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Paschen S, Wolke R, Gövert F, Lauber A, Zeuner KE, Helmers A, Berg D, Deuschl G, Becktepe JS. Effect of Thalamic versus Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation on Head Tremor in Dystonic and Essential Tremor Patients-A Retrospective Video-Blinded Study. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:634-644. [PMID: 38486480 PMCID: PMC11145156 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head tremor is common in dystonia syndromes and difficult to treat. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic option in medically-refractory cases. In most DBS-centers, the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is targeted in patients with predominant dystonia and the ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) in predominant tremor. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of GPi- versus Vim-DBS in dystonic or essential head tremor. METHODS All patients with dystonia or essential tremor (ET) (n = 381) who underwent DBS surgery at our institution between 1999 and 2020 were screened for head tremor in our database according to predefined selection criteria. Of the 33 patients meeting inclusion criteria tremor and dystonia severity were assessed at baseline, short- (mean 10 months) and long-term follow-up (41 months) by two blinded video-raters. RESULTS Twenty-two patients with dystonic head tremor received either GPi- (n = 12) or Vim-stimulation (n = 10), according to the prevailing clinical phenotype. These two groups were compared with 11 patients with ET, treated with Vim-stimulation. The reduction in head tremor from baseline to short- and long-term follow-up was 60-70% and did not differ significantly between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS GPi-DBS effectively and sustainably reduced head tremor in idiopathic dystonia. The effect was comparable to the effect of Vim-DBS on head tremor in dystonia patients with predominant limb tremor and to the effect of Vim-DBS on head tremor in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Paschen
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Robin Wolke
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Felix Gövert
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Alexandra Lauber
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Kirsten E. Zeuner
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Ann‐Kristin Helmers
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Jos S. Becktepe
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
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Tabari F, Berger JI, Flouty O, Copeland B, Greenlee JD, Johari K. Speech, voice, and language outcomes following deep brain stimulation: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302739. [PMID: 38728329 PMCID: PMC11086900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) reliably ameliorates cardinal motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). However, the effects of DBS on speech, voice and language have been inconsistent and have not been examined comprehensively in a single study. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic analysis of literature by reviewing studies that examined the effects of DBS on speech, voice and language in PD and ET. METHODS A total of 675 publications were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases. Based on our selection criteria, 90 papers were included in our analysis. The selected publications were categorized into four subcategories: Fluency, Word production, Articulation and phonology and Voice quality. RESULTS The results suggested a long-term decline in verbal fluency, with more studies reporting deficits in phonemic fluency than semantic fluency following DBS. Additionally, high frequency stimulation, left-sided and bilateral DBS were associated with worse verbal fluency outcomes. Naming improved in the short-term following DBS-ON compared to DBS-OFF, with no long-term differences between the two conditions. Bilateral and low-frequency DBS demonstrated a relative improvement for phonation and articulation. Nonetheless, long-term DBS exacerbated phonation and articulation deficits. The effect of DBS on voice was highly variable, with both improvements and deterioration in different measures of voice. CONCLUSION This was the first study that aimed to combine the outcome of speech, voice, and language following DBS in a single systematic review. The findings revealed a heterogeneous pattern of results for speech, voice, and language across DBS studies, and provided directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tabari
- Human Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Joel I. Berger
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Oliver Flouty
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Brian Copeland
- Department of Neurology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy D. Greenlee
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Karim Johari
- Human Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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Patel R, Burroughs L, Higgins A, Zauber SE, Isbaine F, Schneider D, Hohman R, Gupta K. Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Intermediate Nucleus of the Thalamus Improves Objective Acoustic Measures of Essential Vocal Tremor. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01134. [PMID: 38787392 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM-DBS) is an established treatment for medically refractory essential tremor. However, the effect of VIM-DBS on vocal tremor remains poorly understood, with results varying by method of vocal tremor assessment and stimulation laterality. This single-center study measures the effect of bilateral VIM-DBS on essential vocal tremor using blinded objective acoustic voice analysis. METHODS Ten patients with consecutive essential tremor with comorbid vocal tremor receiving bilateral VIM-DBS underwent voice testing before and after implantation of DBS in this prospective cohort study. Objective acoustic measures were extracted from the middle one second of steady-state phonation including cepstral peak prominence, signal-to-noise ratio, percentage voicing, tremor rate, extent of fundamental frequency modulation, and extent of intensity modulation. DBS surgery was performed awake with microelectrode recording and intraoperative testing. Postoperative voice testing was performed after stable programming. RESULTS Patients included 6 female and 4 male, with a mean age of 67 ± 6.7 years. The VIM was targeted with the following coordinates relative to the mid-anterior commissure:posterior commissure point: 13.2 ± 0.6 mm lateral, 6.2 ± 0.7 mm posterior, and 0.0 mm below. Mean programming parameters were amplitude 1.72.0 ± 0.6 mA, pulse width 63.0 ± 12.7 µs, and rate 130.6 ± 0.0 Hz. VIM-DBS significantly improved tremor rate from 4.43 ± 0.8 Hz to 3.2 ± 0.8 Hz (P = .001) CI (0.546, 1.895), jitter from 1 ± 0.94 to 0.53 ± 0.219 (P = .02) CI (-0.124, 1.038), cepstral peak prominence from 13.6 ± 3.9 to 18.8 ± 2.9 (P = .016) CI (-4.100, -0.235), signal-to-noise ratio from 15.7 ± 3.9 to 18.5 ± 3.7 (P = .02) CI (-5.598, -0.037), and articulation rate from 0.77 ± 0.2 to 0.82 ± .14 (P = .04) CI (-0.097, 0.008). There were no major complications in this series. CONCLUSION Objective acoustic voice analyses suggest that bilateral VIM-DBS effectively reduces vocal tremor rate and improves voicing. Further studies using objective acoustic analyses and laryngeal imaging may help refine surgical and stimulation techniques and evaluate the effect of laterality on vocal tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis/Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Leah Burroughs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alexis Higgins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - S Elizabeth Zauber
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Faical Isbaine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dylan Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ryane Hohman
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Ruckart KW, Wilson C, Moya-Mendez ME, Madden LL, Laxton A, Siddiqui MS. Effect of Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation on Vocal Tremor in Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2023; 13:13. [PMID: 37152623 PMCID: PMC10162197 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of literature examining the effect of Ventral Intermediate Nucleus (VIM) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on voice in patients with vocal tremor (VT). Objective Investigate the effect of unilateral and bilateral VIM DBS on voice in patients with Essential Tremor (ET) and VT. Methods All patients receiving VIM DBS surgery underwent voice evaluation pre- and six-months post-operatively. We collected patient-reported quality-of-life outcome measures and acoustic voice measures of sustained phonation and connected speech. Acoustic measures specific to VT included amplitude tremor intensity index (ATRI), frequency tremor intensity index (FTRI), rate and extent of F0 modulation, and rate and extent of intensity modulation. Results Five patients, age 72.8 ± 2.6 years, 4 female, 1 male with mean disease duration of 29 ± 26.2 years met the inclusion criteria and were included. Two subjects had bilateral procedure and three had unilateral. We observed significant improvements in measures of vocal tremor including ATRI, FTRI, rate of F0 modulation, rate of intensity modulation, and extent of intensity modulation, as well as patient reported voice-related quality of life measured by VHI-10. Bilateral VIM DBS cases showed greater improvement in VT than unilateral cases. Conclusion Both unilateral and bilateral VIM DBS resulted in significant improvement of VT, with more improvement demonstrated in patients having bilateral as compared to unilateral VIM DBS. In addition, patients also reported significant improvements in voice-related quality of life. If larger studies confirm our results, VIM DBS has the potential to become a treatment specifically for disabling VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn W. Ruckart
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist/Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist/Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | | | - Lyndsay L. Madden
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist/Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | - Adrian Laxton
- Department of Neurology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist/Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
| | - Mustafa S. Siddiqui
- Department of Neurology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist/Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, US
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Ghadery CM, Kalia LV, Connolly BS. Movement disorders of the mouth: a review of the common phenomenologies. J Neurol 2022; 269:5812-5830. [PMID: 35904592 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders of the mouth encompass a spectrum of hyperactive movements involving the muscles of the orofacial complex. They are rare conditions and are described in the literature primarily in case reports originating from neurologists, psychiatrists, and the dental community. The focus of this review is to provide a phenomenological description of different oral motor disorders including oromandibular dystonia, orofacial dyskinesia and orolingual tremor, and to offer management strategies for optimal treatment based on the current literature. A literature search of full text studies using PubMed/Medline and Cochrane library combined with a manual search of the reference lists was conducted until June 2021. Results from this search included meta-analyses, systematic reviews, reviews, clinical studies, case series, and case reports published by neurologists, psychiatrists, dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Data garnered from these sources were used to provide an overview of most commonly encountered movement disorders of the mouth, aiding physicians in recognizing these rare conditions and in initiating appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ghadery
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - L V Kalia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B S Connolly
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada.
