age 48.0 ± 15.8 years; 36 RVOT, 12 LVOT origins). Results Patients with RVOT VAs had greater V2S, long-axis angle, and V2S angle than patients with LVOT VA (all P < 0.001). The cut-off V2S angle obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was 58.28 mV° for the prediction of RVOT origin (sensitivity: 85.7%; specificity: 95.2%; positive predictive value: 99.1%; negative predictive value: 52.6%). The AUC achieved using the V2S angle was 0.888 (P < 0.001), which was the highest among all indexes (V2S/V3R: 0.887 (P < 0.016); TZ index: 0.858 (P < 0.001); V1-2 SRd: 0.876 (P < 0.001); V3 transition: 0.651 (P < 0.001)). In the prospective cohort, the V2S angle had a high overall accuracy of 93.8% and decreased the procedure time (P = 0.002). Conclusion V2S angle can be a novel measure that can be used to accurately differentiate RVOT from LVOT origins. It could help decrease ablation duration and radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuhua Sun
- Department of Health Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Xiu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daogang Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Xue
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Yumei Xue,
| | - Lichun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China,Lichun Wang,
| | - Yuegang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yuegang Wang,
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The Medical versus Zoological Concept of Outflow Tract Valves of the Vertebrate Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9100318. [PMID: 36286270 PMCID: PMC9604109 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomical elements that in humans prevent blood backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery to the left and right ventriclesare the aortic and pulmonary valves, respectively. Each valve regularly consists of three leaflets (cusps), each supported by its valvular sinus. From the medical viewpoint, each set of three leaflets and sinuses is regarded as a morpho-functional unit. This notion also applies to birds and non-human mammals. However, the structures that prevent the return of blood to the heart in other vertebrates are notably different. This has led to discrepancies between physicians and zoologists in defining what a cardiac outflow tract valve is. The aim here is to compare the gross anatomy of the outflow tract valvular system among several groups of vertebrates in order to understand the conceptual and nomenclature controversies in the field.
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Wolfes J, Ellermann C, Köbe J, Lange PS, Leitz P, Rath B, Willy K, Güner F, Frommeyer G, Eckardt L. [Anatomy of the left ventricle for endocardial ablation]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:161-174. [PMID: 35556156 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As with all cardiac interventions, performing left ventricular ablation requires profound knowledge of cardiac anatomy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of left ventricular anatomy and to characterize complex and clinically relevant structures from an electrophysiologist-centered perspective. In addition to the different access routes, the trabecular network, the left ventricular outflow tract, and the left ventricular conduction system, complex anatomical structures such as the aortomitral continuity and the left ventricular summit are also explained. In addition, this article offers multiple clinical examples that combine ECG, anatomy, and electrophysiologic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolfes
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
| | - Christian Ellermann
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Julia Köbe
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Philipp S Lange
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Patrick Leitz
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Rath
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Kevin Willy
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Fatih Güner
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Gerrit Frommeyer
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Klinik für Kardiologie II-Rhythmologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
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Karout L, Salman R, Ershaid F, Sawaya F, Abi-Ghanem AS. Imaging Modalities Employed in the TAVR Procedure With a Focus on CTA: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 4:S69-S81. [PMID: 34551883 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most common valvular heart disease. Symptomatic AS is associated with a high mortality rate which prompts fast intervention. The introduction of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has drastically improved the outcome of high surgical risk for mortality patients with severe AS. However, this procedure requires the employment of multimodality imaging in the pre-procedural planning, intra-procedural optimization, and post-procedural follow-up stages. This also requires an accurate understanding of the indications, measurements, strength, and limitations of each imaging modality during the different TAVR stages. CONCLUSION In this review, we aim to outline to radiologists the evidence-based approach and indications of different imaging modalities through the pre, peri, and post TAVR stages.
