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Dharra R, Kumar Sharma A, Datta S. Emerging aspects of cytokine storm in COVID-19: The role of proinflammatory cytokines and therapeutic prospects. Cytokine 2023; 169:156287. [PMID: 37402337 PMCID: PMC10291296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has claimed millions of lives during the last 3 years since initial cases were reported in Wuhan, China, in 2019. Patients with COVID-19 suffer from severe pneumonia, high fever, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple-organ dysfunction, which may also result in fatality in extreme cases. Cytokine storm (CS) is hyperactivation of the immune system, wherein the dysregulated production of proinflammatory cytokines could result in excessive immune cell infiltrations in the pulmonary tissues, resulting in tissue damage. The immune cell infiltration could also occur in other tissues and organs and result in multiple organs' dysfunction. The key cytokines implicated in the onset of disease severity include TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and G-CSF. Controlling the CS is critical in treating COVID-19 disease. Therefore, different strategies are employed to mitigate the effects of CS. These include using monoclonal antibodies directed against soluble cytokines or the cytokine receptors, combination therapies, mesenchymal stem cell therapy, therapeutic plasma exchange, and some non-conventional treatment methods to improve patient immunity. The current review describes the role/s of critical cytokines in COVID-19-mediated CS and the respective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Dharra
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Bio-Science and Technology, M. M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Sonal Datta
- Department of Bio-Science and Technology, M. M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India.
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Banovic M, Pusnik-Vrckovnik M, Nakou E, Vardas P. Myocardial regeneration therapy in heart failure: Current status and future therapeutic implications in clinical practice. Int J Cardiol 2018; 260:124-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The Effect of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Animal Models: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6705363. [PMID: 29138752 PMCID: PMC5613364 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6705363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a common inflammatory disease. Stem cell and endothelial progenitor cell treatments can improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a mobilisation agent, mobilising stem cells from the bone marrow to circulation in the blood. G-CSF may constitute a treatment of atherosclerosis. We have conducted meta-analysis to evaluate the current evidence for the effect of G-CSF on the progression of atherosclerosis in animal models and to provide reference for preclinical experiments and future human clinical trials of atherosclerosis treatment. Methods We searched several databases and conducted a meta-analysis across seven articles using a random-effect model. All statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager Version 5.2 and Stata 12.0. Results We found that G-CSF therapy was associated with reduced atherosclerotic lesion area (weighted mean difference (WMD): 7.29%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.06-12.52%; P = 0.006). No significant differences in total serum cholesterol (P = 0.54) and triglyceride levels (P = 0.95) were noted in G-CSF treatment groups compared with controls. Multivariable metaregression analysis revealed that the animal type (rabbit, P = 0.022) and frequency of G-CSF administration (>20, P = 0.007) impacted the atherosclerotic lesion area changes. Conclusion The meta-analysis suggested that G-CSF treatment might inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in animal models.
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D'Amario D, Leone AM, Borovac JA, Cannata F, Siracusano A, Niccoli G, Crea F. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: An update with a critical appraisal. Pharmacol Res 2017; 127:67-76. [PMID: 28602846 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure and acute myocardial infarction are conditions that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Significant dysfunction of the heart muscle can occur as the consequence of end-stage chronic cardiovascular diseases or acute ischemic events that are marked by large infarction area and significant tissue necrosis. Despite the remarkable improvement of conventional treatments, a substantial proportion of patients still develops severe heart failure that can only be resolved by heart transplantation or mechanical device implantation. Therefore, novel approaches based on stem-cell therapy can directly modify the disease process and alter its prognosis. The ability of the stem-cells to modify and repair the injured myocardium is a challenging but intriguing concept that can potentially replace expensive and invasive methods of treatment that are associated with increased risks and significant financial costs. In that sense, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) seems as an attractive treatment approach. Based on the series of pre-clinical experiments and a limited amount of clinical data, it was demonstrated that G-CSF agents possess the ability to mobilize stem-cells from bone marrow and induce their differentiation into cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells when brought into contact with injured regions of the myocardium. However, clinical benefits of G-CSF use in damaged myocardium remain unclear and are the topic of expert discussion. The main goal of this review is to present relevant and up-to-date evidence on G-CSF therapy use in pre-clinical models and in humans and to provide a rationale for its potential clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Amario
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Leone
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Josip Anđelo Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Francesco Cannata
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Siracusano
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Niccoli
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, Rome, 00168, Italy.
