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Gélisse P, Tatum WO, Crespel A, Kaplan PW. Stimulus-induced arousal with transient electroencephalographic improvement distinguishes nonictal from ictal generalized periodic discharges. Epilepsia 2024. [PMID: 38624097 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In the case of suspicion of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), reactivity on electroencephalograms (EEGs) can provide valuable diagnostic information. Reactivity refers to responses to auditory or somatosensory stimulation, with changes in amplitude and frequency of background activity. Because of self-perpetuating processes and the failure of self-terminating mechanisms, status epilepticus is unlikely to cease when patients spontaneously move, and it cannot typically be stopped by external stimulation (i.e., auditory and tactile stimuli). The defining EEG characteristic of absence status epilepticus is the presence of bilateral, synchronous, symmetric, rhythmic paroxysmal activity that shows little or no reactivity to sensory stimulation. On the other hand, in metabolic/toxic or multifactorial encephalopathies, triphasic waves (TWs) are influenced by the level of vigilance. TWs may be transiently abolished when patients increase their level of alertness from a drowsy/lethargic state to a state of wakefulness. This reactivity is only observed when patients can be aroused by a somatosensory or auditory stimulus. This reactivity tends to disappear with increasing severity of the disease and in comatose patients. In patients without preexisting developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, this pattern of stimulus-induced wakefulness with transient improvement of the EEG is a major criterion in determining that the EEG patterns are not ictal. This criterion of reactivity on EEGs, beyond the classical clinical/EEG criteria of NCSE (Salzburg criteria), should now be systematically added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gélisse
- Epilepsy Unit, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
- Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - William O Tatum
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Arielle Crespel
- Epilepsy Unit, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
- Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Maille JM, Hanna SS, Shah DN. Addition of clobazam successfully treating drug resistant seizures in Heidenhain variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease: A case report. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2023; 21:100585. [PMID: 36698381 PMCID: PMC9867951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that is uncommonly accompanied with seizures. In this case report, we describe a 63-year-old male patient who presented with a 3-week history of visual disturbances and clonic movement of his left arm. Additionally, the patient was reported to have developed erratic behaviors along with insomnia during this period. An EEG showed 4 electrographic seizures of bilateral temporo-occipital onset characterized by 1.5 Hz periodic discharges, lasting 2-13 min. Levetiracetam was started and titrated to the maximal dose however seizures continued so lacosamide and clonazepam were initiated. Despite these aggressive treatments, seizures continued, and oral clobazam 5 mg BID replaced clonazepam. Continued electrographic seizures warranted an increase in clobazam to 10 mg BID after which the seizures stopped; of note, lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs) remained. The patient's symptoms were consistent with the Heidenhain variant, along with probable CJD due to positive RT-QuIC assay, positive 14-3-3 protein, MRI FLAIR hyperintensities, and EEG findings. Although the patient passed away 3 weeks following admission as a result of CJD, we propose that there may be clinical benefit in the use of clobazam in suspected CJD patients presenting with seizures, and its use merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Maille
- Texas A&M University College of Pharmacy, 59 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Corresponding author at: PO Box 962, Kotzebue, AK 99752, USA.
| | - Sebastian S. Hanna
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Darshan N. Shah
- Seton Brain and Spine Institute Neurology, 1601 Trinity St #804, Austin, TX 78701, USA
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Is Socrates a cat? False EEG syllogisms in critically ill patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2820-2826. [PMID: 34592559 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gelisse P, Crespel A, Luigi Gigli G, Kaplan PW. Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic or Periodic Intermittent Discharges (SIRPIDs) in patients with triphasic waves and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1757-1769. [PMID: 34130242 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the term Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic, Periodic, or Ictal Discharges (SIRPIDs) was introduced into the vocabulary of electrophysiologists/neurologists, there has been an ongoing debate about its significance, as well as its correlation with outcomes. SIRPIDs are frequently seen in patients who are critically ill from various causes. The literature reflects the findings of triphasic morphology, with the generalized periodic discharge (GPD) classification in many patients with SIRPIDs: toxic/metabolic encephalopathies, septic, and hypoxemic/hypercapnic encephalopathies, but also sharp periodic complexes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and advanced Alzheimer's disease. In these settings, GPDs disappear when patients fall asleep and reappear when patients spontaneously wake up, or are awoken by an external stimulus, or sometimes because of a respiratory event, with the possibility of the appearance of GPDs with a cyclic alternating pattern. SIRPIDs may be seen as a transitional pattern between sleep and waking states, corresponding to a postarousal/awakening phenomenon. As SIRPIDs are a transient phenomenon and can usually be recorded repeatedly with each stimulation, the word "Ictal" could be replaced by "Intermittent": Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic or Periodic Intermittent Discharges. However, considering that SIRPIDs may be "potentially ictal" or on an "ictal-interictal continuum" in some situations, the "plus" modifier may be added: SIRPIDs-plus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gelisse
- Epilepsy Unit, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France; Research Unit (URCMA: Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux), INSERM, U661, Montpellier F-34000, France.