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Suppression of Axial Tremor by Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Essential Tremor: Effects on Gait and Balance Measures. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 35854793 PMCID: PMC9248979 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventralis intermedius (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus has been successful in mitigating upper limb tremor, but the effect on gait and balance performance is unclear. Here, we aim to examine the effectiveness of VIM DBS on stride length variability, sway path length, and task-relevant tremor of various body segments in essential tremor (ET). Methods: Seventeen ET individuals treated with DBS (ET DBS) and 17 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) performed a postural balance and overground walking task. In separate and consecutive visits, ET DBS performed gait and balance tasks with DBS ON or OFF. The main outcome measures were sway path length, stride length variability, and tremor quantified from upper limb, lower limb, upper and lower trunk (axial) during the gait and balance tasks. Results: With DBS OFF, ET DBS exhibited significantly greater stride length variability, sway path length, and tremor during gait and balance task relative to HC. Relative to DBS OFF, DBS ON reduced stride length variability and sway path length in ET DBS. The DBS-induced reduction in stride length variability was associated with the reduction in both upper trunk tremor and upper limb tremor. The DBS-induced reduction in sway path length was associated with the reduction in upper trunk tremor. Discussion: The findings of this study revealed that VIM DBS was effective in improving gait and balance in ET DBS and that improvements in gait and postural balance were associated with a reduction of axial tremor during the tasks. Highlights:
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Wakim AA, Sioda NA, Zhou JJ, Lambert M, Evidente VGH, Ponce FA. Direct targeting of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: a prospective study with comparison to a historical cohort. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:662-671. [PMID: 34560647 DOI: 10.3171/2021.2.jns203815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) is an effective target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to control symptoms related to essential tremor. The VIM is typically targeted using indirect methods, although studies have reported visualization of the VIM on proton density-weighted MRI. This study compares the outcomes between patients who underwent VIM DBS with direct and indirect targeting. METHODS Between August 2013 and December 2019, 230 patients underwent VIM DBS at the senior author's institution. Of these patients, 92 had direct targeting (direct visualization on proton density 3-T MRI). The remaining 138 patients had indirect targeting (relative to the third ventricle and anterior commissure-posterior commissure line). RESULTS Coordinates of electrodes placed with direct targeting were significantly more lateral (p < 0.001) and anterior (p < 0.001) than those placed with indirect targeting. The optimal stimulation amplitude for devices measured in voltage was lower for those who underwent direct targeting than for those who underwent indirect targeting (p < 0.001). Patients undergoing direct targeting had a greater improvement only in their Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire hobby score versus those undergoing indirect targeting (p = 0.04). The direct targeting group had substantially more symptomatic hemorrhages than the indirect targeting group (p = 0.04). All patients who experienced a postoperative hemorrhage after DBS recovered without intervention. CONCLUSIONS Patients who underwent direct VIM targeting for DBS treatment of essential tremor had similar clinical outcomes to those who underwent indirect targeting. Direct VIM targeting is safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre A Wakim
- 1Department of Medical Education, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Natasha A Sioda
- 1Department of Medical Education, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - James J Zhou
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix; and
| | - Margaret Lambert
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix; and
| | | | - Francisco A Ponce
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix; and
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Hemi-parkinsonism and return of essential tremors after MRgFUS thalamotomy: Case report and review of procedural complications affecting ventral thalamic nuclei. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 23:100339. [PMID: 33937534 PMCID: PMC8076700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy targets the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus and has been shown to be safe and effective to treat medication-resistant essential tremors. Improvement in tremor scores, posture and action scores, disability scores and quality of life scores have been reported in patients treated with this procedure. Adverse events are usually transient and non-severe. We present a patient who underwent MRgFUS thalamotomy of the left VIM and developed new-onset parkinsonian features predominantly on the right side and return of essential tremors a few years after the procedure. Changes in speech (hypophonia and dysarthria), gait imbalance and postural instability, bradykinesia, and cogwheeling rigidity occurred, likely due to involvement of the fiber tracts through the ventrolateral subnuclei and the adjacent ventral anterior thalamic nuclei and other surrounding structures. We describe side effects of MRgFUS thalamotomy in our patient compared to previous reports and review the thalamic nuclei and surrounding structures that can be affected during procedure, causing these effects.
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Erickson-DiRenzo E, Kuijper FM, Barbosa DAN, Lim EA, Lin PT, Lising MA, Huang Y, Sung CK, Halpern CH. Multiparametric laryngeal assessment of the effect of thalamic deep brain stimulation on essential vocal tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:106-112. [PMID: 33120071 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE EVT is a refractory voice disorder that significantly affects quality of life. This work aims to conduct a multiparametric assessment of the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) on essential vocal tremor (EVT) and investigate the relation between DBS lead location and EVT outcomes. METHODS Nine participants underwent DBS for essential tremor and were diagnosed with co-occurring EVT in this prospective cohort study. Objective measurements including acoustic evaluation of vocal fundamental frequency (F0) and intensity modulation and subjective measurements including physiologic evaluation of the oscillatory movement of the laryngeal muscles and vocal tract and perceptual ratings of tremor severity were collected PRE and POST DBS. Finally, we investigated the relation between DBS lead location and EVT outcomes. RESULTS Acoustic modulations of F0 and intensity were significantly improved POST DBS. Physiologic assessment showed a POST DBS reduction of oscillatory movement in the laryngeal muscles and vocal tract, but not significantly. Listener and participant perception, of EVT severity was also significantly reduced. Finally, our results indicate better EVT control with increased distance to midline of left VIM thalamic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS By employing a battery of objective and subjective measures, our study supports the benefit of DBS for the treatment of EVT and specifies the acoustic and physiologic mechanisms that mediate its positive effect. We further provide preliminary results on the relation between lead location and EVT outcomes, laying the foundation for future studies to clarify the optimal DBS target for the treatment of EVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fiene Marie Kuijper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A N Barbosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erika A Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter T Lin
- Valley Parkinson Clinic, 800 Pollard Road, Suite C-30, Los Gatos, CA, USA
| | - Melanie A Lising
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C Kwang Sung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Casey H Halpern
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Hewitt AL, Klassen BT, Lee KH, Van Gompel JJ, Hassan A. Deep brain stimulation for orthostatic tremor: A single-center case series. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 10:324-332. [PMID: 32983612 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Orthostatic tremor (OT) is a high-frequency weight-bearing tremor of the legs and trunk associated with progressive disability and is often refractory to medications. Case reports suggest that thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective. We report 5 female patients with medication-refractory OT who underwent bilateral thalamic DBS at the Mayo Clinic and assess factors associated with a successful DBS outcome. Methods Demographic, clinical, electrophysiology, and DBS data were abstracted. Outcomes were change in tremor-onset latency, standing time, standing ADLs, and patient and clinician global impression of change (PGIC; CGIC). Results All 5 patients had improved standing time (72 vs 408 seconds, p ≤ 0.001) and improved standing ADLs after surgery, without change in tremor-onset latency (16 vs 75 seconds, p = 0.14). Maximal benefit was reached up to 3 years after surgery and sustained for up to 6 years. CGIC was "much improved" in all; PGIC was "much improved" in 4 and "minimally improved" in 1. There were no major complications. Postoperative electrophysiology (n = 1) showed lower tremor amplitude and slower tremor ramp-up on vs off stimulation. Conclusions Bilateral thalamic DBS improved OT symptoms with benefit lasting up to 6 years. A modest increase in standing time of several minutes was associated with meaningful improvement in standing ADLs. Microlesional effect and bilateral stimulation are likely favorable features, while baseline standing time of several minutes may be unfavorable. These findings may inform clinician and patient counseling and require confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Hewitt
- Department of Neurology (ALH, BTK, AH) and Department of Neurosurgery (KHL, JVG), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bryan T Klassen
- Department of Neurology (ALH, BTK, AH) and Department of Neurosurgery (KHL, JVG), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurology (ALH, BTK, AH) and Department of Neurosurgery (KHL, JVG), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jamie J Van Gompel
- Department of Neurology (ALH, BTK, AH) and Department of Neurosurgery (KHL, JVG), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Anhar Hassan
- Department of Neurology (ALH, BTK, AH) and Department of Neurosurgery (KHL, JVG), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Outcomes and Adverse Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on the Ventral Intermediate Nucleus in Patients with Essential Tremor. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:2486065. [PMID: 32802034 PMCID: PMC7416257 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2486065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was aimed at identifying the potential outcome predictors, comparing the efficacy in patients with different tremor characteristics, and summarizing the adverse effect rates (AERs) of deep brain stimulation on the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM-DBS) for essential tremor (ET). Methods An extensive search of articles published to date in 2019 was conducted, and two main aspects were analyzed. Improvement was calculated as a percentage of change in any objective tremor rating scale (TRS) and analyzed by subgroup analyses of patients' tremor characteristics, laterality, and stimulation parameters. Furthermore, the AERs were analyzed as follows: the adverse effects (AEs) were classified as stimulation-related, surgical-related, or device-related effects. A simple regression analysis was used to identify the potential prognostic factors, and a two-sample mean-comparison test was used to verify the statistical significance of the subgroup analyses. Results Forty-six articles involving 1714 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled improvement in any objective TRS score was 61.3% (95% CI: 0.564-0.660) at the mean follow-up visit (20.0 ± 17.3 months). The midline and extremity symptoms showed consistent improvement (P = 0.440), and the results of the comparison of postural and kinetic tremor were the same (P = 0.219). In addition, the improvement in rest tremor was similar to that in action tremor (OR = 2.759, P = 0.120). In the simple regression analysis, the preoperative Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (FTM-TRS) scores and follow-up time were negatively correlated with the percentage change in any objective TRS score (P < 0.05). The most common adverse event was dysarthria (10.5%), which is a stimulation-related AE (23.6%), while the rates of the surgical-related and device-related AEs were 6.4% and 11.5%, respectively. Conclusion VIM-DBS is an efficient and safe surgical method in ET, and the efficacy was not affected by the body distribution of tremor, age at surgery, and disease duration. Lower preoperative FTM-TRS scores likely indicate greater improvement, and the effect of VIM-DBS declines over time.
