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Wang W, Dack S, Mudway I, Walder H, Davies B, Kamanyire R, Fecht D. Brownfield land and health: A systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289470. [PMID: 37540700 PMCID: PMC10403084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brownfield land is vacant or derelict land that was previously used for industrial or commercial purposes. Brownfield land is increasingly being targeted for housing development, however, depending on the previous use and remediation activity, it might pose potential risks to the health of residents on or in the vicinity of redeveloped sites. This systematic review of the literature synthesises the empirical evidence on the associations between brownfield land and health. METHODS We systematically searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Global Health, Web of Science, Scopus and GreenFile using a study protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022286826). The search strategy combined the keywords "brownfield" and its interchangeable terms such as "previously developed land", and any health outcomes such as "respiratory diseases" and "mortality". Publications identified from the search were screened for eligibility by two authors, and data were extracted from the selected articles. Study quality was assessed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Of the 1,987 records retrieved, 6 studies met the inclusion criteria; 3 ecological studies, 2 cross-sectional studies, and 1 longitudinal study. There was considerable heterogeneity in the exposure metrics and health outcomes assessed. All studies found significant positive associations between brownfield land proximity or density with at least one health relevant outcome, including poorer self-reported general health, increased mortality rates, increased birth defects, increased serum metal levels, and accelerated immune ageing. CONCLUSIONS Brownfield land may negatively affect the health of nearby residents. The epidemiological evidence on health effects associated with brownfield land in local communities, however, remains inconclusive and limited. Further studies are required to build the evidence base to inform future housing policies and urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Wang
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dack
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Mudway
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Walder
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Davies
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robie Kamanyire
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Green L, Ashton K, Bellis M, Clements T, Douglas M. Predicted and observed impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns: two Health Impact Assessments in Scotland and Wales. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6823570. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Health Impact Assessment is a key approach used internationally to identify positive or negative impacts of policies, plans and proposals on health and well-being. In 2020, HIAs were undertaken in Scotland and Wales to identify the potential health and well-being impacts of the ‘stay at home’ and physical distancing measures implemented at the start of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. There is sparse evidence evaluating whether the impacts predicted in HIAs occur following policy implementation. This paper evaluates the impacts anticipated in the COVID-19 HIAs against actual observed trends. The processes undertaken were compared and predicted impacts were tabulated by population groups and main determinants of health. Routine data and literature evidence were collated to compare predicted and observed impacts. Nearly all health impacts anticipated in both HIAs have occurred in the direction predicted. There have been significant adverse impacts through multiple direct and indirect pathways including loss of income, social isolation, disruption to education and services, and psychosocial effects. This research demonstrates the value of prediction in impact assessment and fills a gap in the literature by comparing the predicted impacts identified within the HIAs with observed trends. Post-COVID-19 recovery should centre health and well-being within future policies and decisions. Processes like HIA can support this as part of a ‘health in all policies’ approach to improve the health and well-being of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Green
- Policy and International Health, WHO Collaborating Centre on ‘Investment in Health and Well-being’, Public Health Wales , Number 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff CF10 4BZ , UK
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute – CAPHRI, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn Ashton
- Policy and International Health, WHO Collaborating Centre on ‘Investment in Health and Well-being’, Public Health Wales , Number 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff CF10 4BZ , UK
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute – CAPHRI, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Mark Bellis
- Policy and International Health, WHO Collaborating Centre on ‘Investment in Health and Well-being’, Public Health Wales , Number 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff CF10 4BZ , UK
- Department of Public Health and Life Sciences, Bangor University , College Road, Bangor LL57 2DG , UK
| | - Timo Clements
- Department of Public Health and Life Sciences, Bangor University , College Road, Bangor LL57 2DG , UK
| | - Margaret Douglas
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Medical School , Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG , UK
- Public Health Scotland , Gyle Square, Edinburgh EH12 9EB , UK
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Green L, Ashton K, Azam S, Dyakova M, Clemens T, Bellis MA. Using health impact assessment (HIA) to understand the wider health and well-being implications of policy decisions: the COVID-19 'staying at home and social distancing policy' in Wales. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1456. [PMID: 34315469 PMCID: PMC8313659 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is promoted as a decision-informing tool by public health and governmental agencies. HIA is beneficial when carried out as part of policy development but is also valuable as a methodology when a policy is being implemented to identify and understand the wider health and well-being impacts of policy decisions, particularly when a decision needs to be taken rapidly to protect the population. This paper focusses on a HIA of the 'Staying at Home and Social Distancing Policy' or 'lockdown' in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales conducted by the Welsh national public health institute. It describes the process and findings, captures the learning and discusses how the process has been used to better understand the wider health and well-being impacts of policy decisions beyond direct health harm. It also examines the role of public health institutes in promoting and using HIA. METHODS A HIA was conducted following a standard HIA five step process. A literature review was undertaken alongside 15 qualitative semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, and relevant health and demographic data were collated. The results were triangulated and analysed to form a holistic assessment of the policy decision and its impacts. RESULTS A wide range of major health and well-being impacts of the lockdown in Wales were identified across the determinants of health, which included positive and negative social, economic, environmental and mental well-being impacts beyond the impact on direct health. Populations affected included children and young people, those on low incomes and women as well as those whose health has been directly impacted by COVID-19 such as older people. The work highlighted the benefit that HIA can bring in emphasizing impacts which can inform policy and shared learning with others. CONCLUSION HIA is a largely underused tool to understand the impact of policy and political decisions, particularly when a decision has been taken at speed. This case study highlights how HIA provide evidence and information for advocacy and further work by public health institutes, health agencies and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Green
- Public Health Wales, Cardiff/Wrexham, Wales, UK.
