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de Freitas JL, Rezende Filho FM, Sallum JM, França MC, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG. Ophthalmological changes in hereditary spastic paraplegia and other genetic diseases with spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 2020; 409:116620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying outer retinal diseases. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:66-76. [PMID: 28365408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or both contribute to the initiation and progression of several outer retinal disorders. Disrupted Müller glia function might additionally subsidize to these diseases. Mitochondrial malfunctioning is importantly associated with outer retina pathologies, which can be classified as primary and secondary mitochondrial disorders. This review highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA damage, underlying outer retinal disorders. Indeed, the metabolically active photoreceptors/RPE are highly prone to these hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that mitochondria represent a weak link in the antioxidant defenses of outer retinal cells.
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Klebe S, Stevanin G, Depienne C. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in hereditary spastic paraplegias: from SPG1 to SPG72 and still counting. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:505-30. [PMID: 26008818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically determined neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs, and are among the most clinically and genetically heterogeneous human diseases. All modes of inheritance have been described, and the recent technological revolution in molecular genetics has led to the identification of 76 different spastic gait disease-loci with 59 corresponding spastic paraplegia genes. Autosomal recessive HSP are usually associated with diverse additional features (referred to as complicated forms), contrary to autosomal dominant HSP, which are mostly pure. However, the identification of additional mutations and families has considerably enlarged the clinical spectra, and has revealed a huge clinical variability for almost all HSP; complicated forms have also been described for primary pure HSP subtypes, adding further complexity to the genotype-phenotype correlations. In addition, the introduction of next generation sequencing in clinical practice has revealed a genetic and phenotypic overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuropathies, cerebellar ataxias, etc.) and neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability. This review aims to describe the most recent advances in the field and to provide genotype-phenotype correlations that could help clinical diagnoses of this heterogeneous group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klebe
- Department of neurology, university hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Stevanin
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; École pratique des hautes études, 4-14, rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Depienne
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Nowak VA, Bremner F, Massey L, Wokke B, Moosavi R, Kara E, Houlden H. Kjellin syndrome: hereditary spastic paraplegia with pathognomonic macular appearance. Pract Neurol 2014; 14:278-9. [PMID: 24924740 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2014-000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anne Nowak
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Fion Bremner
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UK
| | - Luke Massey
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Beatrijs Wokke
- Department of Neurogenetics, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Reza Moosavi
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UK
| | - Eleanna Kara
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Abstract
Ophthalmic findings are common features of neurodegenerative disorders and, in addition to being clinically important, have emerged as potentially useful biomarkers of disease progression in several conditions. Clinically, these visual system abnormalities can be a clue to diagnosis, as well as being a prominent cause of disability in affected patients. In this Review, we describe the various afferent visual system and other ophthalmic features of inherited neurodegenerative disorders, including the muscular dystrophies, Friedreich ataxia, the spinocerebellar ataxias, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and other conditions. We focus on the expanding role of optical coherence tomography in diagnostic imaging of the retina and optic nerve head, and the possible use of ophthalmic findings as biomarkers of disease severity in hereditary neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we discuss the ophthalmic manifestations and treatment implications of mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a feature of many inherited neurodegenerative diseases.
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Vantaggiato C, Crimella C, Airoldi G, Polishchuk R, Bonato S, Brighina E, Scarlato M, Musumeci O, Toscano A, Martinuzzi A, Santorelli FM, Ballabio A, Bresolin N, Clementi E, Bassi MT. Defective autophagy in spastizin mutated patients with hereditary spastic paraparesis type 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3119-39. [PMID: 24030950 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraparesis type 15 is a recessive complicated form of the disease clinically characterized by slowly progressive spastic paraparesis and mental deterioration with onset between the first and second decade of life. Thinning of corpus callosum is the neuroradiological distinctive sign frequently associated with white matter abnormalities. The causative gene, ZFYVE26, encodes a large protein of 2539 amino acid residues, termed spastizin, containing three recognizable domains: a zinc finger, a leucine