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Al-Fatly B, Ewert S, Kübler D, Kroneberg D, Horn A, Kühn AA. Connectivity profile of thalamic deep brain stimulation to effectively treat essential tremor. Brain 2020; 142:3086-3098. [PMID: 31377766 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor is the most prevalent movement disorder and is often refractory to medical treatment. Deep brain stimulation offers a therapeutic approach that can efficiently control tremor symptoms. Several deep brain stimulation targets (ventral intermediate nucleus, zona incerta, posterior subthalamic area) have been discussed for tremor treatment. Effective deep brain stimulation therapy for tremor critically involves optimal targeting to modulate the tremor network. This could potentially become more robust and precise by using state-of-the-art brain connectivity measurements. In the current study, we used two normative brain connectomes (structural and functional) to show the pattern of effective deep brain stimulation electrode connectivity in 36 patients with essential tremor. Our structural and functional connectivity models were significantly predictive of postoperative tremor improvement in out-of-sample data (P < 0.001 for both structural and functional leave-one-out cross-validation). Additionally, we segregated the somatotopic brain network based on head and hand tremor scores. These resulted in segregations that mapped onto the well-known somatotopic maps of both motor cortex and cerebellum. Crucially, this shows that slightly distinct networks need to be modulated to ameliorate head versus hand tremor and that those networks could be identified based on somatotopic zones in motor cortex and cerebellum. Finally, we propose a multi-modal connectomic deep brain stimulation sweet spot that may serve as a reference to enhance clinical care, in the future. This spot resided in the posterior subthalamic area, encroaching on the inferior borders of ventral intermediate nucleus and sensory thalamus. Our results underscore the importance of integrating brain connectivity in optimizing deep brain stimulation targeting for essential tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Al-Fatly
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siobhan Ewert
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kübler
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Kroneberg
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Horn
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Exzellenzcluster NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wong JK, Hess CW, Almeida L, Middlebrooks EH, Christou EA, Patrick EE, Shukla AW, Foote KD, Okun MS. Deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: targets, technology, and a comprehensive review of clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:319-331. [PMID: 32116065 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1737017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder with an estimated prevalence of 0.9% worldwide. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for medication refractory and debilitating tremor. With the arrival of next generation technology, the implementation and delivery of DBS has been rapidly evolving. This review will highlight the current applications and constraints for DBS in ET.Areas covered: The mechanism of action, targets for neuromodulation, next generation guidance techniques, symptom-specific applications, and long-term efficacy will be reviewed.Expert opinion: The posterior subthalamic area and zona incerta are alternative targets to thalamic DBS in ET. However, they may be associated with additional stimulation-induced side effects. Novel stimulation paradigms and segmented electrodes provide innovative approaches to DBS programming and stimulation-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Wong
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher W Hess
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leonardo Almeida
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin E Patrick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Tsuboi T, Jabarkheel Z, Zeilman PR, Barabas MJ, Foote KD, Okun MS, Wagle Shukla A. Longitudinal follow-up with VIM thalamic deep brain stimulation for dystonic or essential tremor. Neurology 2020; 94:e1073-e1084. [PMID: 32047071 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess longitudinal tremor outcomes with ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation (VIM DBS) in patients with dystonic tremor (DT) and to compare with DBS outcomes in essential tremor (ET). METHODS We retrospectively investigated VIM DBS outcomes for 163 patients followed at our center diagnosed with either DT or ET. The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale (TRS) was used to assess change in tremor and activities of daily living (ADL) at 6 months, 1 year, 2-3 years, 4-5 years, and ≥6 years after surgery. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with DT and 97 patients with ET were analyzed. Compared to preoperative baseline, there were significant improvements in TRS motor up to 4-5 years (52.2%; p = 0.032) but this did not reach statistical significance at ≥6 years (46.0%, p = 0.063) in DT, which was comparable to the outcomes in ET. While the improvements in the upper extremity tremor, head tremor, and axial tremor were also comparable between DT and ET throughout the follow-up, the ADL improvements in DT were lost at 2-3 years follow-up. CONCLUSION Overall, tremor control with VIM DBS in DT and ET was comparable and remained sustained at long term likely related to intervention at the final common node in the pathologic tremor network. However, the long-term ADL improvements in DT were not sustained, possibly due to inadequate control of concomitant dystonia symptoms. These findings from a large cohort of DT indicate that VIM targeting is reasonable if the tremor is considerably more disabling than the dystonic features. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that VIM DBS improves tremor in patients with DT or ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuboi
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Zakia Jabarkheel
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pamela R Zeilman
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Matthew J Barabas
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kelly D Foote
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael S Okun
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- From the Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases (T.T., Z.J., P.R.Z., M.J.B., M.S.O., A.W.S.), and Department of Neurosurgery (K.D.F.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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15
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Sun X, Huang L, Pan Y, Zhang C, Wang T, Li H, Sun B, Ding J, Wu Y, Li D. Bilateral Posterior Subthalamic Area Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor: A Case Series. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:16. [PMID: 32116604 PMCID: PMC7013085 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posterior subthalamic area (PSA) provides a potentially effective treatment for medication-refractory essential tremor (ET). Objective To study the clinical benefits and adverse-event profile of bilateral PSA-DBS for refractory ET. Methods Seven patients with refractory ET underwent bilateral PSA-DBS surgery under general anesthesia between September 2017 and May 2018. Clinical outcome assessments, using the Essential Tremor Rating Scale, were performed at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up, except for the last assessment of one patient who was followed up to 9 months. Analysis was focused on changes in patients’ motor symptoms and quality of life following surgery as well as documenting the adverse-event profile associated with the surgical PSA-DBS treatment. Results After surgery, patients’ motor symptoms, including upper limb tremor and head tremor, were improved by 84.2% and their quality of life by 81.25% at 1-month follow-up. The clinical benefits to patients were maintained at 6-month and last follow-up. Adverse side effects included dysarthria (n = 4), balance disorder (n = 2), and paresthesia of the right limb (n = 1). No habituation effects were observed throughout the follow-up. Conclusion Bilateral PSA-DBS seems to offer an effective and safe alternative treatment for medically intractable ET, warranting further research into its clinical utility, adverse-event profile, and comparative effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luke Huang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Pan
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Louis ED, Eliasen EH, Ferrer M, Iglesias Hernandez D, Gaini S, Jiang W, Zheng W, Nielsen F, Petersen MS. Blood Harmane (1-Methyl-9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indole) and Mercury in Essential Tremor: A Population-Based, Environmental Epidemiology Study in the Faroe Islands. Neuroepidemiology 2020; 54:272-280. [PMID: 32007995 PMCID: PMC7210050 DOI: 10.1159/000505874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is among the most prevalent neurological diseases. Its environmental determinants are poorly understood. Harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3, 4-b]indole), a dietary tremor-producing neurotoxin, has been linked to ET in a few studies in New York and Madrid. Mercury, also a tremor-producing neurotoxin, has not been studied in ET. The Faroe Islands have been the focus of epidemiological investigations of numerous neurological disorders. OBJECTIVE In this population-based, case-control study, we directly measured blood harmane concentrations (HA) and blood mercury concentrations (Hg) in ET cases and controls. METHODS In total, 1,328 Faroese adults were screened; 26 ET cases were identified whose (HA) and (Hg) were compared to 197 controls. RESULTS Although there were no statistically significant differences between diagnostic groups, median (HA) was 2.7× higher in definite ET (4.13 g-10/mL) and 1.5× higher in probable ET (2.28 g-10/mL) than controls (1.53 g-10/mL). Small sample size was a limitation. For definite ET versus controls, p = 0.126. (Hg) were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated marginally elevated (HA) in definite and probable ET. These data are similar to those previously published and possibly extend etiological links between this neurotoxin and ET to a third locale. The study did not support a link between mercury and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,
- Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,
| | - Eina H Eliasen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands
| | - Monica Ferrer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Shahin Gaini
- Centre for Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands
- Infectious Diseases Division, National Hospital Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital/University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wendy Jiang
- Purdue University School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Purdue University School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Skaalum Petersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands
- Centre for Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands
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17
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Halpern CH, Santini V, Lipsman N, Lozano AM, Schwartz ML, Shah BB, Elias WJ, Cosgrove GR, Hayes MT, McDannold N, Aldrich C, Eisenberg HM, Gandhi D, Taira T, Gwinn R, Ro S, Witt J, Jung NY, Chang JW, Rosenberg J, Ghanouni P. Three-year follow-up of prospective trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. Neurology 2019; 93:e2284-e2293. [PMID: 31748250 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) thalamotomy is effective, durable, and safe for patients with medication-refractory essential tremor (ET), we assessed clinical outcomes at 3-year follow-up of a controlled multicenter prospective trial. METHODS Outcomes were based on the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor, including hand combined tremor-motor (scale of 0-32), functional disability (scale of 0-32), and postural tremor (scale of 0-4) scores, and total scores from the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (scale of 0-100). Scores at 36 months were compared with baseline and at 6 months after treatment to assess for efficacy and durability. Adverse events were also reported. RESULTS Measured scores remained improved from baseline to 36 months (all p < 0.0001). Range of improvement from baseline was 38%-50% in hand tremor, 43%-56% in disability, 50%-75% in postural tremor, and 27%-42% in quality of life. When compared to scores at 6 months, median scores increased for hand tremor (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-2, p = 0.0098) and disability (95% CI 1-4, p = 0.0001). During the third follow-up year, all previously noted adverse events remained mild or moderate, none worsened, 2 resolved, and no new adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS Results at 3 years after unilateral tcMRgFUS thalamotomy for ET show continued benefit, and no progressive or delayed complications. Patients may experience mild degradation in some treatment metrics by 3 years, though improvement from baseline remains significant. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT01827904. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with severe ET, unilateral tcMRgFUS thalamotomy provides durable benefit after 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey H Halpern
