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Sex/Gender- and Age-Related Differences in β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154280. [PMID: 35893368 PMCID: PMC9330499 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often recognized from experimental and clinical studies examining the prevalence, manifestations, and response to therapies. Compared to age-matched men, women tend to have reduced CV risk and a better prognosis in the premenopausal period. However, with menopause, this risk increases exponentially, surpassing that of men. Although several mechanisms have been provided, including sex hormones, an emerging role in these sex differences has been suggested for β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling. Importantly, β-ARs are the most important G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), expressed in almost all the cell types of the CV system, and involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Consistent with their role, for decades, βARs have been considered the first targets for rational drug design to fight CVDs. Of note, β-ARs are seemingly associated with different CV outcomes in females compared with males. In addition, even if there is a critical inverse correlation between β-AR responsiveness and aging, it has been reported that gender is crucially involved in this age-related effect. This review will discuss how β-ARs impact the CV risk and response to anti-CVD therapies, also concerning sex and age. Further, we will explore how estrogens impact β-AR signaling in women.
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Silverio A, Bellino M, Galasso G, Bossone E, Citro R. Response to: Correspondence on 'Beta-blockers are associated with better long-term survival in patients with Takotsubo syndrome' by Chang et al. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2022; 108:1244-1245. [PMID: 35609960 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Silverio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michele Bellino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Cardarelli, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Citro
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy .,Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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