zipper and a FYVE domain. Spastizin protein has a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution and co-localizes partially with early endosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules and vesicles involved in protein trafficking. In addition, spastizin localizes to the mid-body during the final step of mitosis and contributes to successful cytokinesis. Spastizin interacts with Beclin 1, a protein required for cytokinesis and autophagy, which is the major lysosome-mediated degradation process in the cell. In view of the Beclin 1-spastizin interaction, we investigated the possible role of spastizin in autophagy. We carried out this analysis by using lymphoblast and fibroblast cells derived from four different spastizin mutated patients (p.I508N, p.L243P, p.R1209fsX, p.S1312X) and from control subjects. Of note, the truncating p.R1209fsX and p.S1312X mutations lead to loss of spastizin protein. The results obtained indicate that spastizin interacts with the autophagy related Beclin 1-UVRAG-Rubicon multiprotein complex and is required for autophagosome maturation. In cells lacking spastizin or with mutated forms of the protein, spastizin interaction with Beclin 1 is lost although the formation of the Beclin 1-UVRAG-Rubicon complex can still be observed. However, in these cells we demonstrate an impairment of autophagosome maturation and an accumulation of immature autophagosomes. Autophagy defects with autophagosome accumulation can be observed also in neuronal cells upon spastizin silencing. These results indicate that autophagy is a central process in the pathogenesis of complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraparesis with thin corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vantaggiato
- 1 Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Orlén H, Melberg A, Raininko R, Kumlien E, Entesarian M, Söderberg P, Påhlman M, Darin N, Kyllerman M, Holmberg E, Engler H, Eriksson U, Dahl N. SPG11 mutations cause Kjellin syndrome, a hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum and central retinal degeneration. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:984-92. [PMID: 19194956 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (ARHSP) with thin corpus callosum (TCC) is genetically heterogenous and approximately 35% of patients carry mutations in either of the SPG11 or SPG15 genes. Disease onset is during the first three decades of life with spastic paraplegia and mental impairment. Peripheral neuropathy and amyotrophy may occur. Kjellin syndrome is characterized by central retinal degeneration in addition to ARHSP-TCC and the disease is associated with mutations in the SPG15 gene. We identified five patients in four unrelated kindreds with spastic paraplegia and mental impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed TCC, atrophy elsewhere in the brain and increased T2 signal intensity in the periventricular white matter. Probands from the four kindreds were screened for mutations in the SPG11 gene. All patients were found homozygous or compound heterozygous for truncating SPG11 mutations of which four are reported for the first time. Ophthalmological investigations revealed that the four index cases have central retinal degeneration consistent with Kjellin syndrome. PET examinations with N-[11C-methyl]-L-deuterodeprenyl (DED) and fluor-18 2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) were performed in two patients with Kjellin syndrome. We observed a reduced glucose uptake in the thalami, anterior cingulum, and sensorimotor cortex indicating neuronal loss, and an increased DED binding in the thalami and pons which suggests astrogliosis. From our results we extend the SPG11 associated phenotype to comprise also Kjellin syndrome, previously found to be associated with mutations in the SPG15 gene. We anticipate that degeneration of the central retina is a common and previously unrecognized feature in SPG11 related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Orlén
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Boukhris A, Feki I, Denis E, Miladi MI, Brice A, Mhiri C, Stevanin G. Spastic paraplegia 15: linkage and clinical description of three Tunisian families. Mov Disord 2008; 23:429-33. [PMID: 18098276 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by slowly progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. The locus designated spastic paraplegia 15 (SPG15), located in a 16-Mb interval on chromosome 14q, is associated with a rare autosomal recessive complicated form of HSP known as Kjellin's syndrome. In this study, we describe three additional families, of Tunisian origin, linked to the SPG15 locus, one of which had a significant multipoint LOD score of 3.46. In accordance with previous reports, the phenotype of our patients consisted of early onset spastic paraparesis associated with mental impairment and severe progression. Retinal degeneration was not observed, however, but we extended the phenotype of this form to include peripheral neuropathy and white matter abnormalities on MRI. Interestingly, like retinal degeneration, thin corpus callosum is not a constant feature in this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Boukhris
- Department of Neurology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