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Veronica Santini
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nir Lipsman
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andres M Lozano
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L Schwartz
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Binit B Shah
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W Jeff Elias
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Garth R Cosgrove
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael T Hayes
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathan McDannold
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina Aldrich
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Howard M Eisenberg
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Takaomi Taira
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susie Ro
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Witt
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Jung
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Higuchi MA, Roemmich RT, Martinez-Ramirez D, Roper JA, Zukowski LA, Foote KD, Okun MS, Hass CJ. Changes in Midline Tremor and Gait Following Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 9:tre-09-684. [PMID: 31565538 PMCID: PMC6744814 DOI: 10.7916/tohm.v0.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder characterized by kinetic and postural tremor in the upper extremities and frequently in the midline. Persons with ET often also exhibit gait ataxia. Previous studies have observed associations between midline tremor severity and gait ataxia in persons with ET, suggesting a common pathophysiology distinct from that of upper extremity tremor. However, a causal link between midline tremor and gait impairment has not been established. Methods We investigated tremor and gait in 24 persons with ET before and after implantation of unilateral deep brain stimulation into the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus. Results Stimulation significantly improved tremor in the targeted upper extremity and midline. However, gait was unaffected at the cohort level. Furthermore, improvement in midline tremor was not significantly associated with gait improvement. Discussion These findings revealed that midline tremor and gait impairment may be dissociable in persons with ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa-Aki Higuchi
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan T Roemmich
- Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez-Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, MX
| | - Jaimie A Roper
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lisa A Zukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chris J Hass
- Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Louis ED, Ferrer M, Eliasen EH, Gaini S, Petersen MS. Tremor in normal adults: A population-based study of 1158 adults in the Faroe Islands. J Neurol Sci 2019; 400:169-174. [PMID: 30954661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There are virtually no population-based data on tremor in normal individuals. Using a population-based sample of 1158 normal adults ages 40-98 years in the Faroe Islands, we characterized the extent of normal action tremor across age and gender strata. Participants drew two Archimedes spirals with each hand, and tremor was systematically quantified by a senior movement disorder neurologist using a reliable and valid ordinal rating scale (ratings = 0-3). Tremor was nearly universal - 1145 (98.9%) participants had a total mean spiral score > 0. Older age was associated with more tremor (p < .001) and spiral scores were higher in males than females (p < .001). The proportion of individuals with a spiral rating ≥ 1.5 (i.e., more than mild tremor) was low (1.8% - 8.5%); however, this value reached 19.6% in left-hand spirals of males ≥70 years old. In this population-based study of more than one thousand normal adults, the vast bulk (i.e., 98.9%) had tremor on spiral drawing. In general, the tremor was mild. The proportion of individuals with tremor above the mild range varied across age and gender strata. These extensive data may be used as a gold standard for defining normal levels of tremor within adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Monica Ferrer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eina H Eliasen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Shahin Gaini
- Infectious Diseases Division, National Hospital Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital/University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Maria Skaalum Petersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; Centre for Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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20
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Eliasen EH, Ferrer M, Gaini S, Louis ED, Petersen MS. Prevalence of Essential Tremor in the Faroe Islands: A Population-Based Study. Neuroepidemiology 2019; 52:227-236. [PMID: 30889566 DOI: 10.1159/000499070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies of the prevalence of one of the most common movement disorders, essential tremor (ET), have been undertaken in the Faroe Islands. Given the potential for founder effects in the Islands, and the highly genetic nature of ET, the Faroe Islands provide a particularly interesting setting in which to study the prevalence of ET. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of ET and study its characteristics. METHODS We used a 2-phase, population-based design, screening 1,328 randomly selected Faroese individuals aged ≥40 years. A subsample of 282 individuals who had returned the spirals and questionnaire was selected to participate in an in-person clinical evaluation. Tremor was systematically quantified by a senior movement disorder neurologist with particular specialization in tremor using a reliable and valid clinical rating scale followed by the application of rigorous diagnostic criteria used by tremor investigators internationally. RESULTS The overall crude prevalence was 2.9%. The age-adjusted prevalence was 3.1%. There was an age-associated rise in prevalence; by age ≥70, prevalence reached 4.8%. Twenty six of 27 (96.2%) were previously undiagnosed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first population-based study of the prevalence of ET in the Faroe Islands. The estimated prevalence was similar to studies using the same or comparable methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eina H Eliasen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital Systems, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands,
| | - Monica Ferrer
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shahin Gaini
- Centre for Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands.,Infectious Diseases Division, National Hospital Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital/University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria Skaalum Petersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital Systems, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands.,Centre for Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands
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21
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Sandström L, Blomstedt P, Karlsson F. Long-term effects of unilateral deep brain stimulation on voice tremor in patients with essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 60:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Avecillas-Chasin JM, Poologaindran A, Morrison MD, Rammage LA, Honey CR. Unilateral Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Voice Tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2019; 96:392-399. [PMID: 30625492 DOI: 10.1159/000495413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voice tremor (VT) is the involuntary and rhythmical phonatory instability of the voice. Recent findings suggest that unilateral deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim-DBS) can sometimes be effective for VT. In this exploratory analysis, we investigated the effect of Vim-DBS on VT and tested the hypothesis that unilateral thalamic stimulation is effective for patients with VT. METHODS Seven patients with VT and previously implanted bilateral Vim-DBS were enrolled in the study. Each patient was randomized and recorded performing sustained phonation during the following conditions: left thalamic stimulation, right thalamic stimulation, bilateral thalamic stimulation (Bil-ON), and no stimulation (Bil-OFF). Perceptual VT ratings and an acoustic analysis to find the rate of variation of the fundamental frequency measured by the standard deviation of the pitch (f0SD) were performed in a blinded manner. For the purposes of this study, a "dominant" side was defined as one with more than twice as much reduction in VT following Vim-DBS compared to the contralateral side. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare the effect of the dominant side stimulation in the reduction of VT scores and f0SD. The volume of activated tissue (VAT) of the dominant stimulation side was modelled against the degree of improvement in VT to correlate the significant stimulation cluster with thalamic anatomy. Finally, tractography analysis was performed to analyze the connectivity of the significant stimulation cluster. RESULTS Unilateral stimulation was beneficial in all 7 patients. Five patients clearly had a "dominant" side with either benefit only seen following stimulation of one side or more than twice as much benefit from one side compared to the other. Two patients had similar benefit with unilateral stimulation from either side. The Wilcoxon paired test showed significant differences between unilateral dominant and unilateral nondominant stimulation for VT scores (p = 0.04), between unilateral dominant and Bil-OFF (p = 0.04), and between Bil-ON and unilateral nondominant stimulation (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found between Bil-ON and unilateral dominant condition (p = 0.27), or between Bil-OFF and unilateral nondominant (p = 0.23). The dominant VAT showed that the significant voxels associated with the best VT control were located in the most ventral and medial part of the Vim nucleus and the ventralis caudalis anterior internus nucleus. The connectivity analysis showed significant connectivity with the cortical areas of the speech circuit. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral dominant-side thalamic stimulation and bilateral thalamic stimulation were equally effective in reducing VT. Nondominant unilateral stimulation alone did not significantly improve VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue M Avecillas-Chasin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anujan Poologaindran
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murray D Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda A Rammage
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher R Honey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
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23
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Langford BE, Ridley CJA, Beale RC, Caseby SCL, Marsh WJ, Richard L. Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy and Other Interventions for Medication-Refractory Essential Tremor: An Indirect Comparison of Short-Term Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2018; 21:1168-1175. [PMID: 30314617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 50% of essential tremor patients are refractory to medication and require alternative treatment to achieve tremor relief. This study aimed to identify and analyze evidence supporting the use of the emerging magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) compared to alternative stimulatory and ablative interventions for the treatment of medication-refractory essential tremor: radiofrequency thalamotomy, unilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS), and stereotactic radiosurgery. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to identify clinical, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and economic evidence for each intervention. Because of the lack of comparative evidence captured, a feasibility assessment was performed to determine possible comparisons between interventions, and newly established matching-adjusted indirect comparison and simulated treatment comparison techniques were used to conduct a comparison between unilateral DBS aggregate data and MRgFUS individual patient data. RESULTS The systematic literature review identified 1,559 records, and screening yielded 46 relevant articles. The captured studies demonstrated that radiofrequency thalamotomy, DBS, stereotactic radiosurgery, and MRgFUS all exhibit clinical efficacy, with variation in onset and duration of tremor relief, and are each associated with a unique safety profile. The matching-adjusted indirect comparison and simulated treatment comparison results demonstrated no evidence of a difference in efficacy (measured by Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor Total) and HRQoL (measured by Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor Part C) outcomes between MRgFUS and unilateral DBS in the short term (≤12 months). CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that MRgFUS could elicit similar short-term tremor- and HRQoL-related benefits to DBS, the current standard of care, and allowed for the first robust statistical comparison between these interventions.