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Achilli F, Malafronte C, Cesana F, Maggiolini S, Mauro C, De Ferrari GM, Lenatti L, Tespili M, Pasqualini P, Gentile F, Capogrossi MC, Maggioni A, Maseri A, Pontone G, Colombo GI, Pompilio G. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for large anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction: rationale and design of the prospective randomized phase III STEM-AMI OUTCOME trial. Am Heart J 2015; 170:652-658.e7. [PMID: 26386788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been clinically tested in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with mixed results. Our 3-year follow-up data from STEM-AMI trial documented a sustained benefit of G-CSF on adverse ventricular remodeling after large anterior STEMI, when administered early and at a high-dose in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. The Aim of the present trial is to establish whether G-CSF improves hard clinical long-term outcomes. METHODS The STEM-AMI OUTCOME is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III trial. It will include 1,530 patients with anterior STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention 2 to 24 hours after symptoms onset and with LV ejection fraction ≤45% after successful reperfusion. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to G-CSF and/or standard treatment. The primary end point is a reduced occurrence of all-cause death, recurrence of myocardial infarction, or hospitalization due to heart failure in G-CSF-treated patients. Left ventricular remodeling will be assessed via cardiac ultrasound and a substudy with cardiac magnetic resonance will be carried out in 120 subjects. Accrual and follow-up periods will last 3 and 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The STEM-AMI OUTCOME study is designed to be a rigorous controlled phase III trial with adequate statistical power to conclusively assess efficacy of G-CSF treatment in STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Achilli
- Cardiology Unit and Intensive and Coronary Care Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | - Cristina Malafronte
- Cardiology Unit and Intensive and Coronary Care Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Cesana
- Cardiology Unit and Intensive and Coronary Care Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Mauro
- Department of Cardiology, Cardarelli Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetano M De Ferrari
- Cardiology Unit and Intensive and Coronary Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Lenatti
- Department of Cardiology, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Gentile
- Department of Cardiology, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Maggioni
- Research Center of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Pontone
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I Colombo
- Immunology and Functional Genomics Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, and Cardiovascular Section, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Worel N, Buser A, Greinix HT, Hägglund H, Navarro W, Pulsipher MA, Nicoloso de Faveri G, Bengtsson M, Billen A, Espino G, Fechter M, Giudice V, Hölig K, Kanamori H, Kodera Y, Leitner G, Netelenbos T, Niederwieser D, van Walraven SM, Rocha V, Torosian T, Vergueiro C, Weisdorf D, Yabe H, Halter JP. Suitability Criteria for Adult Related Donors: A Consensus Statement from the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Standing Committee on Donor Issues. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:2052-2060. [PMID: 26271194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants performed globally each year continues to increase. Advances in HLA typing, better supportive care, and administration of reduced-intensity conditioning regimens allow treatment of older patients with older sibling donors. Pretransplant donor assessment and testing are very important processes affecting the quality and safety of donation. For unrelated HSC donors detailed recommendations for health assessment have been published, allowing donation only if they are unrestrictedly healthy. Eligibility criteria for related donors are less strict and vary significantly between centers. In situations where a family donor does not meet the suitability criteria for unrelated donors, involved physicians often struggle with the decision whether the matched relative is suitable for donation or not. On behalf of the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Standing Committee on Donor Issues, we intended to develop a consensus document with recommendations for donor workup and final clearance of family donors who would not be able to serve as unrelated donors because of their age or pre-existing diseases. This article covers different topics intending to support decision-making, with the goal of minimizing medical risk to the donor and protection of the recipient from transmissible diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Worel
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Buser
- Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans Hägglund
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Michael A Pulsipher
- Division of Hematology and Hematological Malignancies, Huntsman Cancer Institute/University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Mats Bengtsson
- Tobias Registry of Swedish Bone Marrow Donors and Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - German Espino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, University Hospital Caja del Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama
| | - Mirjam Fechter
- Europdonor Foundation Leiden, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Giudice
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kristina Hölig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heiwa Kanamori
- Department of Hematology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kodera