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute - CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kathryn Ashton
- Public Health Wales, Cardiff/Wrexham, Wales, UK
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute - CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sumina Azam
- Public Health Wales, Cardiff/Wrexham, Wales, UK
| | | | - Timo Clemens
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute - CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Bellis
- Public Health Wales, Cardiff/Wrexham, Wales, UK
- Department of Public Health and Life Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Bangor, Wales, UK
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Prochaska JD, Buschmann RN, Jupiter DC. A NEIGHBORHOOD-LEVEL POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACT SCORING TOOL TO SUPPORT LOCAL-LEVEL HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:345-352. [PMID: 33718601 DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2019.1654280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) have quickly become a widely utilized tool for integrating health and health-related evidence and data into decision making processes across a range of projects and polices. Integrating and utilizing the wide range of available data can be daunting. To support communities seeking to engage in health impact assessments, we developed the Neighborhood Potential Health Impact Score (NPHIS) methodology. We present the NPHIS method's four step process, and how this process was applied to an HIA focusing on the rebuilding of public housing following a natural disaster. We discuss developing the boundary definition, selection and definition of indicators, calculation of the NPHIS, and interpretation and utilization of the scores. Findings were validated using feedback from a community stakeholder advisory board as well as through feedback collected from focus groups of community residents. NPHIS methodology has proven to be a useful resource in better understanding the complex sources of potential health impacts facing communities, and in being an evidence-based, data-driven resource for HIA decision-makers and their stakeholders in our specific application. Other groups seeking to integrate similar data into their decision-making processes could benefit from replicating the NPHIS in their efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Prochaska
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert N Buschmann
- Community-University Partnership for the Study of Children, Youth and Families, Faculty of Extension, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel C Jupiter
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Community engagement in public health policy is easier said than done. One reason is that public health policy is produced in a complex process resulting in policies that may appear not to link up to citizen perspectives. We therefore address the central question as to whether citizen engagement in knowledge production could enable inclusive health policy making. Building on non-health work fields, we describe different types of citizen engagement in scientific research, or 'Citizen Science'. We describe the challenges that Citizen Science poses for public health, and how these could be addressed. Despite these challenges, we expect that Citizen Science or similar approaches such as participatory action research and 'popular epidemiology' may yield better knowledge, empowered communities, and improved community health. We provide a draft framework to enable evaluation of Citizen Science in practice, consisting of a descriptive typology of different kinds of Citizen Science and a causal framework that shows how Citizen Science in public health might benefit both the knowledge produced as well as the 'Citizen Scientists' as active participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Den Broeder
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Devilee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Van Oers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - A Jantine Schuit
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Baum FE, Sanders DM, Fisher M, Anaf J, Freudenberg N, Friel S, Labonté R, London L, Monteiro C, Scott-Samuel A, Sen A. Assessing the health impact of transnational corporations: its importance and a framework. Global Health 2016; 12:27. [PMID: 27301248 PMCID: PMC4908801 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse health and equity impacts of transnational corporations' (TNCs) practices have become central public health concerns as TNCs increasingly dominate global trade and investment and shape national economies. Despite this, methodologies have been lacking with which to study the health equity impacts of individual corporations and thus to inform actions to mitigate or reverse negative and increase positive impacts. METHODS This paper reports on a framework designed to conduct corporate health impact assessment (CHIA), developed at a meeting held at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in May 2015. RESULTS On the basis of the deliberations at the meeting it was recommended that the CHIA should be based on ex post assessment and follow the standard HIA steps of screening, scoping, identification, assessment, decision-making and recommendations. A framework to conduct the CHIA was developed and designed to be applied to a TNC's practices internationally, and within countries to enable comparison of practices and health impacts in different settings. The meeting participants proposed that impacts should be assessed according to the TNC's global and national operating context; its organisational structure, political and business practices (including the type, distribution and marketing of its products); and workforce and working conditions, social factors, the environment, consumption patterns, and economic conditions within countries. CONCLUSION We anticipate that the results of the CHIA will be used by civil society for capacity building and advocacy purposes, by governments to inform regulatory decision-making, and by TNCs to lessen their negative health impacts on health and fulfil commitments made to corporate social responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Baum
- Southgate Institute of Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2001, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - David M Sanders
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Matt Fisher
- Southgate Institute of Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2001, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Julia Anaf
- Southgate Institute of Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2001, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Sharon Friel
- Regulatory Institutions Network, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario KIH 8M8, Canada
| | - Leslie London
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Carlos Monteiro
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alex Scott-Samuel
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Amit Sen
- People's Health Movement, New Delhi, 110017, India