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Benefits and risks of unilateral and bilateral ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation for axial essential tremor symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 60:126-132. [PMID: 30220556 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many experts assume bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) is necessary to improve axial tremor in essential tremor (ET). In the largest clinical trial of DBS for ET to date evaluating a non-directional, constant current device, we studied the effects of unilateral and staged bilateral DBS on axial tremor. METHODS We included all participants from the original trial with unilateral ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) DBS and 90-day follow up at minimum. Primary outcomes were changes in pooled axial subscores in the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) at 90 and 180 days after activation of unilateral VIM DBS compared to pre-operative baseline (n=119). Additionally, we performed within-subject analyses for unilateral versus bilateral DBS at 180 days in the cohort who underwent staged surgery to bilateral DBS (n=39). RESULTS Unilateral VIM DBS improved midline tremor by 58% at 90 days (median[IQR]) (3[3] to 1[2], p<0.001) and 65% at 180 days (3[3] to 1[2], p<0.001) versus pre-op baseline. In the staged to bilateral DBS cohort, midline tremor scores further improved after bilateral DBS at 180 days by 63% versus unilateral DBS (3[3] to 1[3], p=0.007). There were, however, 35 additional DBS and surgery-related adverse events, 14 related to incoordination, gait impairment, or speech impairment, versus 6 after unilateral DBS. CONCLUSION Unilateral VIM DBS for ET significantly improved associated axial tremor. Staged bilateral DBS was associated with additional axial tremor improvement but also additional adverse events. Unilateral VIM DBS may be sufficient to achieve a goal of contralateral limb and axial tremor attenuation.
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Validity of probands' reports and self-reports of essential tremor: Data from a large family study in North America. J Neurol Sci 2018; 393:45-50. [PMID: 30103063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The search for genes for essential tremor (ET) is active. Researchers often depend on probands' reports or self-reports to assign disease status to relatives. Yet there are surprisingly few data on the validity of these reports. In two prior studies, with small sample sizes, validity was poor (sensitivity = 16.7-43.3%). In the current study, ET probands and their relatives were screened for tremor and then underwent a videotaped in-person neurological examination. One investigator then assessed the screening questionnaires and videotapes to assign diagnoses of ET, borderline tremor or other diagnosis. There were 98 probands and 243 relatives (105 with ET, 34 with borderline tremor). Educational attainment was high (15.6 ± 2.7 years). Probands failed to report tremor in 39/139 relatives with ET or borderline tremor; conversely, they reported tremor in 32/104 relatives without ET or borderline tremor. Thus, in total, there were 71/243 (29.2%) mis-identifications. Thirty six of 139 ET and borderline ET cases failed to self-report tremor; conversely, 30/104 relatives without ET or borderline tremor self-reported tremor. Thus, in total, there were 66/243 (27.2%) mis-identifications. In summary, in individuals with greater educational attainment, the validity of reported information on ET was considerably higher than previously reported. Despite this, even among well-educated individuals in North America, probands' reports and self-reports misclassified approximately 30% (i.e., one-in-three) of relatives.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Essential tremor is the most common form of pathologic tremor. Surgical therapies disrupt tremorogenic oscillation in the cerebellothalamocortical pathway and are capable of abolishing severe tremor that is refractory to available pharmacotherapies. Surgical methods are raspidly improving and are the subject of this review. Areas covered: A PubMed search on 18 January 2018 using the query essential tremor AND surgery produced 839 abstracts. 379 papers were selected for review of the methods, efficacy, safety and expense of stereotactic deep brain stimulation (DBS), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), focused ultrasound (FUS) ablation, and radiofrequency ablation of the cerebellothalamocortical pathway. Expert commentary: DBS and SRS, FUS and radiofrequency ablations are capable of reducing upper extremity tremor by more than 80% and are far more effective than any available drug. The main research questions at this time are: 1) the relative safety, efficacy, and expense of DBS, SRS, and FUS performed unilaterally and bilaterally; 2) the relative safety and efficacy of thalamic versus subthalamic targeting; 3) the relative safety and efficacy of atlas-based versus direct imaging tractography-based anatomical targeting; and 4) the need for intraoperative microelectrode recordings and macroelectrode stimulation in awake patients to identify the optimum anatomical target. Randomized controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger J Elble
- a Neuroscience Institute , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , Illinois , USA
| | - Ludy Shih
- b Department of Neurology , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cozzens
- a Neuroscience Institute , Southern Illinois University School of Medicine , Springfield , Illinois , USA
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Niranjan A, Raju SS, Monaco EA, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Is staged bilateral thalamic radiosurgery an option for otherwise surgically ineligible patients with medically refractory bilateral tremor? J Neurosurg 2018; 128:617-626. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.11.jns162044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEUnilateral Gamma Knife thalamotomy (GKT) is a well-established treatment for patients with medically refractory tremor who are not eligible for invasive procedures due to increased risk of compications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether staged bilateral GKT provides benefit with acceptable risk to patients suffering from disabling medically refractory bilateral tremor.METHODSEleven patients underwent staged bilateral GKT during a 17-year period (1999–2016). Eight patients had essential tremor (ET), 2 had Parkinson's disease (PD)–related tremor, and 1 had multiple-sclerosis (MS)–related tremor. For the first GKT, a median maximum dose of 140 Gy was delivered to the posterior-inferior region of the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) through a single isocenter with 4-mm collimators. Patients who benefitted from unilateral GKT were eligible for a contralateral GKT 1–2 years later (median 22 months). For the second GKT, a median maximum dose of 130 Gy was delivered to the opposite VIM nucleus to a single 4-mm isocenter. The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin (FTM) clinical tremor rating scale was used to score tremor, drawing, and drinking before and after each GKT. The FTM writing score was assessed only for the dominant hand before and after the first GKT. The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) was used to assess quality of life and activities of daily living before and after the first and second GKT.RESULTSThe median time to last follow-up after the first GKT was 35 months (range 11–70 months). All patients had improvement in at least 1 FTM score after the first GKT. Three patients (27.3%) had tremor arrest and complete restoration of function (noted via FTM tremor, writing, drawing, and drinking scores equaling zero). No patient had tremor recurrence or diminished tremor relief after the first GKT. One patient experienced new temporary neurological deficit (contralateral lower-extremity hemiparesis) from the first GKT. The median time to last follow-up after the second GKT was 12 months (range 2–70 months). Nine patients had improvement in at least 1 FTM score after the second GKT. Two patients had tremor arrest and complete restoration of function. No patient experienced tremor recurrence or diminished tremor relief after the second GKT. No patient experienced new neurological or radiological adverse effect from the second GKT. Statistically significant improvements were noted in the KPS score following the first and second GKT.CONCLUSIONSStaged bilateral GKT provided effective relief for medically refractory, disabling, bilateral tremor without increased risk of neurological complications. It is an appropriate strategy for carefully selected patients with medically refractory bilateral tremor who are not eligible for deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudesh S. Raju
- 2University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Toda H, Asanuma K, Kondo T, Terada Y, Saiki H. Tongue tremor as a manifestation of atypical Parkinsonism treated with coaxial deep brain stimulation of thalamus and subthalamic area. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 44:154-156. [PMID: 28867163 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Asanuma
- Department of Neurology, Yanagibaba Takeda Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuuta Terada
- Department of Neurology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidemoto Saiki
- Department of Neurology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Ponce FA. "Asleep" Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Critical Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2017; 105:191-198. [PMID: 28526642 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although performing deep brain stimulation (DBS) with the patient under general anesthesia without microelectrode recording (MER) or intraoperative test stimulation (ITS) for movement disorders ("asleep" DBS) has become increasingly popular, its feasibility is based on the untested assumption that stereotactic accuracy correlates with positive clinical outcomes. To investigate outcomes after asleep DBS without MER or neurophysiological testing, we reviewed the medical literature on the topic. METHODS We searched PubMed to identify all studies reporting clinical outcomes for patients who underwent DBS without MER or ITS for Parkinson disease (PD) or essential tremor (ET). RESULTS We identified 9 studies with level 3b (n = 3) or level 4 evidence (n = 6). Eight PD studies (220 patients) reported asleep placement of 431 electrodes (341 subthalamic nucleus, 90 globus pallidus interna). Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor examination-III scores for 208 patients demonstrated significant improvement (40.2%-65%) at 6-12 months. The levodopa equivalent daily dose for 115 patients was significantly reduced (14%-49.3%) at 6-12 months in 103 patients. Two studies with a comparison cohort undergoing "awake" DBS with MER found no differences in postoperative Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-III improvement or levodopa equivalent daily dose reduction. One study of asleep DBS for ET found no difference in functional outcomes between 17 patients undergoing asleep ventral intermediate nucleus DBS and 40 patients undergoing awake placement with ITS. CONCLUSIONS Initial evidence suggests that asleep DBS can be performed safely for PD and ET with good clinical outcomes. Long-term follow-up, larger cohorts, and double-armed studies are needed to validate these initial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsinsue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Zaman Mirzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Francisco A Ponce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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Revisiting bilateral thalamotomy for tremor. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 158:103-107. [PMID: 28505539 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MRI guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) has been FDA approved for unilateral treatment of essential tremor (ET). Before this non-incisional lesioning method can be applied to the treatment of both hemispheres the previous experience with bilateral thalamic ablation must be addressed. In particular, the high incidence of worsening of speech and balance associated with bilateral surgical thalamotomy, a rationale for the development of deep brain stimulation. The highest incidence of these complication occurred in the early years of surgery for movement disorders, when neither MRI nor current stereotactic methods were available. The vast majority of these initial patients suffering these complications had Parkinson's disease where approximately 30% developed worsening dysarthria and ataxia after bilateral thalamotomy. Patients suffering these complications commonly had baseline abnormalities in speech and balance or worsening symptoms after a first unilateral procedure. The more contemporary experience with bilateral thalamotomy in the ET population is both much more limited in patient numbers (includes patients after Gamma Knife radiosurgery), and shows a much lower rate of these complications (approximately 5%). This more recent experience suggests that bilateral thalamotomy using closed incisionless methods such as MRgFUS has the potential to safely improve ET patients with axial or bilateral limb involvement, if done in a staged manner excluding patients with baseline dysarthria or ataxia or transient worsening of these symptoms following a unilateral procedure.