- Asia-Pacific Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group and Department of Promotion for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Gerda Leitner
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Netelenbos
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Suzanna M van Walraven
- Europdonor Foundation Leiden, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Ethics Working Group of the World Marrow Donor Association, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanderson Rocha
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, British Bone Marrow Donor Registry and Cord Blood Banks, NHS-BT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmen Vergueiro
- FCM Santa Casa de São Paulo, Disciplina de Hematologia e Oncologia, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniel Weisdorf
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jörg P Halter
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mitchell A, Fujisawa T, Newby D, Mills N, Cruden NL. Vascular injury and repair: a potential target for cell therapies. Future Cardiol 2015; 11:45-60. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.14.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Whether due to atherosclerotic disease or mechanical intervention, vascular injury is a frequently encountered pathology in cardiovascular medicine. The past decade has seen growing interest in the role of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in vessel recovery postinjury. Despite this, the definition, origin and potential role of endothelial progenitor cells in vascular regeneration remains highly controversial. While animal work has shown early promise, evidence of a therapeutic role for endothelial progenitor cells in humans remains elusive. To date, clinical trials involving direct cell administration, growth factor therapy and endothelial cell capture stents have largely been disappointing, although this may in part reflect limitations in study design. This article will outline the pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular injury with an emphasis on endothelial progenitor cell biology and the potential therapeutic role of this exciting new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mitchell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Takeshi Fujisawa
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Edinburgh Bioquarter; 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nicholas L Cruden
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Hartley LC, Girling AJ, Bowater RJ, Lilford RJ. A multistudy analysis investigating systematic differences in cardiovascular trial results between Europe and Asia. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 69:397-404. [PMID: 25480408 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether there are differences in the results of cardiovascular trials between Europe and Asia using data from an extensive collection of randomised controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING All meta-analyses containing randomised controlled trials (RCT's) for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases were searched for in The Cochrane Library (2000-2008) and MEDLINE (2005-2008). Analysis was then conducted within and over each meta-analysis which satisfied given criteria. Separate estimates of treatment effect were calculated for Europe and Asia in each meta-analysis and then compared. Estimates of a common inter-continental difference over all meta-analyses were also calculated and meta-regression was performed. This was performed for both fatal and non-fatal end points. RESULTS The literature search identified 59 meta-analyses that satisfied the inclusion criteria. After exclusion, the number of meta-analyses reporting greater effect sizes in Asia than in Europe was significantly more than would be expected by chance (fatal 12/14, p=0.013; non-fatal 23/32, p=0.020). CONCLUSIONS This study provides some evidence that for cardiovascular interventions treatment effect estimation differs between Europe and Asia, with respect to both fatal and non-fatal end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Hartley
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alan J Girling
- School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Russell J Bowater
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Richard J Lilford
- School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates left ventricular remodelling after acute anterior STEMI: results of the single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicentre STem cEll Mobilization in Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEM-AMI) Trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 12:1111-21. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Doppler SA, Deutsch MA, Lange R, Krane M. Cardiac regeneration: current therapies-future concepts. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:683-97. [PMID: 24255783 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be one of the main causes of death in the western world. A high burden of disease and the high costs for the healthcare systems claim for novel therapeutic strategies besides current conventional medical care. One decade ago first clinical trials addressed stem cell based therapies as a potential alternative therapeutic strategy for myocardial regeneration and repair. Besides bone marrow derived stem cells (BMCs), adult stem cells from adipose or cardiac tissue have been used in current clinical studies with inconsistent results. Although outcomes in terms of safety and feasibility are generally encouraging, functional improvements were mostly disappointingly low and have failed to reach expectations. In the future, new concepts for myocardial regeneration, especially concerning recovery of cardiomyocyte loss, have to be developed. Transplantation of novel stem or progenitor cell populations with "true" regenerative potential, direct reprogramming of scar tissue into functional myocardium, tissue engineering or stimulation of endogenous cardiac repair by pharmacological agents are conceivable. This review summarizes current evidence of stem cell based regenerative therapies and discusses future strategies to improve functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Doppler