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Hamilton I, Milner J, Chalabi Z, Das P, Jones B, Shrubsole C, Davies M, Wilkinson P. Health effects of home energy efficiency interventions in England: a modelling study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007298. [PMID: 25916488 PMCID: PMC4420956 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess potential public health impacts of changes to indoor air quality and temperature due to energy efficiency retrofits in English dwellings to meet 2030 carbon reduction targets. DESIGN Health impact modelling study. SETTING England. PARTICIPANTS English household population. INTERVENTION Three retrofit scenarios were modelled: (1) fabric and ventilation retrofits installed assuming building regulations are met; (2) as with scenario (1) but with additional ventilation for homes at risk of poor ventilation; (3) as with scenario (1) but with no additional ventilation to illustrate the potential risk of weak regulations and non-compliance. MAIN OUTCOME Primary outcomes were changes in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over 50 years from cardiorespiratory diseases, lung cancer, asthma and common mental disorders due to changes in indoor air pollutants, including secondhand tobacco smoke, PM2.5 from indoor and outdoor sources, radon, mould, and indoor winter temperatures. RESULTS The modelling study estimates showed that scenario (1) resulted in positive effects on net mortality and morbidity of 2241 (95% credible intervals (CI) 2085 to 2397) QALYs per 10,000 persons over 50 years follow-up due to improved temperatures and reduced exposure to indoor pollutants, despite an increase in exposure to outdoor-generated particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM₂.₅). Scenario (2) resulted in a negative impact of -728 (95% CI -864 to -592) QALYs per 10,000 persons over 50 years due to an overall increase in indoor pollutant exposures. Scenario (3) resulted in -539 (95% CI -678 to -399) QALYs per 10,000 persons over 50 years follow-up due to an increase in indoor exposures despite the targeting of pollutants. CONCLUSIONS If properly implemented alongside ventilation, energy efficiency retrofits in housing can improve health by reducing exposure to cold and air pollutants. Maximising the health benefits requires careful understanding of the balance of changes in pollutant exposures, highlighting the importance of ventilation to mitigate the risk of poor indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hamilton
- UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Milner
- Department of Social & Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zaid Chalabi
- Department of Social & Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Payel Das
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Clive Shrubsole
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Davies
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Social & Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Smith KE, Fooks G, Gilmore AB, Collin J, Weishaar H. Corporate coalitions and policy making in the European Union: how and why British American Tobacco promoted "Better Regulation". JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLITICS, POLICY AND LAW 2015; 40:325-72. [PMID: 25646389 PMCID: PMC4668595 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-2882231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, an interconnected set of regulatory reforms, known as Better Regulation, has been adopted across Europe, marking a significant shift in the way that European Union policies are developed. There has been little exploration of the origins of these reforms, which include mandatory ex ante impact assessment. Drawing on documentary and interview data, this article discusses how and why large corporations, notably British American Tobacco (BAT), worked to influence and promote these reforms. Our analysis highlights (1) how policy entrepreneurs with sufficient resources (such as large corporations) can shape the membership and direction of advocacy coalitions; (2) the extent to which "think tanks" may be prepared to lobby on behalf of commercial clients; and (3) why regulated industries (including tobacco) may favor the use of "evidence tools," such as impact assessments, in policy making. We argue that a key aspect of BAT's ability to shape regulatory reform involved the deliberate construction of a vaguely defined idea that could be strategically adapted to appeal to diverse constituencies. We discuss the theoretical implications of this finding for the Advocacy Coalition Framework, as well as the practical implications of the findings for efforts to promote transparency and public health in the European Union.
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Haynes E, Taylor KP, Durey A, Bessarab D, Thompson SC. Examining the potential contribution of social theory to developing and supporting Australian Indigenous-mainstream health service partnerships. Int J Equity Health 2014; 13:75. [PMID: 25242106 PMCID: PMC4169641 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-014-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The substantial gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians has been slow to improve, despite increased dedicated funding. Partnerships between Australian Indigenous and mainstream Western biomedical organisations are recognised as crucial to improved Indigenous health outcomes. However, these partnerships often experience challenges, particularly in the context of Australia’s race and political relations. Methods We examined the relevant literature in order to identify the potential role for social theory and theoretical models in developing and maintaining intercultural partnerships. Having identified relevant theoretical models, terms and possible key words, a range of databases were searched and relevant articles selected for inclusion. An integrative approach brought together theoretical models and practical considerations about working in partnership, to inform our analysis of the literature. Findings Considering partnerships between Australian Indigenous and mainstream health organisations as ‘bi-cultural’ is simplistic: rather they are culturally diverse across social and professional levels. As such, partnerships between Australian Indigenous and mainstream health organisations may be better conceptualised as ‘intercultural’, operating across diverse and shifting cultural frames of reference. Theories identified by this review as useful to guide partnerships include power relations, reflexivity and dialogue, borders and strangeness and the intercultural or third space. This paper examines how these theoretical approaches can develop understanding and improve intercultural engagement between mainstream and Australian Indigenous partners in healthcare. Conclusions Rather than viewing partnerships merely as arrangements between disembodied entities, sometimes contractual in nature, they are better seen as activities between people and organisations and essentially dependent on relationships, occurring in an intercultural space that is complex, dynamic and subject to changes in power relations. Theoretical models aiming to understand and improve partnerships indicate the complexity of building and maintaining such partnerships and stress the importance of understanding factors that can strengthen or derail their effectiveness. While the theories presented here are by no means exhaustive, they nonetheless provide a series of entry points through which to engage with the issue and expand the discourse. This approach allows the transformative nature of Australian Indigenous-mainstream ‘culture’ to be explored and understood in its lived expression; rather than relegated to prescriptive categories.