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Hanein S, Martin E, Boukhris A, Byrne P, Goizet C, Hamri A, Benomar A, Lossos A, Denora P, Fernandez J, Elleuch N, Forlani S, Durr A, Feki I, Hutchinson M, Santorelli FM, Mhiri C, Brice A, Stevanin G. Identification of the SPG15 gene, encoding spastizin, as a frequent cause of complicated autosomal-recessive spastic paraplegia, including Kjellin syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:992-1002. [PMID: 18394578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disorders. Both "uncomplicated" and "complicated" forms have been described with various modes of inheritance. Sixteen loci for autosomal-recessive "complicated" HSP have been mapped. The SPG15 locus was first reported to account for a rare form of spastic paraplegia variably associated with mental impairment, pigmented maculopathy, dysarthria, cerebellar signs, and distal amyotrophy, sometimes designated as Kjellin syndrome. Here, we report the refinement of SPG15 to a 2.64 Mb genetic interval on chromosome 14q23.3-q24.2 and the identification of ZFYVE26, which encodes a zinc-finger protein with a FYVE domain that we named spastizin, as the cause of SPG15. Six different truncating mutations were found to segregate with the disease in eight families with a phenotype that included variable clinical features of Kjellin syndrome. ZFYVE26 mRNA was widely distributed in human tissues, as well as in rat embryos, suggesting a possible role of this gene during embryonic development. In the adult rodent brain, its expression profile closely resembled that of SPG11, another gene responsible for complicated HSP. In cultured cells, spastizin colocalized partially with markers of endoplasmic reticulum and endosomes, suggesting a role in intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Hanein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S679, Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, Paris, F-75013 France
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Elleuch N, Bouslam N, Hanein S, Lossos A, Hamri A, Klebe S, Meiner V, Birouk N, Lerer I, Grid D, Bacq D, Tazir M, Zelenika D, Argov Z, Durr A, Yahyaoui M, Benomar A, Brice A, Stevanin G. Refinement of the SPG15 candidate interval and phenotypic heterogeneity in three large Arab families. Neurogenetics 2007; 8:307-15. [PMID: 17661097 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-007-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) type 15 is an autosomal recessive (AR) form of complicated HSP mainly characterized by slowly progressive spastic paraplegia, mental retardation, intellectual deterioration, maculopathy, distal amyotrophy, and mild cerebellar signs that has been associated with the Kjellin syndrome. The locus for this form of HSP, designated SPG15, was mapped to an interval of 19 cM on chromosome 14q22-q24 in two Irish families. We performed a clinical-genetic study of this form of HSP on 147 individuals (64 of whom were affected) from 20 families with AR-HSP. A genome-wide scan was performed in three large consanguineous families of Arab origin after exclusion of linkage to several known loci for AR-HSP (SPG5, SPG7, SPG21, SPG24, SPG28, and SPG30). The 17 other AR-HSP families were tested for linkage to the SPG15 locus. Only the three large consanguineous families showed evidence of linkage to the SPG15 locus (2.4 > Z (max) > 4.3). Recombinations in these families reduced the candidate region from approximately 16 to approximately 5 Mbases. Among the approximately 50 genes assigned to this locus, two were good candidates by their functions (GPHN and SLC8A3), but their coding exons and untranslated regions (UTRs) were excluded by direct sequencing. Patients had spastic paraplegia associated with cognitive impairment, mild cerebellar signs, and axonal neuropathy, as well as a thin corpus callosum in one family. The ages at onset ranged from 10 to 19 years. Our study highlights the phenotypic heterogeneity of SPG15 in which mental retardation or cognitive deterioration, but not all other signs of Kjellin syndrome, are associated with HSP and significantly reduces the SPG15 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Elleuch
- INSERM, U679, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) is characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the legs with or without additional abnormalities. Reports of psychiatric disorders in patients with HSP are limited to mood disturbances rather than to psychosis. We had noted significant psychotic illness in several patients recruited to a survey of HSP in Ireland and therefore set about examining the frequency and nature of psychosis in our patients with HSP. Cases with HSP and psychotic illness were identified from a nationwide epidemiological and clinical study. Psychiatric case notes were reviewed and Operational Diagnostic Criteria Checklist (OPCRIT) applied. Six patients from four families with HSP had evidence of psychosis in addition to paraparesis. OPCRIT diagnoses were 'narrow schizophrenia' (n = 2), 'broad schizophrenia' (n = 2) and 'schizo-affective/manic disorder' (n = 2). Patients were from families with Kjellin's syndrome and SPG4-HSP but not other kindreds and psychosis was not evident in family members without HSP. We found a higher than expected rate of psychosis in the Irish HSP population. Two groups of HSP patients may have increased risk of developing psychosis: those with Kjellin's syndrome and those with SPG4-HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McMonagle
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland.
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Hughes CA, Byrne PC, Webb S, McMonagle P, Patterson V, Hutchinson M, Parfrey NA. SPG15, a new locus for autosomal recessive complicated HSP on chromosome 14q. Neurology 2001; 56:1230-3. [PMID: 11342696 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.56.9.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors studied two families with autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) complicated by the presence of additional symptoms of pigmented maculopathy, distal amyotrophy, dysarthria, mental retardation, and further intellectual deterioration. Evidence was obtained for linkage to a locus on chromosome 14q that is distinct from the SPG3 locus for autosomal dominant HSP (D14S77: lod score of 4.20 at zero recombination). Haplotype construction of nearby markers confirms the existence of this novel HSP locus (SPG15) and narrows it to a 19-cM interval flanked by D14S1038 and D14S61.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hughes
- Department of Pathology, University College Dublin and St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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