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Moazzami K, Roohi A, Moazzami B. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD008844. [PMID: 23728682 PMCID: PMC8454260 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008844.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death in developed countries, and current treatment modalities have failed to regenerate the dead myocardium resulting from the ischemic damage. Stem cells have the potential to regenerate the damaged myocardium. These cells can be mobilized from the bone marrow by factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of stem cell mobilization following granulocyte colony stimulating factor therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2010), MEDLINE (1950 to November week 3, 2010), EMBASE (1980 to 2010 week 48), BIOSIS Previews (1969 to 30 November 2010), ISI Science Citation Index Expanded (1970 to 4 December 2010) and ISI Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (1990 to 4 December 2010). We also checked reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials including participants with a clinical diagnosis of AMI who were randomly allocated to the subcutaneous administration of G-CSF through a daily dose of 2.5, 5 or 10 microgram/kg for four to six days or placebo. No age or other restrictions were applied for the selection of patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected trials, assessed trials for eligibility and methodological quality, and extracted data regarding the clinical efficacy and adverse outcomes. Disagreements were resolved by the third author. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials reported in 30 references in the review (354 participants). In all trials, G-CSF was compared with placebo preparations. Dosage of G-CSF varied among studies, ranging from 2.5 to 10 microgram/kg/day. Regarding overall risk of bias, data regarding the generation of randomization sequence and incomplete outcome data were at a low risk of bias; however, data regarding binding of personnel were not conclusive. The rate of mortality was not different between the two groups (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.80, P = 0.55). Regarding safety, the limited amount of evidence is inadequate to reach any conclusions regarding the safety of G-CSF therapy. Moreover, the results did not show any beneficial effects of G-CSF in patients with AMI regarding left ventricular function parameters, including left ventricular ejection fraction (RR 3.41, 95% CI -0.61 to 7.44, P = 0.1), end systolic volume (RR -1.35, 95% CI -4.68 to 1.99, P = 0.43) and end diastolic volume (RR -4.08, 95% CI -8.28 to 0.12, P = 0.06). It should also be noted that the study was limited since the trials included lacked long enough follow up durations. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence from small trials suggested a lack of benefit of G-CSF therapy in patients with AMI. Since data of the risk of bias regarding blinding of personnel were not conclusive, larger RCTs with appropriate power calculations and longer follow up durations are required in order to address current uncertainties regarding the clinical efficacy and therapy-related adverse events of G-CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moazzami
- Cardiovascular ResearchCenter (CVRC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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12
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Iwata Y, Fujimoto Y, Morino T, Sugimoto K, Ohkubo K, Kadohira T, Fukushima K, Kitahara H, Komuro I, Kobayashi Y. Effects of stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on endothelial function after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Heart J 2013; 165:408-14. [PMID: 23453111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to enhance endothelial healing after spontaneous or iatrogenic arterial disruption. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment might attenuate endothelial dysfunction after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation that may be associated with adverse cardiac events during follow-up. This prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study investigated whether G-CSF improved endothelial dysfunction after SES implantation. METHODS One hundred patients who underwent SES implantation were randomly assigned to the G-CSF (n = 50) or the placebo group (n = 50). They received daily subcutaneous injection of 300 μg G-CSF or saline for 5 days. Endothelial function was estimated by measuring the coronary vasoreactivity in the segments 15 mm proximal and distal to SES in response to intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine (10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/L) at 9-month follow-up. RESULTS Follow-up angiography was performed in 41 G-CSF patients (82%) and 46 placebo patients (92%) (P = .14). Changes in coronary diameter in response to acetylcholine infusion in the proximal segment were not significantly different between the 2 groups. However, vasoconstriction in the distal segment in response to 10(-8) mol/L (-3.9% ± 6.4% vs -7.0% ± 8.1%, P < .05) and 10(-7) mol/L (-8.8% ± 11.0% vs -15.2% ± 7.6%, P < .01) acetylcholine infusion was attenuated in the G-CSF group. Endothelium-independent vasodilatation after nitrate infusion did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates endothelial dysfunction after SES implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Iwata