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Hurtado LA, Cáceres L, Chaves LF, Calzada JE. When climate change couples social neglect: malaria dynamics in Panamá. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e27. [PMID: 26038518 PMCID: PMC4008768 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge of infectious disease elimination is the need to interrupt pathogen transmission across all vulnerable populations. Ethnic minorities are among the key vulnerable groups deserving special attention in disease elimination initiatives, especially because their lifestyle might be intrinsically linked to locations with high transmission risk. There has been a renewed interest in malaria elimination, which has ignited a quest to understand factors necessary for sustainable malaria elimination, highlighting the need for diverse approaches to address epidemiological heterogeneity across malaria transmission settings. An analysis of malaria incidence among the Guna Amerindians of Panamá over the last 34 years showed that this ethnic minority was highly vulnerable to changes that were assumed to not impact malaria transmission. Epidemic outbreaks were linked with El Niño Southern Oscillations and were sensitive to political instability and policy changes that did not ensure adequate attention to the malaria control needs of the Gunas. Our results illustrate how the neglect of minorities poses a threat to the sustainable control and eventual elimination of malaria in Central America and other areas where ethnic minorities do not share the benefits of malaria control strategies intended for dominant ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Amarilis Hurtado
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593 , Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres
- Departamento de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593 , Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto , Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan ; Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal No. 304-3000 , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593 , Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
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Harris P, Haigh F, Thornell M, Molloy L, Sainsbury P. Housing, health and master planning: rules of engagement. Public Health 2014; 128:354-9. [PMID: 24656725 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Knowledge about health focussed policy collaboration to date has been either tactical or technical. This article focusses on both technical and tactical issues to describe the experience of cross-sectoral collaboration between health and housing stakeholders across the life of a housing master plan, including but not limited to a health impact assessment (HIA). STUDY DESIGN A single explanatory case study of collaboration on a master plan to regenerate a deprived housing estate in Western Sydney was developed to explain why and how the collaboration worked or did not work. METHODS Data collection included stakeholder interviews, document review, and reflections by the health team. Following a realist approach, data was analysed against established public policy theory dimensions. RESULTS Tactically we did not know what we were doing. Despite our technical knowledge and skills with health focussed processes, particularly HIA, we failed to appreciate complexities inherent in master planning. This limited our ability to provide information at the right points. Eventually however the HIA did provide substantive connections between the master plan and health. We use our analysis to develop technical and tactical rules of engagement for future cross-sectoral collaboration. CONCLUSIONS This case study from the field provides insight for future health focussed policy collaboration. We demonstrate the technical and tactical requirements for future intersectoral policy and planning collaborations, including HIAs, with the housing sector on master planning. The experience also suggested how HIAs can be conducted flexibly alongside policy development rather than at a specific point after a policy is drafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Harris
- Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation, Part of the Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - F Haigh
- Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation, Part of the Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - M Thornell
- Population Health, South Western Sydney & Sydney Local Health Districts, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Molloy
- Faculty of the Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Sainsbury
- Population Health, South Western Sydney & Sydney Local Health Districts, Sydney, Australia
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Moat KA, Lavis JN, Abelson J. How contexts and issues influence the use of policy-relevant research syntheses: a critical interpretive synthesis. Milbank Q 2013; 91:604-48. [PMID: 24028700 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence briefs have emerged as a promising approach to synthesizing the best available research evidence for health system policymakers and stakeholders. An evidence brief may draw on systematic reviews and many other types of policy-relevant information, including local data and studies, to describe a problem, options for addressing it, and key implementation considerations. We conducted a systematic review to examine the ways in which context- and issue-related factors influence the perceived usefulness of evidence briefs among their intended users. METHODS We used a critical interpretive synthesis approach to review both empirical and nonempirical literature and to develop a model that explains how context and issues influence policymakers' and stakeholders' views of the utility of evidence briefs prepared for priority policy issues. We used a "compass" question to create a detailed search strategy and conducted electronic searches in CINAHL, EMBASE, HealthSTAR, IPSA, MEDLINE, OAIster (gray literature), ProQuest A&I Theses, ProQuest (Sociological Abstracts, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, International Bibliography of Social Sciences, PAIS, Political Science), PsychInfo, Web of Science, and WilsonWeb (Social Science Abstracts). Finally, we used a grounded and interpretive analytic approach to synthesize the results. FINDINGS Of the 4,461 papers retrieved, 3,908 were excluded and 553 were assessed for "relevance," with 137 included in the initial sample of papers to be analyzed and an additional 23 purposively sampled to fill conceptual gaps. Several themes emerged: (1) many established types of "evidence" are viewed as useful content in an evidence brief, along with several promising formatting features; (2) contextual factors, particularly the institutions, interests, and values of a given context, can influence views of evidence briefs; (3) whether an issue is polarizing and whether it is salient (or not) and familiar (or not) to actors in the policy arena can influence views of evidence briefs prepared for that issue; (4) influential factors can emerge in several ways (as context driven, issue driven, or a result of issue-context resonance); (5) these factors work through two primary pathways, affecting either the users or the producers of briefs; and (6) these factors influence views of evidence briefs through a variety of mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Those persons funding and preparing evidence briefs need to consider a variety of context- and issue-related factors when deciding how to make them most useful in policymaking.
