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Olabarrieta-Landa L, Rivera D, Galarza-Del-Angel J, Garza MT, Saracho CP, Rodríguez W, Chávez-Oliveros M, Rábago B, Leibach G, Schebela S, Martínez C, Luna M, Longoni M, Ocampo-Barba N, Rodríguez G, Aliaga A, Esenarro L, García de la Cadena C, Perrin BP, Arango-Lasprilla JC. Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. NeuroRehabilitation 2016; 37:515-61. [PMID: 26639930 DOI: 10.3233/nre-151279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate normative data for the Verbal Fluency Tests across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruited from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and, Puerto Rico. Each subject was administered the Verbal Fluency Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. A standardized five-step statistical procedure was used to generate the norms. RESULTS The final multiple linear regression models for the letter F explained 8-30% of the variance, 7-32% for letter A, 8-32% for the letter S, and 16-43% for the animal category in Verbal Fluency Test scores. Although t-tests showed significant differences between men and women on the Verbal Fluency Test, they did not have an effect size larger than 0.3. As a result, gender-adjusted norms were not generated. CONCLUSIONS This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America aiming to create norms for the Verbal Fluency Test; this study will have important outcomes for the future of neuropsychology in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Rivera
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - M T Garza
- Facultad de Psicología Universidad Autónoma de Nueva León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - W Rodríguez
- Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - M Chávez-Oliveros
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Rábago
- Instituto Vocacional Enrique Díaz de León, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - G Leibach
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S Schebela
- Instituto de Prevención Social, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - C Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina de Rehabilitación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - M Luna
- Universidad Dr. José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - M Longoni
- Clínica de rehabilitación Las Araucarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - G Rodríguez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz, Camaguey, Cuba
| | - A Aliaga
- Servicio Médico Legal, Ministerio de Justicia, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Esenarro
- Instituto de Neuropsicología y Demencias, Lima, Peru
| | - C García de la Cadena
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - B P Perrin
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J C Arango-Lasprilla
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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