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21
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Anderson RH. Correspondence on 'The personalized external aortic root support procedure: interesting niche or ready for prime time?' by Burke et al. Heart 2022; 108:744. [PMID: 35264418 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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22
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OUP accepted manuscript. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 62:6556265. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Virmani R, Sato Y, Sakamoto A, Romero ME, Butany J. Aneurysms of the aorta: ascending, thoracic, and abdominal and their management. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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24
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Hahn RT, Saric M, Faletra FF, Garg R, Gillam LD, Horton K, Khalique OK, Little SH, Mackensen GB, Oh J, Quader N, Safi L, Scalia GM, Lang RM. Recommended Standards for the Performance of Transesophageal Echocardiographic Screening for Structural Heart Intervention: From the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2022; 35:1-76. [PMID: 34280494 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Hahn
- Columbia University Irving College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Muhamed Saric
- New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | - Ruchira Garg
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Omar K Khalique
- Columbia University Irving College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Stephen H Little
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jae Oh
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Lucy Safi
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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25
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Bhatia M, Kumar P, Maity P, Arora N. Computed Tomographic Assessment before Transcatheter Aortic and Mitral Valve Replacement. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN ACADEMY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY & CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jiae.jiae_38_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Zhao L, Li R, Zhang J, Xie R, Lu J, Liu J, Miao C, Liu S, Cui W. S-R index in V1/V3 serves as a novel criterion to discriminate idiopathic premature ventricular contractions originating from posteroseptal right ventricular outflow tract versus right coronary cusp. J Electrocardiol 2021; 70:7-12. [PMID: 34826636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study aimed to establish a novel electrocardiographic (ECG) criterion for discrimination of idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from posteroseptal right ventricular outflow tract (sRVOT-p) versus right coronary cusp (RCC). METHODS A total of 76 patients with idiopathic PVCs who underwent mapping and successful ablation were retrospectively included. Among them, 37 patients had PVCs from sRVOT-p origin and 39 patients from RCC origin. The surface ECGs during PVCs were recorded. S-R different index in V1/V3 was calculated with the following formula of 0.134*V3R-0.133*V1S. RESULTS ECG characteristics showed wider total QRS duration, smaller R-wave amplitude on lead V2-V5, and larger S-wave amplitude on lead V1-V3 in sRVOT-p origin than RCC origin. Lead V3 was the most common transitional lead in two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that S-wave amplitude on lead V1 exhibited the largest AUC of 0.772, followed by the AUC of R-wave amplitude on lead V3 of 0.771. Subsequently, 0.134*V3R-0.133*V1S index was obtained by multiplication, subtraction, sum, and division of these ECG measurements, which exhibited the largest AUC of 0.808. The optimal cut-off value was -0.26 for differentiating RCC from sRVOT-p origin, with the sensitivity of 78.4% and specificity of 77.8%. Moreover, 0.134*V3R-0.133*V1S index was superior to previous criteria in analysis of PVCs originating from sRVOT-p and RCC. CONCLUSIONS 0.134*V3R-0.133*V1S is a novel ECG criterion to discriminate sRVOT-p from RCC origin in patients with idiopathic PVCs, which may provide guidance for approach of radiofrequency catheter ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruiqin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingchao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenglong Miao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Suyun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Tretter JT, Izawa Y, Spicer DE, Okada K, Anderson RH, Quintessenza JA, Mori S. Understanding the Aortic Root Using Computed Tomographic Assessment: A Potential Pathway to Improved Customized Surgical Repair. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:e013134. [PMID: 34743527 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.121.013134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is continued interest in surgical repair of both the congenitally malformed aortic valve, and the valve with acquired dysfunction. Aortic valvar repair based on a geometric approach has demonstrated improved durability and outcomes. Such an approach requires a thorough comprehension of the complex 3-dimensional anatomy of both the normal and congenitally malformed aortic root. In this review, we provide an understanding of this anatomy based on the features that can accurately be revealed by contrast-enhanced computed tomographic imaging. We highlight the complimentary role that such imaging, with multiplanar reformatting and 3-dimensional reconstructions, can play in selection of patients, and subsequent presurgical planning for valvar repair. The technique compliments other established techniques for perioperative imaging, with echocardiography maintaining its central role in assessment, and enhances direct surgical evaluation. This additive morphological and functional information holds the potential for improving selection of patients, surgical planning, subsequent surgical repair, and hopefully the subsequent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Tretter
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH (J.T.T.)
| | - Yu Izawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.I.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Heart Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL (D.E.S., J.A.Q.)
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (K.O.), Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - James A Quintessenza
- Heart Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL (D.E.S., J.A.Q.)
| | - Shumpei Mori
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Health System, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (S.M.)