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Learmonth A, Curtis S. Place shaping to create health and wellbeing using health impact assessment: Health geography applied to develop evidence-based practice. Health Place 2013; 24:20-2. [PMID: 24013087 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Learmonth
- Centre for Public Policy and Health, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University Queen׳s Campus, Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH, UK.
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Richardson J, Nichols A, Henry T. Do transition towns have the potential to promote health and well-being? A health impact assessment of a transition town initiative. Public Health 2012; 126:982-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tannahill A, Douglas MJ. Ethics-based decision-making and health impact assessment. Health Promot Int 2012; 29:98-108. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/das040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Jhang WG. Challenging every determinant of health: governance and the role of practitioners in the future of public health. Perspect Public Health 2011; 131:200-1. [PMID: 21999020 DOI: 10.1177/1757913911419148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Westgaard RH, Winkel J. Occupational musculoskeletal and mental health: Significance of rationalization and opportunities to create sustainable production systems - A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:261-296. [PMID: 20850109 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This literature review aims to identify occupational musculoskeletal and mental health effects of production system rationalization as well as organizational-level measures that may improve health outcome ("modifiers" in this review). A short review of the effect of ergonomic interventions is included as background and rationalization is discussed as a theoretical concept. Indicator variables for occupational musculoskeletal and mental health and related risk factors are presented. Variables with a generalized format were allowed in the literature searches (e.g., job satisfaction and absenteeism were accepted as risk factor and health indicator, respectively), suitable for the research fields of work sociology, organization science, human resource management (HRM) and economics research. One hundred and sixty-two studies of rationalization effects on health and risk factors and 72 organization-level modifier results were accepted into the final database. Entries were sorted by rationalization strategy and work life sector, and trends in outcome (positive, mixed, no effect, or negative effect on health and risk factors) were determined. Rationalizations have a dominant negative effect on health and risk factors (57% negative, 19% positive); the most negative effects were found for downsizing and restructuring rationalizations in general (71 studies negative, 13 positive) and for the health care sector in particular (36 studies negative, 2 positive). The rationalization strategy High Performance Work System (HPWS) was associated with the highest fraction positive outcome studies (6 of 10 studies). Other rationalization strategies (lean practices, parallel vs. serial production and mechanization level) reported intermediate results, in part dependent on work life sector, but also on the year when studies were carried out. Worker participation, resonant management style, information, support, group autonomy and procedural justice were modifiers with favourable influence on outcome. It is concluded that production system rationalization represents a pervasive work life intervention without a primary occupational health focus. It has considerable and mostly negative influence on worker health, but this can be reduced by attention to modifiers. The results create a basis for new priorities in ergonomic intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Westgaard
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Mindell J, Biddulph J, Taylor L, Lock K, Boaz A, Joffe M, Curtis S. Improving the use of evidence in health impact assessment. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88:543-50. [PMID: 20616974 PMCID: PMC2897984 DOI: 10.2471/blt.09.068510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health impact assessment (HIA) has been proposed as one mechanism that can inform decision-making by public policy-makers. However, HIA methodology has been criticized for a lack of rigour in its use of evidence. The aim of this work was to formulate, develop and test a practical guide to reviewing publicly available evidence for use in HIA. The term evidence includes all scientific assessments, whether research studies in peer-reviewed journals or previous HIAs. METHODS The formulation and development of the guide involved substantial background research, qualitative research with the target audience, substantial consultations with potential users and other stakeholders, a pilot study to explore content, format and usability, and peer review. Finally, the guide was tested in practice by invited volunteers who used it to appraise existing HIA evidence reviews. FINDINGS During development, a wealth of data was generated on how the guide might be applied in practice, on terminology, on ensuring clarity of the text and on additional resources needed. The final guide provides advice on reviewing quantitative and qualitative research in plain language and is suitable for those working in public health but who may not have experience in reviewing evidence. During testing, it enabled users to discriminate between satisfactory and unsatisfactory evidence reviews. By late 2009, 1700 printed and 2500 downloaded copies of the guide had been distributed. CONCLUSION Substantive and iterative consultation, though time-consuming, was pivotal to producing a simple, systematic and accessible guide to reviewing publicly available research evidence for use in HIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mindell
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, England.
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Institutionalizing health impact assessment in London as a public health tool for increasing synergy between policies in other areas. Public Health 2010; 124:107-14. [PMID: 20188387 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the background to the inclusion of health impact assessment (HIA) in the development process for the London mayoral strategies, the HIA processes developed, how these evolved, and the role of HIA in identifying synergies between and conflicting priorities of different strategies. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS Early HIAs had just a few weeks for the whole HIA process. A rapid appraisal approach was developed. Stages included: scoping, reviewing published evidence, a stakeholder workshop, drafting a report, review of the report by the London Health Commission, and submission of the final report to the Mayor. The process evolved as more assessments were conducted. More recently, an integrated impact assessment (IIA) method has been developed that fuses the key aspects of this HIA method with sustainability assessment, strategic environmental assessment and equalities assessment. RESULTS Whilst some of the early strategy drafts encompassed some elements of health, health was not a priority. Conducting HIAs was important both to ensure that the strategies reflected health concerns and to raise awareness about health and its determinants within the Greater London Authority (GLA). HIA recommendations were useful for identifying synergies and conflicts between strategies. HIA can be successfully integrated into other impact assessment processes. CONCLUSIONS The HIAs ensured that health became more integral to the strategies and increased understanding of determinants of health and how the GLA impacts on health and health inequalities. Inclusion of HIA within IIA ensures that health and health inequalities impacts are considered robustly within statutory impact assessments.
