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Martinelli M, Palmieri A, Carinci F, Scapoli L. Non-syndromic Cleft Palate: An Overview on Human Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592271. [PMID: 33195260 PMCID: PMC7606870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial and mesenchymal cells involved in early embryonic facial development are guided by complex regulatory mechanisms. Any factor perturbing the growth, approach and fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary processes could result in orofacial clefts that represent the most common craniofacial malformations in humans. The rarest and, probably for this reason, the least studied form of cleft involves only the secondary palate, which is posterior to the incisive foramen. The etiology of cleft palate only is multifactorial and involves both genetic and environmental risk factors. The intention of this review is to give the reader an overview of the efforts made by researchers to shed light on the underlying causes of this birth defect. Most of the scientific papers suggesting potential environmental and genetic causes of non-syndromic cleft palate are summarized in this review, including genome-wide association and gene–environment interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Carinci F, Palmieri A, Scapoli L, Cura F, Borelli F, Morselli PG, Nouri N, Abdali H, Gianni AB, Russillo A, Docimo R, Martinelli M. Non-syndromic cleft palate: Association analysis on three gene polymorphisms of the folate pathway in Asian and Italian populations. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 33:2058738419858572. [PMID: 31663447 PMCID: PMC6822179 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419858572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periconceptional folic acid supplementation can reduce the risk of inborn malformations, including orofacial clefts. Polymorphisms of MTHFR, TCN2, and CBS folate-related genes seem to modulate the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) in some populations. CL/P and cleft palate only (CPO) are different malformations that share several features and possibly etiological causes. In the present investigation, we conducted a family-based, candidate gene association study of non-syndromic CPO. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms, namely, rs1801133 of MTHFR, rs1801198 of TCN2, and rs4920037 of CBS, were investigated in a sample that included 129 Italian and 65 Asian families. No evidence of association between the three genotyped polymorphisms and CPO was found in the Italian and Asian cases, indeed the transmission disequilibrium test did not detect any asymmetry of transmission of alleles. This investigation, although with some limitation, further supports that CL/P and CPO diverge in their genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Cura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Borelli
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Giovanni Morselli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Plastic Surgery Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nayereh Nouri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Abdali
- Craniofacial and Cleft Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aldo Bruno Gianni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Russillo
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Docimo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Carinci F, Palmieri A, Scapoli L, Cura F, Abenavoli F, Giannì AB, Russillo A, Docimo R, Martinelli M. Association between oral cleft and transcobalamin 2 polymorphism in a sample study from Nassiriya, Iraq. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 33:2058738419855571. [PMID: 31663440 PMCID: PMC6822189 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419855571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts are common congenital defects whose prevalence differs between geographical regions and ethnic groups. The inheritance is complex, involving the contribution of both genetic and environmental factors. The involvement of genes belonging to the folate pathway is still matter of debate, with strong evidences of association and conflicting results. After demonstrating the contribution, for a sample from the Italian population, of common mutations mapping on three genes of the folate pathway, our group tried to unravel their contribution in independent sample studies with different ethnicity. In the present investigation a set of 34 triads with oral cleft from Nassiriya, Iraq, has been genotyped for rs1801133 of MTHFR, rs1801198 of TCN2, and rs4920037 of CBS polymorphisms. Association analysis evidenced a decreased risk of cleft for children carrying the 667G allele at TCN2 gene (P = 0.02). This evidence further supported the relationship between polymorphisms of folate related genes and oral clefts, and outlined the relevance of studying populations having different ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Scapoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Cura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Bruno Giannì
- Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Russillo
- Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Docimo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Fofou-Caillierez MB, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Alberto JM, Chéry C, Josse T, Gérard P, Forges T, Foliguet B, Feillet F, Guéant JL. Vitamin B-12 and liver activity and expression of methionine synthase are decreased in fetuses with neural tube defects. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:674-683. [PMID: 30848279 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) is influenced by nutritional factors and genetic determinants of one-carbon metabolism. A key pathway of this metabolism is the vitamin B-12- and folate-dependent remethylation of homocysteine, which depends on methionine synthase (MS, encoded by MTR), methionine synthase reductase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Methionine, the product of this pathway, is the direct precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the universal methyl donor needed for epigenetic mechanisms. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate whether the availability of vitamin B-12 and folate and the expression or activity of the target enzymes of the remethylation pathway are involved in NTD risk. METHODS We studied folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations and activity, expression, and gene variants of the 3 enzymes in liver from 14 NTD and 16 non-NTD fetuses. We replicated the main findings in cord blood from pregnancies of 41 NTD fetuses compared with 21 fetuses with polymalformations (metabolic and genetic findings) and 375 control pregnancies (genetic findings). RESULTS The tissue concentration of vitamin B-12 (P = 0.003), but not folate, and the activity (P = 0.001), transcriptional level (P = 0.016), and protein expression (P = 0.003) of MS were decreased and the truncated inactive isoforms of MS were increased in NTD livers. SAM was significantly correlated with MS activity and vitamin B-12. A gene variant in exon 1 of GIF (Gastric Intrinsic Factor gene) was associated with a dramatic decrease of liver vitamin B-12 in 2 cases. We confirmed the decreased vitamin B-12 in cord blood from NTD pregnancies. A gene variant of GIF exon 3 was associated with NTD risk. CONCLUSIONS The decreased vitamin B-12 in liver and cord blood and decreased expression and activity of MS in liver point out the impaired remethylation pathway as hallmarks associated with NTD risk. We suggest evaluating vitamin B-12 in the nutritional recommendations for prevention of NTD risk beside folate fortification or supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'atem B Fofou-Caillierez
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases
| | - Jean-Marc Alberto
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Céline Chéry
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Josse
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Thierry Forges
- Regional Maternity of Nancy, University Regional Hospital Center of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bernard Foliguet
- Regional Maternity of Nancy, University Regional Hospital Center of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - François Feillet
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- Inserm UMRS 954, Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, Inserm and University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases
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Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Chery C, Caillierez-Fofou BM, Voirin J, Foliguet B, Josse T, Tramoy D, Feillet F, Guéant JL. Association of combined GIF290T>C heterozygous mutation/FUT2 secretor variant with neural tube defects. Clin Genet 2018; 93:191-193. [PMID: 28742214 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Folate and vitamin B12 are needed for the proper embryo-fetal development possibly through their interacting role in the 1-carbon metabolism. Folate fortification reduces the prevalence of complex birth defects, and more specifically neural tube defects (NTDs). GIF and FUT2 are 2 genes associated with the uptake and blood level of vitamin B12. We evaluated GIF and FUT2 as predictors of severe birth defects, in 183 aborted fetuses compared with 375 healthy newborns. The GIF290C allele frequency was estimated to 0.4% in healthy newborns and to 8.1% in NTD fetuses (odds ratio 17.8 [95% confidence interval CI: 4.0-77.6]). The frequency of FUT2 rs601338 secretor variant was not different among groups. The GIF 290C heterozygous/FUT2 rs601338 secretor variant combined genotype was reported in 6 of the 37 NTD fetuses, but not in other fetuses and healthy newborns (P < .0001). This GIF/FUT2 combined genotype has been previously reported in children with congenital gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) deficiency, with respective consequences on B12 binding activity and GIF secretion. In conclusion, a genotype reported in congenital GIF deficiency produces also severe forms of NTD. This suggests that vitamin B12 delivery to neural tissue by the CUBN/GIF pathway could play a role in the neural tube closure mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Guéant-Rodriguez
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - C Chery
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - B-M Caillierez-Fofou
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - J Voirin
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - B Foliguet
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - T Josse
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - D Tramoy
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - F Feillet
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - J-L Guéant
- Inserm-UMRS 954 (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks) and National Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University of Lorraine and University Regional Hospital Center, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
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