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Ripa RS, Jørgensen E, Kastrup J. Clinical outcome after stem cell mobilization with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: 5-year results of the STEMMI trial. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73:125-9. [PMID: 23281844 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.750010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been investigated in trials aiming to promote recovery of myocardial function after myocardial infarction. Long-term safety-data have never been reported. A few studies indicated an increased risk of in-stent re-stenosis. We aimed to investigate clinical events 5 years after inclusion into a randomized trial of G-CSF versus placebo. METHODS Seventy-eight patients were randomized, from 2003-2005, to G-CSF or placebo after myocardial infarction. Four patients withdrew consent prior to study treatment and were excluded leaving 36 and 38 in the placebo- and G-CSF groups. Information about all hospital admittances of included patients until 2010 was extracted from a national register. The only censoring event was immigration. The events were combined into four prespecified endpoints: Time to (1) first hospital admittance (all cause), (2) first cardiovascular-related hospital admittance, (3) first major cardiovascular event, and (4) death. RESULTS One patient (1%) was lost to follow-up. Four patients (4%) died in the follow-up period, three in the G-CSF group and one in the placebo group (p = 0.4). Hazard ratio for all cause hospital admittance was 0.7 (95% CI 0.38-1.29). The incidence of both new myocardial infarction (p = 1.0) and revascularization procedures (p = 0.4) were similar in the two groups. Survival analyses showed no differences in the occurrence of any of the four prespecified composite endpoints between the two groups (p = 0.6; 0.5; 0.8; 0.3). CONCLUSIONS We found no indication of increased risk of adverse events up to 5 years after G-CSF treatment. These results support the continued investigation of G-CSF for cardiac therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus S Ripa
- Department of Cardiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
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Marmotti A, Castoldi F, Rossi R, Marenco S, Risso A, Ruella M, Tron A, Borrè A, Blonna D, Tarella C. Bone marrow-derived cell mobilization by G-CSF to enhance osseointegration of bone substitute in high tibial osteotomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:237-48. [PMID: 22872005 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) efficacy in accelerating bone regeneration following opening-wedge high tibial valgus osteotomy for genu varum. METHODS A phase II trial was conducted for evaluating the preoperative administration of G-CSF given at 10 μg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days with an additional half-dose 4 h before the opening-wedge high tibial valgus osteotomy. Overall, 12 patients (Group A) received G-CSF treatment, and the subsequent 12 patients (Group B) underwent surgery without G-CSF. The osteotomy gap was filled by a bone graft substitute. Bone marrow cell (BMC) mobilization was monitored by CD34+ve cell and clonogenic progenitor cell analysis. All patients underwent a clinical (Lysholm Knee Scale and SF-36) and radiographic evaluation preoperatively, as well as at given intervals postsurgery. RESULTS All patients completed the treatment program without major side effects; G-CSF was well tolerated. BMC mobilization occurred in all Group A patients, with median peak values of circulating CD34+ve cells of 110/μL (range 29-256). Circulating clonogenic progenitors paralleled CD34+ve cell levels. A significant improvement in Lysholm Knee Scale was recorded at follow-up in Group A compared to Group B. At the radiographic evaluation, there was a significant increase in osseointegration at the bone-graft junction in Group A at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months postsurgery compared to Group B. The computerized tomography scan of the grafted area at 2 months postsurgery showed no significant difference in the quality of the newly formed bone between the two Groups. CONCLUSIONS Although the limited number of patients does not allow firm conclusions, the study suggests that G-CSF can be safely administered preoperatively in subjects undergoing opening-wedge high tibial valgus osteotomy; in addition, the clinical, radiographic and CT monitoring indicate that G-CSF and/or mobilized BMCs may hasten bone graft substitute osseointegration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marmotti
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ordine Mauriziano, Umberto I Hospital, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Alvarez PA, Schwarz ER, Ramineni R, Myatt P, Barbin C, Boissonnet C, Phan A, Maggioni A, Barbagelata A. Periprocedural adverse events in cell therapy trials in myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. Clin Res Cardiol 2012; 102:1-10. [PMID: 23052331 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-012-0508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy (CTh) is a promising novel therapy for myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (iCMP). Recognizing adverse events (AE) is important for safety evaluation, harm prevention and may aid in the design of future trials. OBJECTIVE To define the prevalence of periprocedural AE in CTh trials in MI and iCMP. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database from January 1990 to October 2010. Controlled clinical trials that compared CTh with standard treatment in the setting of MI and/or iCMP were selected. AE related to CTh were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2,472 patients from 35 trials were included. There were 26 trials including 1,796 patients that used CTh in MI and 9 trials including 676 patients that used CTh in iCMP. Periprocedural arrhythmia monitoring protocols were heterogeneous and follow-up was short in most of the trials. In MI trials, the incidence of periprocedural adverse events (AE) related to intracoronary cell transplantation was 7.5 % (95 % CI 6.04-8.96 %). AE related to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCS-F) used for cell mobilization for peripheral apheresis was 16 % (95 % CI 9.44-22.56 %). During intracoronary transplantation in iCMP, the incidence of periprocedural AE incidence was 2.6 % (95 % CI 0.53-4.67 %). There were no AE reported during transepicardial transplantation and AE were rare during transendocardial transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The majority of periprocedural AE in CTh trials in MI occurred during intracoronary transplantation and GCS-F administration. In iCMP, periprocedural AE were uncommon. Avoiding intracoronary route for CTh implantation may decrease the burden of periprocedural AE. Standardization of AE definition in CTh trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulino A Alvarez
- Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sanganalmath SK, Abdel-Latif A, Bolli R, Xuan YT, Dawn B. Hematopoietic cytokines for cardiac repair: mobilization of bone marrow cells and beyond. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:709-33. [PMID: 21541807 PMCID: PMC4281455 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cytokines, traditionally known to influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and lineage commitment in the bone marrow, include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, and erythropoietin among others. Emerging evidence suggests that these cytokines also exert multifarious biological effects on diverse nonhematopoietic organs and tissues. Although the precise mechanisms remain unclear, numerous studies in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure indicate that hematopoietic cytokines confer potent cardiovascular benefits, possibly through mobilization and subsequent homing of bone marrow-derived cells into the infarcted heart with consequent induction of myocardial repair involving multifarious mechanisms. In addition, these cytokines are also known to exert direct cytoprotective effects. However, results from small-scale clinical trials of G-CSF therapy as a single agent after acute MI have been discordant and largely disappointing. It is likely that cardiac repair following cytokine therapy depends on a number of known and unknown variables, and further experimental and clinical studies are certainly warranted to accurately determine the true therapeutic potential of such therapy. In this review, we discuss the biological features of several key hematopoietic cytokines and present the basic and clinical evidence pertaining to cardiac repair with hematopoietic cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Sanganalmath
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Rm. 1001 Eaton, MS 3006, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Xuan
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Rm. 1001 Eaton, MS 3006, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Rm. 1001 Eaton, MS 3006, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Wen Y, Meng L, Ding Y, Ouyang J. Autologous transplantation of blood-derived stem/progenitor cells for ischaemic heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:858-65. [PMID: 21762310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Early clinical trials suggest that blood-derived stem/progenitor cells (including peripheral blood-derived stem cells and circulating progenitor cells) may have a positive impact on patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The therapeutic effects of these cells remain unclear, considering the inconsistent results of several clinical trials. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of autologous blood-derived stem/progenitor cells on improvement of cardiac functional parameters on the basis of a synthesis of the data generated by randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of patients with IHD. METHODS Randomised controlled clinical trials were identified in the MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCO, EMBASE, reviews and reference lists of relevant articles. All searching was completed on 12 January 2011. Weighted mean difference was calculated for changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (LVEDV and LVESV) using a fixed effects model. RESULTS Of the 1587 citations identified in the literature search, six RCTs were finally analysed. Compared with controls, blood-derived stem/progenitor cells infusion was safe and improved LVEF by 3.72% (95% CI: 1.98-5.46%; p < 0.0001). However, no significant improvement in LVEDV and LVESV at follow-up was observed. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence showed moderate improvements over conventional therapy in LVEF of blood-derived stem/progenitor cells transplantation in patients with IHD, and supports further RCTs with higher quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wen
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Lian WS, Lin H, Cheng WT, Kikuchi T, Cheng CF. Granulocyte-CSF induced inflammation-associated cardiac thrombosis in iron loading mouse heart and can be attenuated by statin therapy. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:26. [PMID: 21496220 PMCID: PMC3095536 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a hematopoietic cytokine, was recently used to treat patients of acute myocardial infarction with beneficial effect. However, controversy exists as some patients developed re-stenosis and worsened condition post G-CSF delivery. This study presents a new disease model to study G-CSF induced cardiac thrombosis and delineate its possible mechanism. We used iron loading to mimic condition of chronic cardiac dysfunction and apply G-CSF to mice to test our hypothesis. Methods and Results Eleven out of fifteen iron and G-CSF treated mice (I+G) showed thrombi formation in the left ventricular chamber with impaired cardiac function. Histological analysis revealed endothelial fibrosis, increased macrophage infiltration and tissue factor expression in the I+G mice hearts. Simvastatin treatment to I+G mice attenuated their cardiac apoptosis, iron deposition, and abrogated thrombus formation by attenuating systemic inflammation and leukocytosis, which was likely due to the activation of pAKT activation. However, thrombosis in I+G mice could not be suppressed by platelet receptor inhibitor, tirofiban. Conclusions Our disease model demonstrated that G-CSF induces cardiac thrombosis through an inflammation-thrombosis interaction and this can be attenuated via statin therapy. Present study provides a mechanism and potential therapy for G-CSF induced cardiac thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei S Lian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shim W, Mehta A, Lim SY, Zhang G, Lim CH, Chua T, Wong P. G-CSF for stem cell therapy in acute myocardial infarction: friend or foe? Cardiovasc Res 2011; 89:20-30. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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20
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Steppich BA, Demetz G, Schulz S, von Wedel J, Pogatsa-Murray G, Braun SL, Stein A, Kastrati A, Schömig A, Ott I. Effects of G-CSF on systemic inflammation, coagulation and platelet activation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 2010; 127:119-21. [PMID: 21095620 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Regenerate Vital Myocardium by Vigorous Activation of Bone Marrow Stem Cells (REVIVAL)-2 trial patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and successful mechanical reperfusion received granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF, 10 μg/kg KG s.c.) or placebo for 5 days. Aim of this substudy was to assess the impact of G-CSF on systemic inflammatory and procoagulant responses and platelet activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Before and five days after G-CSF (n=56) or placebo (n=58) circulating cytokine concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and Tumor-Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α were measured. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 and Tissue Factor activity served as a measure for activated coagulation. Platelet activation was characterized by cell surface expression of the activated fibrinogen receptor (PAC-1), P-selectin and CD40L by flow cytometry. Administration of G-CSF was associated with elevated TNF-α and CRP concentrations compared to the placebo group after 5 days. Other cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12) were comparable after treatment with G-SCF or placebo. Similarly, circulating prothrombin fragments F1+2, TF activity and platelet activation did not differ in both groups. CONCLUSION Treatment with G-CSF in patients with AMI was associated with enhanced proinflammatory TNF-α and CRP levels but no activation of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit A Steppich
- 1. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikums rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str 22, 81675 München, Germany
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Orlandi A, Bennett M. Progenitor cell-derived smooth muscle cells in vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1706-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jørgensen E, Baldazzi F, Ripa RS, Friis T, Wang Y, Helqvist S, Kastrup J. Instent neointimal hyperplasia after percutaneous intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction and treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Results from the stem cells in myocardial infarction (STEMMI) trial. Int J Cardiol 2010; 139:269-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Improved Function and Myocardial Repair of Infarcted Heart by Intracoronary Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Growth Factors. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:547-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Eckman PM, Bertog SC, Wilson RF, Henry TD. Ischemic cardiac complications following G-CSF. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 76:98-101. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Abstract
An overview for the use of stem cells for myocardial repair and regeneration is provided. The overview provides the rationale for use of stem cells in myocardial repair. Potential stem cell types and technological challenges are highlighted.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14:103-11. [PMID: 19337155 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328323ad31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kupatt C, Bock-Marquette I, Boekstegers P. Embryonic endothelial progenitor cell-mediated cardioprotection requires Thymosin beta4. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 18:205-10. [PMID: 19185810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial damage is frequently occurring upon a prolonged period of ischemia, although subsequent reperfusion as standard therapy is established. Among the pleiotropic causes of ischema-reperfusion injury, loss of cardiomyocytes, microcirculatory disturbances, and postischemic inflammation have been frequently observed. Current clinical cell therapy after acute myocardial mostly aims at neovascularization and enhancement of tissue repair, whereas acute cardioprotection after ischemia and reperfusion has rarely been studied. Recently, embryonic endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs) have been found to provide cardioprotection against acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (24 hours) in a preclinical pig model. The paracrine effect of eEPCs was mimicked by regional application of a single, highly expressed protein, Thymosin beta4. This review focuses on underlying mechanisms of acute cardioprotection provided by eEPCs and, in particular, Thymosin beta4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kupatt
- Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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