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Lopes ER, Jansen K, Quevedo LDÁ, Vanila RG, Silva RAD, Pinheiro RT. Depressão pós-parto e alterações de sono aos 12 meses em bebês nascidos na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas/RS. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0047-20852010000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Verificar se existe associação entre as alterações no sono dos bebês aos 12 meses de vida e a depressão pós-parto materna. MÉTODOS: Estudo do tipo transversal aninhado a uma coorte. A amostra foi constituída por mulheres que realizaram o acompanhamento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), nas unidades básicas de saúde do município de Pelotas, e que tiveram seus partos a partir de junho/2006. Os bebês de 12 meses oriundos dessa gestação também fazem parte da amostra. Para avaliar a presença de sintomas depressivos nas mães, foi utilizada a Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) e foram investigados os seguintes comportamentos do sono dos bebês: horas de sono por dia, regularidade do horário para dormir e acordar, sono agitado e despertar noturno. Para análise, foi utilizada Regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: 35,7% dos bebês possuem alteração no padrão de sono. Após o ajuste ao modelo hierárquico proposto, a alteração no sono infantil manteve associação com a sintomatologia depressiva da mãe (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Os profissionais de saúde devem investigar rotineiramente os comportamentos de sono dos bebês e dar atenção à saúde mental das mães, a fim de identificar os problemas precocemente e oferecer suporte no manejo do sono dos bebês.
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Bacigalupe A, Esnaola S, Calderón C, Zuazagoitia J, Aldasoro E. La evaluación del impacto sobre la salud: una herramienta para incorporar la salud en las intervenciones no sanitarias. GACETA SANITARIA 2009; 23:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mindell JS, Boltong A, Forde I. A review of health impact assessment frameworks. Public Health 2008; 122:1177-87. [PMID: 18799174 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consideration of health impacts of non-health sector policies has been encouraged in many countries, with health impact assessment (HIA) increasingly used worldwide for this purpose. HIA aims to assess the potential impacts of a proposal and make recommendations to improve the potential health outcomes and minimize inequalities. Although many of the same techniques can be used, such as community consultation, engagement or profiling, HIA differs from other community health approaches in its starting point, purpose and relationship to interventions. Many frameworks have been produced to aid practitioners in conducting HIA. OBJECTIVE To review the many HIA frameworks in a systematic and comparative way. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHOD The literature was searched to identify published frameworks giving sufficient guidance for those with the necessary skills to be able to undertake an HIA. RESULTS Approaches to HIA reflect their origins, particularly those derived from Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Early HIA resources tended to use a biomedical model of health and examine projects. Later developments were designed for use with policy proposals, and tended to use a socio-economic or environmental model of health. There are more similarities than differences in approaches to HIA, with convergence over time, such as the distinction between 'narrow' and 'broad' focus HIA disappearing. Consideration of health disparities is integral to most HIA frameworks but not universal. A few resources focus solely on inequalities. The extent of community participation advocated varies considerably. CONCLUSION It is important to select an HIA framework designed for a comparable context, level of proposal and available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mindell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
A investigação recente tem demonstrado que os problemas de sono estão entre as queixas mais comuns ao longo de toda a infância. Alterações nos padrões de sono têm efeitos nefastos no funcionamento neuropsicológico, que se reflecte no bem-estar psicológico das crianças. O presente estudo procurou avaliar os hábitos relacionados com o sono e estimar a prevalência de problemas do sono em crianças que frequentam o 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, nas escolas dos concelhos de Braga e Faro. Para isso, foi aplicado o Questionário de Experiências de Sono-Vigília a uma amostra composta por 938 crianças, das quais 485 (52%) do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 7 e os 11 anos de idade (M=8,74 ± DP=0,989). Verificou-se que 56,4% das crianças dormem mais de nove horas por noite e 18,6% das crianças apresentam perturbações do sono. Os resultados serão discutidos em termos da relação entre a presença de perturbação do sono na infância e o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia na idade adulta. Por fim, será discutida a importância deste questionário para estudo das problemáticas associadas ao sono e a contribuição destes dados epidemiológicos para a investigação e prática clínica no nosso país, no sentido de sensibilizar os técnicos e os agentes educativos para a existência desta problemática.
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Yoo WS, Kim KY, Koh KW. [Introduction of health impact assessment and healthy cities as a tool for tackling health inequality]. J Prev Med Public Health 2008; 40:439-46. [PMID: 18063898 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the health inequalities within a society changes need to be made in broad health determinants and their distribution in the population. It has been expected that the Health impact assessment(HIA) and Healthy Cities can provide opportunities and useful means for changing social policy and environment related with the broad health determinants in developed countries. HIA is any combination of procedures or methods by which a proposed 4P(policy, plan, program, project) may be judged as to the effects it may have on the health of a population. Healthy city is one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential. In Korea, social and academic interest regarding the HIA and Healthy Cities has been growing recently but the need of HIA and Healthy Cities in the perspective of reducing health inequality was not introduced adequately. So we reviewed the basic concepts and methods of the HIA and Healthy Cities, and its possible contribution to reducing health inequalities. We concluded that though the concepts and methods of the HIA and Healthy Cities are relatively new and still in need of improvement, they will be useful in approaching the issue of health inequality in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon-Seob Yoo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Eulji University.