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Chen W, Hopfner F, Szymczak S, Granert O, Müller SH, Kuhlenbäumer G, Deuschl G. Topography of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 40:58-63. [PMID: 28442304 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Topography of tremor manifestations is poorly investigated in essential tremor. The present study explores the prevalence and clinical correlates of head and/or voice tremor in essential tremor. METHODS Out of a prospectively designed registry of 972 patients, 884 patients with definite and probable essential tremor had complete information on tremor localization. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared among four subgroups: group A (without head or voice tremor, n = 619), B (with head but without voice tremor, n = 155), C (with voice but without head tremor, n = 47), and D (with both head and voice tremor, n = 63). RESULTS In our patients, total prevalence of tremor was 24.7% for head, 12.4% for voice and 7.1% for the combination of head and voice. Logistic regression analyses showed that female gender is strongly associated with head tremor, which was confirmed by an additional meta-analysis. Severe hand tremor was the only factor associated with voice tremor. Both female gender and severe hand tremor increase the odds for having the combination of head and voice tremor. For males, hand tremor severity is significantly increased among those with head and voice tremor alone and in combination, but for females only for the combination. Patients with both head and voice tremor have more frequent involvement of legs and other localizations and are less responsive to β-blockers. CONCLUSIONS Female gender and severe hand tremor may increase the odds of head and/or voice tremor in essential tremor. The association of hand tremor severity with midline tremor is stronger for males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Franziska Hopfner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Silke Szymczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Granert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie H Müller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbäumer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011 Shanghai, China.
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Wharen RE, Okun MS, Guthrie BL, Uitti RJ, Larson P, Foote K, Walker H, Marshall FJ, Schwalb J, Ford B, Jankovic J, Simpson R, Dashtipour K, Phibbs F, Neimat JS, Stewart RM, Peichel D, Pahwa R, Ostrem JL. Thalamic DBS with a constant-current device in essential tremor: A controlled clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 40:18-26. [PMID: 28400200 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study of thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) investigated whether a novel constant-current device improves tremor and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with essential tremor (ET). METHODS A prospective, controlled, multicenter study was conducted at 12 academic centers. We investigated the safety and efficacy of unilateral and bilateral constant-current DBS of the ventralis intermedius (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus in patients with essential tremor whose tremor was inadequately controlled by medications. The primary outcome measure was a rater-blinded assessment of the change in the target limb tremor score in the stimulation-on versus stimulation-off state six months following surgery. Multiple secondary outcomes were assessed at one-year follow-up, including motor, mood, and quality-of-life measures. RESULTS 127 patients were implanted with VIM DBS. The blinded, primary outcome variable (n = 76) revealed a mean improvement of 1.25 ± 1.26 points in the target limb tremor rating scale (TRS) score in the arm contralateral to DBS (p < 0.001). Secondary outcome variables at one year revealed significant improvements (p ≤ 0.001) in quality of life, depression symptoms, and ADL scores. Forty-seven patients had a second contralateral VIM-DBS, and this group demonstrated reduction in second-sided tremor at 180 days (p < 0.001). Serious adverse events related to the surgery included infection (n = 3), intracranial hemorrhage (n = 3), and device explantation (n = 3). CONCLUSION Unilateral and bilateral constant-current VIM DBS significantly improves upper extremity tremor, ADL, quality of life, and depression in patients with severe ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Wharen
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States.
| | - Michael S Okun
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, 3450 Hull Road, 4th Floor, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States.
| | - Barton L Guthrie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 510 20th Avenue South, FOT 1038, Birmingham, AL 35234, United States.
| | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States.
| | - Paul Larson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero Street, 5th Floor, Suite 520-530, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States.
| | - Kelly Foote
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, 3450 Hull Road, 4th Floor, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States.
| | - Harrison Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama Birmingham, School of Medicine, 510 20th Avenue South, FOT 1038, Birmingham, AL 35234, United States.
| | - Frederick J Marshall
- Neurology Department, University of Rochester, 919 Westfall Rd., Bldg C, Suite 220, Rochester, NY 14618, United States.
| | - Jason Schwalb
- Movement Disorder and Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers, Henry Ford Medical Group, 6777 West Maple Road, West Bloomfield, MI 48322, United States.
| | - Blair Ford
- Movement Disorder Group, Columbia University Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, 3rd Floor, #350, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin Street, Suite 1801, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Richard Simpson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Methodist Hospital Physician Organization, 6560 Fannin, Suite 944, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Khashayar Dashtipour
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Division of Movement Disorders, 11370 Anderson St, Suite 2400, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States.
| | - Fenna Phibbs
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, A-0118 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2551, United States.
| | - Joseph S Neimat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University, 1211 22nd Ave. S, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - R Malcolm Stewart
- Movement Disorder Center, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, 8200 Walnut Hill, Dallas, TX 75231, United States.
| | - DeLea Peichel
- Clinical Research Department, St. Jude Medical, 6901 Preston Road, Plano, TX 75024, United States.
| | - Rajesh Pahwa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
| | - Jill L Ostrem
- Surgical Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and the San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, 1635 Divisadero Street, 5th Floor, Suite 520-530, San Francisco, CA 94115, United States.