| | - Arielle Crespel
- Epilepsy Unit, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France; Research Unit (URCMA: Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux), INSERM, U661, Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy; DMIF, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mundlamurri RC, Shah R, Adiga MS, Chatterjee A, Gautham B, Raghavendra K, Ajay A, Mahadevan A, Kulanthaivelu K, Sinha S. EEG Observations in Probable Sporadic CJD. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:760-766. [PMID: 33688124 PMCID: PMC7900740 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_672_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, the most common reported prion disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the misfolding of protein PrPC to PrPSC. EEG is the first in vivo test to support the clinical diagnosis of sporadic CJD (sCJD). This study is carried out to describe the comprehensive electroencephalography changes in a cohort of patients with probable sCJD from south India. METHODOLOGY This retrospective observational study is conducted by reviewing case records from 2013-2020. Demographic, clinical, imaging details were noted. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were retrieved and reviewed independently by two qualified epileptologists and the findings were visually analyzed and correlated with clinical and imaging abnormalities. RESULTS Fifty patients with probable sCJD with the availability of artefact-free EEG were included in the study. The mean age was 59.76 ± 8.17 years and M: F was 31:19. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain showed abnormality defining CJD in 48/50, i.e., 96%patients. EEG showed specific and or nonspecific abnormalities in 88%. The specific abnormalities, i.e., periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWC), were noted 66%. PSWC were mostly asymmetric (90%) and more frequently seen in the right hemisphere (57.6%). Amplitude maximum in the occipital region was noted in 42.4% and in frontal region in 36.4%. The sensitivity of EEG specific abnormalities to diagnose probable sCJD according to CDC 2018 criteria with positive MRI findings was 68.75%. CONCLUSION This study showed that EEG is a relatively inexpensive and sensitive tool and assists in the diagnosis of sCJD. However, it can be normal or show nonspecific abnormalities in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rutul Shah
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Sharath Adiga
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - K Raghavendra
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Ajay
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sanjib Sinha, Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru - 29, Karnataka, India. E-mail:
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Lueck CJ, McIlwaine GG, Zeidler M. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the eye. II. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic features. Eye (Lond) 2000; 14 ( Pt 3A):291-301. [PMID: 11026988 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2000.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lueck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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Lueck CJ, McIlwaine GG, Zeidler M. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the eye. I. Background and patient management. Eye (Lond) 2000; 14 ( Pt 3A):263-90. [PMID: 11026987 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2000.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This article attempts to summarise our current understanding of TSEs as they affect man. Specific aspects relevant to ophthalmological practice, in particular the management of patients in day-to-day clinical practice and with respect to corneal transplantation, have been discussed. In the companion article we discuss the specific ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic features of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lueck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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Koshino Y, Horie T, Mukai M, Matsubara R, Isaki K. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with periodic lateralized discharge: case report. CLINICAL EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY) 1990; 21:129-34. [PMID: 2194710 DOI: 10.1177/155005949002100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A case of CJD with PLD in the first EEG is reported. The PLD became bilateral in the next EEG. The subsequent EEGs showed shifting asymmetries. In this case, PSD reappeared after 5 months' absence. The PLD occasionally appeared over the hemisphere ipsilateral to the side of the myoclonic jerks. The clinical significance of the PLD and reappearance of PD, and the diagnostic importance of PLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Koshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukui Medical School, Japan
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Schlenska GK, Walter GF. Temporal evolution of electroencephalographic abnormalities in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol 1989; 236:456-60. [PMID: 2693620 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frequent serial EEG investigations of three patients with neuropathologically confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease lasting 13, 24 and 68 weeks revealed typical periodic activity of short duration with stereotyped bilateral sharp waves at the 7th, 8th, and 12th week, respectively, after the onset of symptoms. During the later stages, there were several deviations from this typical pattern. However, periodic activity was preceded between the 3rd and 9th week by intermittent localized or lateralized delta rhythms, which gradually changed into periodic activity. This early temporal evolution of EEG abnormalities may be helpful in the early diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease when accompanied by other investigations to exclude other causes of intermittent delta rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Schlenska