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28
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Di C, Letsas KP, Gao P, Wang Q, Wu Y, Lin W. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias with acute successful ablation at the superior portion of the mitral annulus. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:397. [PMID: 34407753 PMCID: PMC8371855 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to identify the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), including idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), with acute successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) at the superior portion of the mitral annulus (SP-MA). METHODS AND RESULTS Among 437 consecutive patients who presented with VAs for RFCA, twenty-six patients with acute successful RFCA at the SP-MA were included in this study. The ratio of the amplitude of the first positive peak (if present) versus the nadir in the unipolar electrogram (EGM) was 0.00-0.03 (0.00) at the acute successful RFCA site. The time interval between the QRS onset and the maximum descending slope (D-Max) in the unipolar EGM (QRS-Uni) was 18.8 ± 13.6 ms. With bipolar mapping, the ventricular QRS (V-QRS) interval was 3.75-17.3 (11) ms, 6 (23.1%) patients showed the earliest V-QRS interval of 0 ms, and the other 20 patients (76.9%) showed a V-QRS interval of 10-54 ms. The RFCA start-to-effect time was 14.1 ± 7.2 s in 23 patients (88.5%). In the remaining 3 patients (11.5%), the mean duration of successful RFCA was not well defined due to the infrequent nature of clinical VAs during RFCA. Early (within 3 days) and late (1-year) recurrence rates were 23.1% (6 patients) and 26.9% (7 patients), respectively. VAs disappeared 3 days later due to delayed RFCA efficacy in 2 patients (7.7%). No complications occurred during the RFCA procedure or the one-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS SP-MA VAs are a rare but distinct subgroup of VAs. Bipolar and unipolar EGM features can help to determine the optimal RFCA site, and the QRS-Uni interval may serve as a marker that could be used to guide RFCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Di
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, First Department of Cardiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, 3rd Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Clinical Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Konstantinos P Letsas
- Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Peng Gao
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, First Department of Cardiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, 3rd Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Clinical Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, First Department of Cardiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, 3rd Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Clinical Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxi Wu
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, First Department of Cardiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, 3rd Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Clinical Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhua Lin
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, First Department of Cardiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, 3rd Street, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China. .,College of Clinical Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. .,Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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Srivastava A, Srivastava A. Inaccuracy of the Hinge Point-to-Hinge Point Aortic Annulus Measurement-a Mathematical Explanation and Solution. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2021; 34:1226. [PMID: 34391886 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
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30
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Zervides C, Nohra O, Hunduma G, Thomas NW, Samia R. 2006 to 2019 Story; percutaneously implantable aortic valve prototypes. J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:223. [PMID: 34362403 PMCID: PMC8348870 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A review was conducted on the composition, advantages and limitations of available aortic valve prototypes to create an ideal valve for percutaneous implantation. Patients Patients with multiple comorbidities who cannot withstand the risks of open cardiac surgery. Methodology The search was performed using online databases and textbooks. Articles were excluded based on specific criterion. Results Ten prototypes created between 2006 and 2019 were found and reviewed. The prototypes had a set of advantages and limitations with their characteristics coinciding at times. Conclusions The ideal percutaneously implantable aortic valve should have minimum coaptation height, zero folds in the leaflets, minimum valve height, minimum leaflet flexion and three leaflets. It can be composed of biological or synthetic material, as long as it provides minimal risk of thrombosis. However, more studies are needed to ensure other ideal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Zervides
- University of Nicosia Medical School, University of Nicosia, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Ornella Nohra
- University of Nicosia Medical School, University of Nicosia, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gabriel Hunduma
- University of Nicosia Medical School, University of Nicosia, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Neil Wild Thomas
- University of Nicosia Medical School, University of Nicosia, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ramy Samia
- University of Nicosia Medical School, University of Nicosia, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus
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31
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Advanced cardiovascular multimodal imaging and aortic stenosis. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:677-696. [PMID: 34279768 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis has become the most common valvular heart disease on account of aging population and increasing life expectancy. Echocardiography is the primary diagnosis tool for this, but it still has many flaws. Therefore, advanced cardiovascular multimodal imaging techniques are continuously being developed in order to overcome these limitations. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) allows a comprehensive morphological and functional evaluation of the aortic valve and provides important data for the diagnosis and risk stratification in patients with aortic stenosis. CMR can functionally assess the aortic flow using two-dimensional and time-resolved three-dimensional velocity-encoded phase-contrast techniques. Furthermore, by late gadolinium enhancement and T1-mapping, CMR can reveal the presence of both irreversible replacement and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis. Moreover, its role in guiding aortic valve replacement procedures is beginning to take shape. Recent studies have rendered the importance of active and passive biomechanics in risk stratification and prognosis prediction in patients with aortic stenosis, but more work is required is just in its infancy, but data are promising. In addition, cardiac computed tomography is particularly useful for the diagnosis of aortic valve stenosis, and in preprocedural evaluation of the aorta, while positron emission tomography can be also used to assess valvular inflammation and active calcification. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of current available data regarding advanced cardiovascular multimodal imaging in aortic stenosis.