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Cole BL, Fielding JE. Health impact assessment: a tool to help policy makers understand health beyond health care. Annu Rev Public Health 2007; 28:393-412. [PMID: 17173539 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.083006.131942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Health impact assessment (HIA)--a combination of methods to examine formally the potential health effects of a proposed policy, program, or project--has received considerable interest over the past decade internationally as a practical mechanism for collaborating with other sectors to address the environmental determinants of health and to achieve more effectively the goals of population health promotion. Demand for HIA in the United States seems to be growing. This review outlines the common principles and methodologies of HIA and compares different approaches to HIA. Lessons learned from the related field of environmental impact assessment and from experience with HIA in other countries are examined. Possible avenues for advancing both the field and the broader goals of population health promotion are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Cole
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
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Bowen C. Health impact assessments in London: assessing the London Mayoral strategies. NEW SOUTH WALES PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2007; 18:185-187. [PMID: 17949592 DOI: 10.1071/nb07084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Between 2001 and 2003 the London Health Commission undertook health impact assessments (HIAs) on a series of strategies developed by the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London. The HIAs were rapid, each involving a literature review and a participant workshop. In all cases the reports made a series of recommendations that were given to the Mayor. The HIAs led to changes and ensured that health and health inequalities were given due consideration as part of the strategy development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron Bowen
- Population Health Division, NSW Department of Health.
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Choi BCK, Frank J, Mindell JS, Orlova A, Lin V, Vaillancourt ADMG, Puska P, Pang T, Skinner HA, Marsh M, Mokdad AH, Yu SZ, Lindner MC, Sherman G, Barreto SM, Green LW, Svenson LW, Sainsbury P, Yan Y, Zhang ZF, Zevallos JC, Ho SC, de Salazar LM. Vision for a global registry of anticipated public health studies. Am J Public Health 2007; 97 Suppl 1:S82-7. [PMID: 17413073 PMCID: PMC1855000 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.081711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In public health, the generation, management, and transfer of knowledge all need major improvement. Problems in generating knowledge include an imbalance in research funding, publication bias, unnecessary studies, adherence to fashion, and undue interest in novel and immediate issues. Impaired generation of knowledge, combined with a dated and inadequate process for managing knowledge and an inefficient system for transferring knowledge, mean a distorted body of evidence available for decisionmaking in public health. This article hopes to stimulate discussion by proposing a Global Registry of Anticipated Public Health Studies. This prospective, comprehensive system for tracking research in public health could help enhance collaboration and improve efficiency. Practical problems must be discussed before such a vision can be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C K Choi
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Bernard_
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Vohra S. International perspective on health impact assessment in urban settings. NSW PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2007; 18:152-4. [PMID: 17949580 DOI: 10.1071/nb07085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Vohra
- Centre for Health Impact Assessment, Institute of Occupational Medicine, UK.
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Kliche T, Koch U, Lehmann H, Töppich J. [The development of evidence-based prevention. Health promotion and education as an approach to continuous quality improvement of health care]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2006; 49:141-50. [PMID: 16429307 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-005-1216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based health promotion and education relies on the systematic and critical discussion of the best available research on the effectiveness of interventions. In the last decade, evidence-based reviews provided decisive proof for the effectiveness of health promotion and education. The approach is also capable of identifying high-quality interventions and deficiencies. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing dispute concerning the transfer of evidence-based medicine to health promotion and education. Arguments concern databases, research strategies, validity and practical applicability of results. A discussion of these issues suggests that the methodology of evidence-based medicine is pertinent and informative. Some adaptations for health promotion and education would make sense, though: contexts and characteristics of interventions should be documented and published in rather more detail in order to reach better causal models. Pre-post studies which are of particular importance for health promotion and education should be elaborated according to the psychological multi-trait multi-method strategy (multiple measurements, modelling of process levels, multidimensional operationalization of complex outcomes). All relevant knowledge including qualitative studies should be integrated into cycles of theory formulation and evidence testing. Finally, a reappraisal of expert opinion is proposed relying on specific criteria for the transparency and plurality of consensus procedures ruling out conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kliche
- Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg.
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Ogilvie D, Egan M, Hamilton V, Petticrew M. Systematic reviews of health effects of social interventions: 2. Best available evidence: how low should you go? J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 59:886-92. [PMID: 16166365 PMCID: PMC1732915 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.034199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE There is little guidance on how to select the best available evidence of health effects of social interventions. The aim of this paper was to assess the implications of setting particular inclusion criteria for evidence synthesis. DESIGN Analysis of all relevant studies for one systematic review, followed by sensitivity analysis of the effects of selecting studies based on a two dimensional hierarchy of study design and study population. SETTING Case study of a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions in promoting a population shift from using cars towards walking and cycling. MAIN RESULTS The distribution of available evidence was skewed. Population level interventions were less likely than individual level interventions to have been studied using the most rigorous study designs; nearly all of the population level evidence would have been missed if only randomised controlled trials had been included. Examining the studies that were excluded did not change the overall conclusions about effectiveness, but did identify additional categories of intervention such as health walks and parking charges that merit further research, and provided evidence to challenge assumptions about the actual effects of progressive urban transport policies. CONCLUSIONS Unthinking adherence to a hierarchy of study design as a means of selecting studies may reduce the value of evidence synthesis and reinforce an "inverse evidence law" whereby the least is known about the effects of interventions most likely to influence whole populations. Producing generalisable estimates of effect sizes is only one possible objective of evidence synthesis. Mapping the available evidence and uncertainty about effects may also be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ogilvie
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK.