- Department of Neurology, Niedersächsisches Landeskrankenhaus Hildesheim, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kazukawa S, Nakamura I, Endo M, Hori A, Inao G. Serial polysomnograms in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY 1987; 41:651-61. [PMID: 3330996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1987.tb00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This is a report of the case of a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, whose electroencephalograms and polysomnograms were repeatedly recorded throughout the course of the illness with details of the alterations of periodic synchronous discharges. In the advanced stage of the disease, the appearance of peculiar paroxysms was noted, predominantly in the early morning. Furthermore, apnea of the central type was observed during the same time period. Discussions were held on the mechanisms inducing the EEG paroxysms and apneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kazukawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Mamdani MB, Masdeu J, Ross E, Ohara R. Sleep apnea with unusual EEG changes in Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1983; 55:411-6. [PMID: 6187534 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(83)90129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the periodic pattern in the EEG was observed in a patient with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. Periods of apnea (during 'sleep') were associated with abrupt cessation of the periodic complexes and their replacement by 7-9 c/sec waves which persisted throughout the apneic episode. The periodic complexes reappeared on termination of the apnea. This close temporal association between disruption of the periodicity and apneic episodes suggests proximity of respiratory neurons and the deep subcortical pacemaker.
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Shibasaki H, Motomura S, Yamashita Y, Shii H, Kuroiwa Y. Periodic synchronous discharge and myoclonus in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: diagnostic application of jerk-locked averaging method. Ann Neurol 1981; 9:150-6. [PMID: 7015993 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The technique of jerk-locked averaging was applied to two patients with pathologically proved Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Patient 1, whose brain contained numerous kuru plaques and severe cerebral white matter degeneration, did not show any periodic synchronous discharges in spite of frequently repeated EEG recordings. The technique of jerk-locked averaging, however, disclosed a negative sharp wave over the contralateral central area in close temporal association with myoclonus of an upper extremity. Patient 2 had classic periodic synchronous discharges on the EEG, and jerk-locked averaging delineated a fixed relationship in time and space between the periodic discharge and the myoclonus.
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Szirmai I, Guseo A, Czopf J, Pálffy G. Analysis of clinical and electrophysiological findings in Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. ARCHIV FUR PSYCHIATRIE UND NERVENKRANKHEITEN 1976; 222:315-23. [PMID: 797343 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serial EEG and EMG investigations were performed in the course of a histologically verified case of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. Some electrophysiologic data, including visual-evoked responses were analyzed using a computer. Correlations between clinical and EEG findings suggest that the generator of the periodic discharges may be localized in some circumscribed area of the upper brain stem, probably the thalamus. The inhibitory effect of various narcotics suggests that the pacemaker of the triphasic discharges has relations to the nonspecific activating system.
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Goto K, Umezaki H, Suetsugu M. Electroencephalographic and clinicopathological studies on Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39:931-40. [PMID: 794444 PMCID: PMC492495 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.39.10.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between the appearance of the characteristic electroencephalographic abnormality, cardinal clinical manifestations, and neuropathological features was studied in four cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome consisting of subacute spongiform encephalopathy and classical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Consideration is given to the differences in the electroencephalographic findings between these two subgroups of the syndrome and on the underlying pathological mechanism.
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Evans BM. Cyclic EEG changes in subacute spongiform and anoxic encephalopathy. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1975; 39:587-98. [PMID: 53137 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(75)90071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polygraphic recordings of EEG, EMG, EKG and respiration were made on three patients with histologically verified subacute spongiform encephalopathy and one patient with anoxic encephalopathy both before and after intravenous diazepam. The records showed cyclical activity occurring about every half minute in which the EEG changes were correlated with myoclonus and cardio-respiratory changes. It is suggested that these cycles represent spontaneous cycles of arousal to which the 1/sec sharp waves are related wnd which result from the same mechanisms that produce other cyclical autonomic phenomena.
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