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32
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Urbanski PP, Irimie V, Diegeler A, Morka A, Thamm T, Lehmkuhl L. Ascending aorta replacement in patients with coronary ostia localized above the sinotubular junction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 59:758-764. [PMID: 33284973 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study objective was to describe the technique and outcomes of original coronary ostial slide plasty in patients with anomalous coronary artery origin (ACAO) localized in the aneurysmal ascending aorta (AA) being replaced because of its isolated pathology and otherwise non-pathological aortic root. METHODS A total of 23 patients (median age 52 years) with the ascending phenotype of proximal aorta aneurysm and ACAO of at least 1 coronary artery localized in the AA being replaced underwent ostial slide plasty to transpose the ACAO to the respective sinus of Valsalva and, consequently, to allow an AA replacement with placement of the proximal anastomosis at the level of the sinotubular junction (STJ). In 15 patients, the aortic valve was bicuspid, and all but 3 patients presented with a relevant valve defect. In addition to remodelling the STJs (all patients), valve-sparing repair or replacement was performed in 12 and 8 patients, respectively. RESULTS No patient died during the entire follow-up (median 72, range 3-183 months). One patient required replacement of a recurrently insufficient valve that was repaired primarily using cusp patch plasty, but there were no further cardiac reoperations nor any re-interventions on the proximal aorta, aortic valve and/or coronary artery ostia. Two patients received peripheral coronary stents (8 and 7 years after surgery, respectively) due to coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS Transposition of the ACAO from the replaced AA into the normal sinus of Valsalva using the ostial slide plasty offers a simple and safe surgical option enabling a recreation of a durable STJ at the level of the anastomosis between the root and the aortic graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Urbanski
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Clinic Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Germany
| | - Vadim Irimie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Clinic Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Germany
| | - Anno Diegeler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Clinic Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Morka
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiosurgical Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tarvo Thamm
- Department for Medical Statistics, Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Lehmkuhl
- Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Clinic Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Germany
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Early Aberrant Angiogenesis Due to Elastic Fiber Fragmentation in Aortic Valve Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8070075. [PMID: 34202041 PMCID: PMC8303641 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic fiber fragmentation (EFF) is a hallmark of aortic valve disease (AVD), and neovascularization has been identified as a late finding related to inflammation. We sought to characterize the relationship between early EFF and aberrant angiogenesis. To examine disease progression, regional anatomy and pathology of aortic valve tissue were assessed using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy from early-onset (<40 yo) and late-onset (≥40 yo) non-syndromic AVD specimens. To assess the effects of EFF on early AVD processes, valve tissue from Williams and Marfan syndrome patients was also analyzed. Bicuspid aortic valve was more common in early-onset AVD, and cardiovascular comorbidities were more common in late-onset AVD. Early-onset AVD specimens demonstrated angiogenesis without inflammation or atherosclerosis. A distinct pattern of elastic fiber components surrounded early-onset AVD neovessels, including increased emilin-1 and decreased fibulin-5. Different types of EFF were present in Williams syndrome (WS) and Marfan syndrome (MFS) aortic valves; WS but not MFS aortic valves demonstrated angiogenesis. Aberrant angiogenesis occurs in early-onset AVD in the absence of inflammation, implicating EFF. Elucidation of underlying mechanisms may inform the development of new pharmacologic treatments.
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Whiteman S, Alimi Y, Carrasco M, Gielecki J, Zurada A, Loukas M. Anatomy of the cardiac chambers: A review of the left ventricle. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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35
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Wang F, Song X, Dang Y, Shu S, Li S. Successful ablation of a left anterior accessory pathway from the left coronary sinus of Valsalva near the aortic-mitral continuity. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521990249. [PMID: 33682506 PMCID: PMC7944529 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521990249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter ablation of accessory pathways can be challenging depending on the location of these pathways, and accessory pathways are rare through the aortic cusps. We report a patient who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for manifestation of a left anterior accessory pathway from the left coronary sinus of Valsalva near the aortic–mitral continuity. Anterior accessory pathways can be safely and effectively ablated from the aortic cusps with favorable long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xuelian Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yi Dang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shangzhi Shu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Jilin, China
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36
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Multimodality Imaging of the Anatomy of the Aortic Root. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050051. [PMID: 34064421 PMCID: PMC8147821 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aortic root has long been considered an inert unidirectional conduit between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta. In the classical definition, the aortic valve leaflets (similar to what is perceived for the atrioventricular valves) have also been considered inactive structures, and their motion was thought to be entirely passive—just driven by the fluctuations of ventricular–aortic gradients. It was not until the advent of aortic valve–sparing surgery and of transcatheter aortic valve implantation that the interest on the anatomy of the aortic root again took momentum. These new procedures require a systematic and thorough analysis of the fine anatomical details of the components of the so-called aortic valve apparatus. Although holding and dissecting cadaveric heart specimens remains an excellent method to appreciate the complex “three-dimensional” nature of the aortic root, nowadays, echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance provide excellent images of cardiac anatomy both in two- and three-dimensional format. Indeed, modern imaging techniques depict the aortic root as it is properly situated within the thorax in an attitudinally correct cardiac orientation, showing a sort of “dynamic anatomy”, which admirably joins structure and function. Finally, they are extensively used before, during, and after percutaneous structural heart disease interventions. This review focuses on the anatomy of the aortic root as revealed by non-invasive imaging techniques.