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Becker J, Barbe MT, Hartinger M, Dembek TA, Pochmann J, Wirths J, Allert N, Mücke D, Hermes A, Meister IG, Visser-Vandewalle V, Grice M, Timmermann L. The Effect of Uni- and Bilateral Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Speech in Patients With Essential Tremor: Acoustics and Intelligibility. Neuromodulation 2017; 20:223-232. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Becker
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Michael T. Barbe
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3), Research Centre Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | | | - Till A. Dembek
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Jil Pochmann
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Jochen Wirths
- Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Niels Allert
- Neurological Rehabilitation Center Godeshöhe; Bonn Germany
| | - Doris Mücke
- Institute of Linguistics - Phonetics; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Anne Hermes
- Institute of Linguistics - Phonetics; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Ingo G. Meister
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Martine Grice
- Institute of Linguistics - Phonetics; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
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Matsumoto JY, Fossett T, Kim M, Duffy JR, Strand E, McKeon A, Lee KH, Stead M, Burnett M, Adams AC, Klassen BT. Precise stimulation location optimizes speech outcomes in essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 32:60-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Surgical procedures for dystonia and tremor have evolved over the past few decades, and our understanding of risk, benefit, and predictive factors has increased substantially in that time. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most utilized surgical treatment for dystonia and tremor, though lesioning remains an effective option in appropriate patients. Dystonic syndromes that have shown a substantial reduction in severity secondary to DBS are isolated dystonia, including generalized, cervical, and segmental, as well as acquired dystonia such as tardive dystonia. Essential tremor is quite amenable to DBS, though the response of other forms of postural and kinetic tremor is not nearly as robust or consistent based on available evidence. Regarding targeting, DBS lead placement in the globus pallidus internus has shown marked efficacy in dystonia reduction. The subthalamic nucleus is an emerging target, and increasing evidence suggests that this may be a viable target in dystonia as well. The ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus is the preferred target for essential tremor, though targeting the subthalamic zone/caudal zona incerta has shown promise and may emerge as another option in essential tremor and possibly other tremor disorders. In the carefully selected patient, DBS and lesioning procedures are relatively safe and effective for the management of dystonia and tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Crowell
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Binit B Shah
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Picillo M, Lozano AM, Kou N, Munhoz RP, Fasano A. Programming Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor and Dystonia: The Toronto Western Hospital Algorithms. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:438-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gallay MN, Moser D, Rossi F, Pourtehrani P, Magara AE, Kowalski M, Arnold A, Jeanmonod D. Incisionless transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound in essential tremor: cerebellothalamic tractotomy. J Ther Ultrasound 2016; 4:5. [PMID: 26877873 PMCID: PMC4752806 DOI: 10.1186/s40349-016-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Already in the late 1960s and early 1970s, targeting of the “posterior subthalamic area (PSA)” was explored by different functional neurosurgical groups applying the radiofrequency (RF) technique to treat patients suffering from essential tremor (ET). Recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) technology offer the possibility to perform thermocoagulation of the cerebellothalamic fiber tract in the PSA without brain penetration, allowing a strong reduction of the procedure-related risks and increased accuracy. We describe here the first results of the MRgFUS cerebellothalamic tractotomy (CTT). Methods Twenty-one consecutive patients suffering from chronic (mean disease duration 29.9 years), therapy-resistant ET were treated with MRgFUS CTT. Three patients received bilateral treatment with a 1-year interval. Primary relief assessment indicators were the Essential Tremor Rating Scale (Fahn, Tolosa, and Marin) (ETRS) taken at follow-up (3 months to 2 years) with accent on the hand function subscores (HF16 for treated hand and HF32 for both hands) and handwriting. The evolution of seven patients with HF32 above 28 points over 32 (group 1) differentiated itself from the others’ (group 2) and was analyzed separately. Global tremor relief estimations were provided by the patients. Lesion reconstruction and measurement of targeting accuracy were done on 2-day post-treatment MR pictures for each CTT lesion. Results The mean ETRS score for all patients was 57.6 ± 13.2 at baseline and 25.8 ± 17.6 at 1 year (n = 10). The HF16 score reduction was 92 % in group 2 at 3 months and stayed stable at 1 year (90 %). Group 1 showed only an improvement of 41 % at 3 months and 40 % at 1 year. Nevertheless, two patients of group 1 treated bilaterally had an HF16 score reduction of 75 and 88 % for the dominant hand at 1 year after the second side. The mean patient estimation of global tremor relief after CTT was 92 % at 2 days and 77 % at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions CTT with MRgFUS was shown to be an effective and safe approach for patients with therapy-refractory essential tremor, combining neurological function sparing with precise targeting and the possibility to treat patients bilaterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Gallay
- Sonimodul, Center for Ultrasound Functional Neurosurgery, Leopoldstrasse 1, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - David Moser
- Sonimodul, Center for Ultrasound Functional Neurosurgery, Leopoldstrasse 1, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Rossi
- Sonimodul, Center for Ultrasound Functional Neurosurgery, Leopoldstrasse 1, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Payam Pourtehrani
- Rodiag Diagnostics Centers, Leopoldstrasse 1, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Anouk E Magara
- Praxisgemeinschaft für Neurologie, Thunstrasse 95, CH-3006 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Milek Kowalski
- Privatklinik Obach, Leopoldstrasse 5, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Arnold
- Privatklinik Obach, Leopoldstrasse 5, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Jeanmonod
- Sonimodul, Center for Ultrasound Functional Neurosurgery, Leopoldstrasse 1, CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland
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Louis ED. More Time with Tremor: The Experience of Essential Tremor Versus Parkinson's Disease Patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 3:36-42. [PMID: 27430000 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad range of tremors occur in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease; despite this, there are virtually no published data that focus on the patient perspective. The aims were to (1) assess the subjective experience of tremor, comparing essential tremor and Parkinson's disease patients, and (2) assess the clinical correlates of that experience (i.e., what specific clinical characteristics were associated with more experienced tremor)? METHODS 121 essential tremor and 100 Parkinson's disease cases enrolled in a cross-sectional, clinical-epidemiological study underwent a detailed clinical assessment, which included a series of standardized questionnaires and neurological examination. The question, "On a typical day, how many waking hours do you have tremor in any body part?", was also administered. RESULTS Essential tremor cases reported more than three times the median number of waking hours experiencing tremor than Parkinson's disease cases: 10.1 ± 7.8 (median 10.0) vs. 5.5 ± 6.3 (median 3.0) hours (p<0.001). A small number of cases (esp., essential tremor) reported spending ≥16 hours/day shaking. Greater number of hours experiencing tremor was associated with female gender, higher Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores, greater perceived disability and, in essential tremor, higher Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment scores. CONCLUSIONS Essential tremor patients reported more than three times the median number of waking hours experiencing tremor than Parkinson's disease patients. Certain clinical characteristics tracked with more reported tremor, and the number of such hours had clear clinical ramifications - greater number of hours was associated with both psycho-social and functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Louis ED, Clark LN, Ottman R. Familial versus Sporadic Essential Tremor: What Patterns Can One Decipher in Age of Onset? Neuroepidemiology 2015; 44:166-72. [PMID: 25967236 DOI: 10.1159/000381807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is a very prevalent neurological disease. Although familial and sporadic ET cases are assumed to have different age at onset distributions, no detailed study of this question has been carried out. METHODS Using a carefully characterized sample of 376 ET cases (232 (61.7%) familial) enrolled in a clinical-epidemiological study, we contrasted the age of onset distributions in familial versus sporadic ET. RESULTS Familial ET had a lower age at onset distribution, regardless of the current age. The majority (71 (86.6%) of 82) of ET cases that appeared during childhood were familial rather than sporadic. Additionally, the onset of ET occurred after age 40 in a majority of cases (125 (53.9%) of 232 with familial ET and 118 (81.9%) of 144 with sporadic ET), and in approximately one-quarter to one-half of cases, after age 60. CONCLUSIONS The age of onset of ET differs between familial and sporadic ET and furthermore, is variable within each of these groups. The onset of ET during childhood is usually familial, and the small number of identified exceptions could be due to de novo mutations. Understanding the heterogeneity in onset age will provide insights into the nature of underlying etiological and patho-biological processes about which little is presently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA
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Hale JR, Mayhew SD, Mullinger KJ, Wilson RS, Arvanitis TN, Francis ST, Bagshaw AP. Comparison of functional thalamic segmentation from seed-based analysis and ICA. Neuroimage 2015; 114:448-65. [PMID: 25896929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Information flow between the thalamus and cerebral cortex is a crucial component of adaptive brain function, but the details of thalamocortical interactions in human subjects remain unclear. The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between functional thalamic network patterns, derived using seed-based connectivity analysis and independent component analysis (ICA) applied separately to resting state functional MRI (fMRI) data from 21 healthy participants. For the seed-based analysis, functional thalamic parcellation was achieved by computing functional connectivity (FC) between thalamic voxels and a set of pre-defined cortical regions. Thalamus-constrained ICA provided an alternative parcellation. Both FC analyses demonstrated plausible and comparable group-level thalamic subdivisions, in agreement with previous work. Quantitative assessment of the spatial overlap between FC thalamic segmentations, and comparison of each to a histological "gold-standard" thalamic atlas and a structurally-defined thalamic atlas, highlighted variations between them and, most notably, differences with both histological and structural results. Whilst deeper understanding of thalamocortical connectivity rests upon identification of features common to multiple non-invasive neuroimaging techniques (e.g. FC, structural connectivity and anatomical localisation of individual-specific nuclei), this work sheds further light on the functional organisation of the thalamus and the varying sensitivities of complementary analyses to resolve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Hale
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen D Mayhew
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Mullinger
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca S Wilson
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros N Arvanitis
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Louis ED, Rao AK. Tandem gait performance in essential tremor patients correlates with cognitive function. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2015; 1:19. [PMID: 26331043 PMCID: PMC4552146 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-014-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Emerging yet separate literatures have highlighted gait/balance impairments (i.e., mild ataxia) and cognitive problems in patients with essential tremor (ET). However, the relationship between the two has not been studied. The goal of these analyses was to study the relationship between gait/balance impairments and cognitive problems in ET. One-hundred-twenty ET cases were enrolled in an epidemiological study at Columbia University Medical Center. A Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS, range = 0–41 [no deficits]) was administered and a videotaped assessment of tandem gait was performed, during which the number of missteps during 10-steps was counted. Results The mean TICS score was 35.7 (range 25–39), and mean number of tandem mis-steps was 2.9 (range 0–10). The number of tandem mis-steps was correlated with the TICS score (Spearman’s r = −0.245, p = 0.011, i.e., individuals who had more tandem gait difficulty also had more cognitive difficulty). In a multivariate analysis, tandem mis-steps were associated with TICS score (p = 0.04) independent of age and other factors. Conclusions More cognitive difficulty was associated with more tandem gait difficulty in ET. Ambulation often requires the concurrent use of both cognitive and motor neural systems; hence it is possible that the cognitive and gait problems in ET reflect an underlying pervasive disorder affecting both cognitive and motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Ashwini K Rao
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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Mücke D, Becker J, Barbe MT, Meister I, Liebhart L, Roettger TB, Dembek T, Timmermann L, Grice M. The effect of deep brain stimulation on the speech motor system. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2014; 57:1206-1218. [PMID: 24686442 DOI: 10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic deep brain stimulation of the nucleus ventralis intermedius is an effective treatment for individuals with medication-resistant essential tremor. However, these individuals report that stimulation has a deleterious effect on their speech. The present study investigates one important factor leading to these effects: the coordination of oral and glottal articulation. METHOD Sixteen native-speaking German adults with essential tremor, between 26 and 86 years old, with and without chronic deep brain stimulation of the nucleus ventralis intermedius and 12 healthy, age-matched subjects were recorded performing a fast syllable repetition task (/papapa/, /tatata/, /kakaka/). Syllable duration and voicing-to-syllable ratio as well as parameters related directly to consonant production, voicing during constriction, and frication during constriction were measured. RESULTS Voicing during constriction was greater in subjects with essential tremor than in controls, indicating a perseveration of voicing into the voiceless consonant. Stimulation led to fewer voiceless intervals (voicing-to-syllable ratio), indicating a reduced degree of glottal abduction during the entire syllable cycle. Stimulation also induced incomplete oral closures (frication during constriction), indicating imprecise oral articulation. CONCLUSION The detrimental effect of stimulation on the speech motor system can be quantified using acoustic measures at the subsyllabic level.