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Ogilvie D, Hamilton V, Egan M, Petticrew M. Systematic reviews of health effects of social interventions: 1. Finding the evidence: how far should you go? J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 59:804-8. [PMID: 16100321 PMCID: PMC1733146 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.034181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE There is little guidance on how to identify useful evidence about the health effects of social interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the value of different ways of finding this type of information. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of the sources of studies for one systematic review. SETTING Case study of a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions in promoting a population shift from using cars towards walking and cycling. MAIN RESULTS Only four of the 69 relevant studies were found in a "first-line" health database such as Medline. About half of all relevant studies were found through the specialist Transport database. Nine relevant studies were found through purposive internet searches and seven relevant studies were found by chance. The unique contribution of experts was not to identify additional studies, but to provide more information about those already found in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Most of the evidence needed for this review was not found in studies indexed in familiar literature databases. Applying a sensitive search strategy across multiple databases and interfaces is very labour intensive. Retrospective analysis suggests that a more efficient method might have been to search a few key resources, then to ask authors and experts directly for the most robust reports of studies identified. However, internet publications and serendipitous discoveries did make a significant contribution to the total set of relevant evidence. Undertaking a comprehensive search may provide unique evidence and insights that would not be obtained using a more focused search.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ogilvie
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joffe
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Dannenberg AL, Bhatia R, Cole BL, Dora C, Fielding JE, Kraft K, McClymont-Peace D, Mindell J, Onyekere C, Roberts JA, Ross CL, Rutt CD, Scott-Samuel A, Tilson HH. Growing the field of health impact assessment in the United States: an agenda for research and practice. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:262-70. [PMID: 16380558 PMCID: PMC1470491 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.069880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Health impact assessment (HIA) methods are used to evaluate the impact on health of policies and projects in community design, transportation planning, and other areas outside traditional public health concerns. At an October 2004 workshop, domestic and international experts explored issues associated with advancing the use of HIA methods by local health departments, planning commissions, and other decisionmakers in the United States. Workshop participants recommended conducting pilot tests of existing HIA tools, developing a database of health impacts of common projects and policies, developing resources for HIA use, building workforce capacity to conduct HIAs, and evaluating HIAs. HIA methods can influence decisionmakers to adjust policies and projects to maximize benefits and minimize harm to the public's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Dannenberg
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop F-30, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Choi BCK, Pang T, Lin V, Puska P, Sherman G, Goddard M, Ackland MJ, Sainsbury P, Stachenko S, Morrison H, Clottey C. Can scientists and policy makers work together? J Epidemiol Community Health 2005; 59:632-7. [PMID: 16020638 PMCID: PMC1733111 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2004.031765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses a fundamental question in evidence based policy making--can scientists and policy makers work together? It first provides a scenario outlining the different mentalities and imperatives of scientists and policy makers, and then discusses various issues and solutions relating to whether and how scientists and policy makers can work together. Scientists and policy makers have different goals, attitudes toward information, languages, perception of time, and career paths. Important issues affecting their working together include lack of mutual trust and respect, different views on the production and use of evidence, different accountabilities, and whether there should be a link between science and policy. The suggested solutions include providing new incentives to encourage scientists and policy makers to work together, using knowledge brokers (translational scientists), making organisational changes, defining research in a broader sense, re-defining the starting point for knowledge transfer, expanding the accountability horizon, and finally, acknowledging the complexity of policy making. It is hoped that further discussion and debate on the partnership idea, the need for incentives, recognising the incompatibility problems, the role of civil society, and other related themes will lead to new opportunities for further advancing evidence based policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C K Choi
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada.
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Abstract
Health impact assessment (HIA) is a process that aims to predict potential positive and negative effects of project, programme or policy proposals on health and health inequalities. It is recommended by national government and internationally. Supporting health impact assessment is one of the roles of English Public Health Observatories. The few centres in England with accredited health impact training centres have inadequate resources to meet demand. Currently, the London Health Observatory is providing the bulk of the training nationally. Some Public Health Observatories are currently investigating the preferences for support of those commissioning or conducting health impact assessment within their regions. The availability of published guidance on how to conduct health impact assessments has increased substantially over the past few years. The Department of Health has funded a research project led by the London Health Observatory to develop advice for reviewing evidence for use in health impact assessment. Completed health impact assessments can be useful resources. Evaluation of the process and impact of health impact assessment is important in order to demonstrate its usefulness and to learn lessons for the future. The focus for Public Health Observatories is to train and support others to conduct health impact assessment according to good practice, rather than undertaking health impact assessments themselves. The aim is to create sufficient skilled capacity around the country to undertake health impact assessments. The London Health Observatory plans to share its support models and to roll out a train the trainer programme nationally to enable effective local delivery of their national health impact assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mindell
- London Health Observatory, 11-13 Cavendish Square, London W1G 0AN, UK.
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