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37
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Boccalini S, Bons LR, van den Hoven AT, van den Bosch AE, Krestin GP, Roos-Hesselink J, Budde RPJ. Bicuspid aortic valve annulus: assessment of geometry and size changes during the cardiac cycle as measured with a standardized method to define the annular plane. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:8116-8129. [PMID: 33895857 PMCID: PMC8523432 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-07916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a complex malformation affecting not merely the aortic valve. However, little is known regarding the dynamic physiology of the aortic annulus in these patients and whether it is similar to tricuspid aortic valves (TAV). Determining the BAV annular plane is more challenging than for TAV. Our aim was to present a standardized methodology to determine BAV annulus and investigate its changes in shape and dimensions during the cardiac cycle. Methods BAV patients were prospectively included and underwent an ECG-gated cardiac CTA. The annulus plane was manually identified on reconstructions at 5% intervals of the cardiac cycle with a new standardized method for different BAV types. Based on semi-automatically defined contours, maximum and minimum diameter, area, area-derived diameter, perimeter, asymmetry ratio (AR), and relative area were calculated. Differences of dynamic annular parameters were assessed also per BAV type. Results Of the 55 patients included (38.4 ± 13.3 years; 58% males), 38 had BAV Sievers type 1, 10 type 0, and 7 type 2. The minimum diameter, perimeter, area, and area-derived diameter were significantly higher in systole than in diastole with a relative change of 13.7%, 4.8%, 13.7%, and 7.2% respectively (all p < 0.001). The AR was ≥ 1.1 in all phases, indicating an elliptic shape, with more pronounced flattening in diastole (p < 0.001). Different BAV types showed comparable dynamic changes. Conclusions BAV annulus undergo significant changes in shape during the cardiac cycle with a wider area in systole and a more elliptic conformation in diastole regardless of valve type. Key Points • A refined method for the identification of the annulus plane on CT scans of patients with bicuspid aortic valves, tailored for the specific anatomy of each valve type, is proposed. • The annulus of patients with bicuspid aortic valves undergoes significant changes during the cardiac cycle with a wider area and more circular shape in systole regardless of valve type. • As compared to previously published data, the bicuspid aortic valve annulus has physiological dynamics similar to that encountered in tricuspid valves but with overall larger dimensions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00330-021-07916-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Boccalini
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lidia R Bons
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard T van den Hoven
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemien E van den Bosch
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P Krestin
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo P J Budde
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mohammad AN, Eboh O, Mian M, Shammas RL. A patient with single coronary artery, bicuspid aortic valve and sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 33765934 PMCID: PMC7995800 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a rare case of a patient who presented with chest pain and was found to have a constellation of rare cardiac anomalies. CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old patient with no past medical history presented with chest pain. He had mild troponin elevation, but no ischemic changes on ECG. He underwent a CT coronary angiogram for further evaluation. He was found to have a type 0 bicuspid aortic valve, large left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and type R-III single coronary artery. These findings were confirmed with transesophageal echocardiogram and coronary angiogram. He underwent a successful repair of his aortic root aneurysm with a synthetic patch. CONCLUSIONS The combination of type R-III single coronary artery, bicuspid aortic valve, and left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm congenital anomalies in one individual is extremely rare and marks our case unique. Given the size of his Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, the patient underwent surgical repair of his aneurysm and was asymptomatic when seen in follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Oghenesuvwe Eboh
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Muna Mian
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Rony L Shammas
- Vidant Heart and vascular Care, Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
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Aortic root widening: “pro et contra”. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 38:91-100. [PMID: 35463701 PMCID: PMC8980977 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-020-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with a small aortic annulus, the clinical benefits of aortic valve replacement depend on avoidance of patient-prosthesis mismatch as it is associated with reduced overall survival. Aortic root widening or enlargement is a useful technique to implant larger valve prosthesis to prevent patient-prosthesis mismatch. Posterior annular enlargement is the commonest technique used for aortic root enlargement. Consistent enlargement of the aortic root requires more extensive procedures like Manouguian or Konno-Rastan techniques. The patients commonly selected are younger patients with good life expectancy. However, caution is advised in applying this procedure in elderly patients, patients with heavily calcified annulus and when performing concomitant procedures. There is no definitive conclusion on the best material to use for the reconstruction of aortic annulus and aorta in aortic root enlargement procedures.