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Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an implanted electrical device that modulates specific targets in the brain resulting in symptomatic improvement in a particular neurologic disease, most commonly a movement disorder. It is preferred over previously used lesioning procedures due to its reversibility, adjustability, and ability to be used bilaterally with a good safety profile. Risks of DBS include intracranial bleeding, infection, malposition, and hardware issues, such migration, disconnection, or malfunction, but the risk of each of these complications is low--generally ≤ 5% at experienced, large-volume centers. It has been used widely in essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia when medical treatment becomes ineffective, intolerable owing to side effects, or causes motor complications. Brain targets implanted include the thalamus (most commonly for essential tremor), subthalamic nucleus (most commonly for Parkinson's disease), and globus pallidus (Parkinson's disease and dystonia), although new targets are currently being explored. Future developments include brain electrodes that can steer current directionally and systems capable of "closed loop" stimulation, with systems that can record and interpret regional brain activity and modify stimulation parameters in a clinically meaningful way. New, image-guided implantation techniques may have advantages over traditional DBS surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Larson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0112, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA,
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Anderson D, Kartha N. Deep Brain Stimulation in Nonparkinsonian Movement Disorders and Emerging Technologies, Targets, and Therapeutic Promises in Deep Brain Stimulation. Neurol Clin 2013; 31:809-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Louis ED. When do essential tremor patients develop head tremor? Influences of age and duration and evidence of a biological clock. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 41:110-5. [PMID: 23860504 DOI: 10.1159/000351698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is a chronic, progressive neurological disease. Head (neck) tremor may eventually develop in as many as 30-60% of patients, yet it is unclear why. Is its appearance merely a function of advancing disease duration? Alternatively, is patient age a primary factor? The latter would argue for the presence of a biological clock that is important for the expression of this clinical feature of ET. METHODS A total of 363 ET patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional, clinical-epidemiological study. Each ET patient underwent a 20-min videotaped neurological examination which included an assessment of the presence/absence of head tremor. RESULTS Head tremor was present on examination in 140 (38.6%) patients. Young patients, even with longer-duration tremor, rarely had head tremor: 2/27 (7.4%) patients<40 years old with tremor duration≥10 years had head tremor versus 121/283 (42.8%) older patients (>60 years old) with tremor duration≥10 years (p<0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, while head tremor was associated with age (p<0.001) it was not independently associated with tremor duration (p=0.26); interestingly, it was associated with gender in that model (p<0.001). With the exception of 1 patient, head tremor did not begin before the age of 36. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that the appearance of head tremor in ET depends on a biological factor that is intrinsic to the patient (i.e. age) and is not a clear consequence of advancing disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Loss of benefit in VIM thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for essential tremor (ET): How prevalent is it? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:676-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moscovich M, Morishita T, Foote KD, Favilla CG, Chen ZP, Okun MS. Effect of lead trajectory on the response of essential head tremor to deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:789-94. [PMID: 23742969 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. Normally ET affects the distal upper extremities, but it can also be accompanied by midline symptoms. Ventralis intermedius (VIM) thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to be effective in reducing hand tremor, but its effects on head tremor have been inconsistent. METHODS Twenty-nine DBS patients with a diagnosis of ET met inclusion criteria. All implantations targeted VIM. The factors examined included age, gender, disease duration, presence or absence of head tremor, handedness, and the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin rating scale (TRS). This analysis specifically focused on TRS head tremor sub-scores at baseline, 6 months and 12 months post-DBS. Additionally, DBS lead entry angles were examined. RESULTS Twenty-three ET patients underwent unilateral DBS and six underwent staged bilateral DBS. At both 6 and 12 months following DBS, stimulation resulted in diminished head tremor (ON vs OFF; p < 0.0001). The most important predictor of head tremor suppression was the entry angle of the DBS lead in the sagittal projection relative to the AC-PC axial plane (AC-PC angle). Head tremor reduction was greater among more vertical AC-PC angles. CONCLUSION A more vertical AC-PC angle of the DBS lead trajectory was associated with improved head tremor suppression. Further studies will be necessary to confirm this potentially important finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moscovich
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Louis ED, Hernandez N, Clark LN, Ottman R. Familial aggregation of cranial tremor in familial essential tremor. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 41:48-53. [PMID: 23712245 DOI: 10.1159/000348553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is often familial and phenotypic features may be shared within families. Cranial (neck, voice, and jaw) tremor is an important feature of ET. We examined whether cranial tremor aggregates in ET families, after controlling for other factors (age, tremor severity, and duration). METHODS Among ET probands and relatives enrolled in a genetic study at Columbia University (95 subjects in 28 families), we assessed the degree to which occurrence of cranial tremor in the proband predicted occurrence of cranial tremor in affected relatives. RESULTS Forty-five (47.4%) subjects had cranial tremor on neurological examination (probands 66.7%, relatives 39.7%). Among 28 families, 23 (82.1%) contained individuals with and individuals without cranial tremor, indicating a high degree of within-family heterogeneity. In comparison to subjects without cranial tremor, those with cranial tremor had higher total tremor scores (p < 0.001), were older (p = 0.003), and had tremor of longer duration (p = 0.01). In logistic regression models, the odds of cranial tremor in a relative were not related to occurrence of cranial tremor in the proband (p > 0.24). CONCLUSIONS Cranial tremor did not aggregate in families with ET; the major predictor of this disease feature was tremor severity rather than presence of cranial tremor in another family member.
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Louis ED, Gerbin M. Voice handicap in essential tremor: a comparison with normal controls and Parkinson's disease. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 3. [PMID: 23450107 PMCID: PMC3582855 DOI: 10.7916/d8kd1wn3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Although voice tremor is one of the most commonly noted clinical features of essential tremor (ET), there are nearly no published data on the handicap associated with it. Methods The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was self-administered by participants enrolled in a research study at Columbia University Medical Center. The VHI quantifies patients’ perceptions of handicap due to voice difficulties. Data from 98 ET cases were compared with data from 100 controls and 85 patients with another movement disorder (Parkinson’s disease, PD). Results Voice tremor was present on examination in 25 (25.5%) ET cases; 12 had mild voice tremor (ETMild VT) and 13 had marked voice tremor (ETMarked VT). VHI scores were higher in ET cases than controls (p = 0.02). VHI scores among ETMarked VT were similar to those of PD cases; both were significantly higher than controls (p<0.001). The three VHI subscale scores (physical, functional, emotional) were highest in ETMarked VT, with values that were similar to those observed in PD. Discussion The voice handicap associated with ET had multiple (i.e., physical, functional, and emotional) dimensions. Moreover, ET cases with marked voice tremor on examination had a level of self-reported voice handicap that was similar to that observed in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Abstract
Essential tremor is the most common tremor disorder and is characterized by a postural and kinetic tremor. Most commonly, the disease involves the upper extremities, although other body parts may be affected. Essential tremor is seen most often in adults and may markedly limit abilities to perform daily activities. Medications often fail to control the tremor adequately. In the past, ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) thalamotomy was the surgery of choice for medication-resistant patients with disabling tremor. With technological advances, deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the VIM has replaced thalamotomy as the operation of choice for patients with essential tremor, given the heightened risk of permanent neurological deficits associated with ablative surgery. Multiple studies have demonstrated that unilateral VIM DBS has significant short- and long-term benefits for targeted tremor. Unilateral VIM DBS may also improve head and voice tremor, although most commonly bilateral stimulation is required for adequate control. However, bilateral thalamic stimulation is associated with a higher incidence of neurological deficits, particularly speech and gait problems. Investigations of DBS of other brain target areas for essential tremor, such as the posterior subthalamic area and the subthalamic nucleus, are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules M Nazzaro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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