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Federspiel JM, Ehrlich T, Abeln K, Schäfers HJ. Aortic annuloplasty: Subcommissural, intra-annular suture techniques, external and internal rings. JTCVS Tech 2021; 7:98-102. [PMID: 34318215 PMCID: PMC8311589 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjtc.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve repair and valve-preserving root replacement have evolved into increasingly practiced procedures. With increasing experience, the need for an annuloplasty has become more evident, at least for pathologies that involve annular dilatation. To understand the effect of an aortic annuloplasty, it is necessary to know the details of aortic valve and root anatomy. Geometrically, the functional annulus is best defined as the virtual basal ring, ie, plane of the cusp nadirs. The sinotubular diameter also influences the aortic valve form, at least in tricuspid valves. Different annuloplasty concepts have been developed for isolated valve repair or in combination with root remodeling, such as subcommissural sutures, suture annuloplasty, external, and internal rings. Subcommissural sutures do not consistently provide durable annular stabilization. More positive results have been published for circular approaches, ie, suture annuloplasty, external, or internal rings. The results of different techniques are difficult to judge because most outcome data have not been analyzed with control of confounding predictors of repair failure. The evidence that annuloplasty improves aortic valve function and repair durability is best documented for isolated bicuspid aortic valve repair. In summary, the addition of annuloplasty to aortic valve reconstruction is probably a useful tool to improve valve competence and stabilize the repair. This is best documented for isolated bicuspid valve repair and circular approaches. The relative benefit of individual concepts is difficult to judge because of lack of both control groups and control of confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Federspiel
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tristan Ehrlich
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Karen Abeln
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schäfers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Schneider U, Hofmann C, Schöpe J, Niewald AK, Giebels C, Karliova I, Schäfers HJ. Long-term Results of Differentiated Anatomic Reconstruction of Bicuspid Aortic Valves. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5:1366-1373. [PMID: 32936224 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) repair has been used in limited cohorts, but its long-term results in a large population are unknown. Objectives To analyze the long-term stability of BAV repair for survival and the factors associated with repair failure and to evaluate whether a differentiated anatomic repair approach may improve repair stability. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case series, 1024 patients underwent BAV repair for aortic regurgitation or aneurysm between October 1995 and June 2018, with a mean (SD) follow-up time of 56 (49) months and maximum follow-up of 271 months. Systematic modifications in technique based on anatomic principles were introduced in 2009 and applied for the last 727 patients. Data were acquired prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. Exposures Repair of BAV with or without concomitant aortic replacement, as well as postoperative clinical and echocardiographic follow-up. Main Outcomes and Measures Survival and incidence of reoperation or recurrent aortic regurgitation, as well as factors associated with valve repair failure. Results Among the 1024 patients in the study (920 male [89.8%]; mean [SD] age, 47 [13] years [range, 15-86 years]), the survival rate at 15 years was 82.1%. The cumulative incidence of reoperation was 30.7% (95% CI, 22.7%-38.7%) at 15 years. Cusp calcification (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.14-2.77; P = .01), asymmetric commissural orientation (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.02-3.72; P = .04), and use of a pericardial patch for cusp repair (subdistribution hazard ratio, 5.25; 95% CI, 3.52-7.82; P < .001) were associated with time to reoperation. At 10 years, the incidence of reoperation was significantly reduced among patients who received the anatomic repair concept compared with those who had undergone surgery in the earlier period (8.8% vs 24.6%; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that survival after BAV repair is excellent and that a large proportion of BAV repairs will remain stable. Repair stability can be markedly improved by an anatomic repair concept. Cusp calcification and the need for cusp repair using a patch remain the factors most strongly associated with valve failure. In those instances, valve replacement should be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schneider
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christopher Hofmann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöpe
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Niewald
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Giebels
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Irem Karliova
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schäfers
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Patloori SCS, Manickavasagam A, Chase D, Roshan J. Prognostic significance of accelerated ventricular response during radiofrequency ablation of premature ventricular complexes. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2020; 20:231-236. [PMID: 32428550 PMCID: PMC7691780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipej.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accelerated ventricular response is frequently observed during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). We hypothesized that acceleration indicates an appropriate site and adequate injury to the arrhythmogenic tissue, and sought to investigate its value in predicting the outcome. Methods We retrospectively analyzed RFA procedures performed for PVCs in our institution from 2011 to 2019. Results Fifty-eight patients (29 male; age 42.7 ± 15.6 years) underwent 62 RFA procedures. The most common site was the right ventricular outflow tract (67.7%). Acute success was seen in 88.7%. Accelerated ventricular response was observed in 60.0% of the successful procedures. After a median follow-up of 14.0 months (IQR: 6.0–26.6 months), 16 patients had a recurrence. Recurrence was significantly lower in the group with acceleration than in the group without acceleration (12.5% vs. 57.1%; log-rank P < 0.001). The 1-year recurrence rate was 6.5% in the acceleration group and 41.6% in the group without acceleration. On multivariable analysis the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.17 (95% CI, 0.04–0.64; Cox regression P = 0.009). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive values of accelerated response to predict long-term success were 75.7%, 75.0%, 87.5%, and 57.2%, respectively. Conclusions The recurrence after PVC ablation is significantly lower when an accelerated response was observed at the successful location during RFA. This can be an additional useful marker of long-term success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anand Manickavasagam
- Unit of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - David Chase
- Unit of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - John Roshan
- Unit of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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Aortenklappenrekonstruktion. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-020-00390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li J, Lin W, Zheng C, Zhang C, Yu J, Lin J. Implication of the distinctive bipolar intracardiac electrograms for ventricular arrhythmias arising from different regions of ventricular outflow tract. Europace 2020; 22:1367-1375. [PMID: 32449935 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the characteristics of bipolar intracardiac electrograms (bi-EGMs) in target sites of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from different regions of ventricular outflow tract (VOT). METHODS AND RESULTS Two hundred and seventy patients undergoing first-time ablation for VAs originated from distal great cardiac vein (DGCV), aortic sinus cusps (ASCs), or pulmonary sinus cusps (PSCs) were enrolled in present study. Local intracardiac bipolar recordings on 243 successful sites and 506 attempted but unsuccessful ablation sites were analysed. Specific potentials in bi-EGMs on successful sites were more common compared with unsuccessful sites (76.95%, 187/243 vs. 25.49%, 129/506, P < 0.05). A total of 60.00% (81/135) patients in ASCs group presented a presystolic short-duration fractionated potential, higher than 23.21% (13/56) in DGCV and 23.08% (12/52) in PSCs (all P < 0.05); 44.23% (23/52) patients in PSC group showed a presystolic high-amplitude discrete potential, while 1.79% (1/56) in DGCV and 2.22% (3/135) in ASCs (all P < 0.05); 41.07% (23/56) patients in DGCV group showed bi-EGMs of presystolic long-duration multicomponent fractionated potential, which was significantly higher than 3.85% (2/52) in PSCs and 4.44%(6/135) in ASCs (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Distinctive morphology of bi-EGMs during VAs can be found in different regions of VOT, which probably due to changes in the arrangements of myocardial sleeves. Correct identification and better understanding of the distinctive features of these bi-EGMs with regards to the anatomic location was important, the presence of specific potentials may add help in successful ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Weiqian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiji Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiafeng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
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Yu M, Li X, Zhang H, Xia Y, Liu J, Fang P. A Simplified Two-Stepwise Electrocardiographic Algorithm to Distinguish Left from Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia Origin. Cardiology 2020; 145:710-719. [PMID: 32841940 DOI: 10.1159/000507360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several electrocardiographic algorithms to predict the origin of idiopathic outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OT-VAs). This study aimed to develop a more accurate and efficient stepwise electrocardiographic algorithm to discriminate left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) from right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) origin. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed 12-lead electrocardiographic characteristics of 173 consecutive OT-VAs patients who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation in the RVOT (n = 124) or LVOT (n = 49). Based on the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves, the combination of transitional zone (TZ) index <0 and V2S/V3R index ≤1.5 exhibited 93.5% sensitivity, 85.9% specificity, and 87.3% accuracy. A further analysis was performed in the 71 OT-VAs with a V3-lead precordial transition. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the integration of V2S/V3R index ≤1.5 and R-wave deflection interval in lead V3 >80 ms were 91.7, 83.1, and 85.9%, respectively. In the prospective evaluation, the combination of TZ index and V2S/V3R index could identify the correct origin sites with 91.2% accuracy in the overall analysis, and the integration of V2S/V3R index ≤1.5 and R-wave deflection interval in lead V3 >80 ms exhibited 94% accuracy in V3-lead precordial transition. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TZ index <0 and V2S/V3R index ≤1.5 is a simple and efficient stepwise electrocardiographic algorithm for predicting LVOT origin. For the OT-VAs with a V3-lead precordial transition, the integration of V2S/V3R index ≤1.5 and R-wave deflection interval in lead V3 >80 ms would be a better choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pihua Fang
- Arrhythmia Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
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Amplitude of QRS complex within initial 40 ms in V 2 (V 2QRS i40): Novel electrocardiographic criterion for predicting accurate localization of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmia origin. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:2164-2171. [PMID: 32653429 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial depolarization vector of outflow tract (OT) ventricular arrhythmia (VA) varies in different origins, which may help to predict OT-VA origin more accurately. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop a more accurate electrocardiographic (ECG) criterion for differentiating between left and right OT-VA origins. METHODS We studied 275 patients with successful ablation in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) (n = 207) or left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) (n = 68) in the development cohort. Amplitude of the QRS complex within initial 40 ms (QRSi40) in precordial leads was measured. A novel criterion for identifying OT-VA origin was developed based on the development cohort. Predictive performance of novel criterion was further validated by comparing with previous ECG criteria (V2S/V3R index, V2 transition ratio, and transition zone index) in the validation cohort with 107 patients (RVOT 75; LVOT 32). RESULTS QRSi40 of identical precordial leads were significantly greater in the LVOT group than the RVOT group (P <.05). In the development cohort, QRSi40 of V2 (V2QRSi40) exhibited the greatest area under the curve of 0.950, with cutoff ≥0.52 mV predicting LVOT origin (sensitivity 86.0%; specificity 94.6%). In the validation cohort, V2QRSi40 ≥0.52 mV outperformed previous criteria in predictive performance (accuracy 90.7%; sensitivity 84.4%; specificity 93.3%). This advantage of V2QRSi40 over previous criteria also held true for subgroups of transition zone index = 0 and V3 R/S transition. CONCLUSION V2QRSi40 is a novel and accurate ECG criterion to predict OT-VA origin that outperforms previous criteria.
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Xiong Y, Zhu H. Electrocardiographic characteristics of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias based on anatomy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2020; 25:e12782. [PMID: 32592448 PMCID: PMC7679832 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia (IVA) is a term used to describe a spectrum of ventricular arrhythmia without structural heart disease (SHD). IVAs contain premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT), and sustained VT. Electrocardiography is a fundamental and important tool to diagnose and localize IVAs. More detailed, IVAs originating from different origins exhibit characterized ECGs due to their specific anatomic backgrounds. As catheter ablation becomes widely used to eliminate these arrhythmias, its high success rate is based on accurate localization of their origins. Therefore, these ECG characteristics show great importance for precise localization of their origins and subsequently successful ablation. This review aims to sum up ECG characteristics of IVAs based on anatomy and give brief introduction of mechanisms and treatment of IVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Xiong
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongling Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Suzuki M, Mori S, Izawa Y, Shimoyama S, Takahashi Y, Toh H, Tsuda D, Toba T, Fujiwara S, Tanaka H, Hirata KI, Anderson RH, Tretter JT. Three-dimensional volumetric measurement of the aortic root compared to standard two-dimensional measurements using cardiac computed tomography. Clin Anat 2020; 34:333-341. [PMID: 32249462 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two-dimensional measurements are self-evidently limited when seeking accurately to represent the three-dimensional complexity of the aortic root. Volumetric measurement, therefore, seems an ideal alternative for a more accurate assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 123 individuals undergoing cardiac computed tomography. We measured the dimensions of the sinuses of Valsalva using routine multiplanar short axis imaging. Three conventional two-dimensional methods were applied to measure the dimensions of the sinuses. These involved bisecting center of sinus-to-center of interleaflet triangle measures, along with center of sinus-to-center of sinus, and largest sinus-to-sinus measurements. We then quantified the volumes of the root using the volume-rendering method. RESULTS The mean dimensions of the sinuses were significantly greater when measured using the largest sinus-to-sinus method as opposed to center of sinus-to-center of interleaflet triangle and center of sinus-to-center of sinus methods (33.6 ± 3.6 mm vs. 31.1 ± 3.1 mm and 30.9 ± 3.3 mm, p < .0001). The mean root volume of 13.6 ± 4.2 ml showed the strongest correlation with the mean dimensions of the sinuses of Valsalva measured using the bisecting method (R2 = .8401, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS By using two- and three-dimensional measurements, we have provided average data for the structurally normal aortic root. The differences and correlations encountered should be noted when evaluating and following changes in the diseased root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shumpei Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu Izawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shimoyama
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Toba
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sei Fujiwara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Justin T Tretter
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Kapa S, Mehra N, Deshmukh AJ, Friedman PA, Asirvatham SJ. Left sinus of Valsalva—Electroanatomic basis and outcomes with ablation for outflow tract arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:952-959. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kapa
- Department of CardiologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester Minnesota
| | - Nandini Mehra
- Department of CardiologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester Minnesota
| | | | - Paul A. Friedman
- Department of CardiologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester Minnesota
| | - Samuel J. Asirvatham
- Department of CardiologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester Minnesota
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineMayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester Minnesota
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Nagpal P, Agrawal MD, Saboo SS, Hedgire S, Priya S, Steigner ML. Imaging of the aortic root on high-pitch non-gated and ECG-gated CT: awareness is the key! Insights Imaging 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32198657 PMCID: PMC7083991 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-020-00855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aortic pathologies are well recognized on imaging. However, conventionally cardiac and proximal aortic abnormalities were only seen on dedicated cardiac or aortic studies due to need for ECG gating. Advances in CT technology have allowed motionless imaging of the chest and abdomen, leading to an increased visualization of cardiac and aortic root diseases on non-ECG-gated imaging. The advances are mostly driven by high pitch due to faster gantry rotation and table speed. The high-pitch scans are being increasingly used for variety of clinical indications because the images are free of motion artifact (both breathing and pulsation) as well as decreased radiation dose. Recognition of aortic root pathologies may be challenging due to lack of familiarity of radiologists with disease spectrum and their imaging appearance. It is important to recognize some of these conditions as early diagnosis and intervention is key to improving prognosis. We present a comprehensive review of proximal aortic anatomy, pathologies commonly seen at the aortic root, and their imaging appearances to familiarize radiologists with the diseases of this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nagpal
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mukta D Agrawal
- Department of Radiology, Non-invasive Cardiovascular Imaging, Brigham and Women Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sachin S Saboo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Sandeep Hedgire
- Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarv Priya
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael L Steigner
- Department of Radiology, Non-invasive Cardiovascular Imaging, Brigham and Women Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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