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Kalánková D, Suhonen R, Stolt M, Kurucová R, Katajisto J, Žiaková K, Gurková E. Psychometric testing of perceived implicit rationing of nursing care (PIRNCA). J Adv Nurs 2020; 76:1469-1482. [PMID: 32180252 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Perceived Implicit Rationing of Nursing Care (PIRNCA) instrument and to report the prevalence of rationed care at university and faculty hospitals. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS The study was carried out at two university and five faculty hospitals in the Slovak Republic. Participants were 895 Registered Nurses recruited by the purposive sampling method between December 2017-July 2018. Data were collected using the PIRNCA instrument. Construct validity and reliability of the instrument were tested. RESULTS The prevalence of rationed care at university and faculty hospitals was identified as being 42.1%. Furthermore, 87.6% of nurses reported rationing one or more nursing care activities. Using both statistical methods when evaluating the PIRNCA resulted in the confirmation that the tool is valid and reliable. CONCLUSION Rationed care is a common phenomenon at university and faculty hospitals. The PIRNCA is a suitable instrument to measure the phenomenon in adult acute care units because of its high reliability and validity. We recommend using the instrument in different contexts, not only for specific conditions that were presented for this study. IMPACT Rationed care at university and faculty hospitals has never been reported. Psychometric properties of the instrument that measures nurses´ perception of rationed care have never been evaluated by using different approaches. The most frequently rationed nursing care activities are those that nurses are competent to initiate on the basis of their knowledge and skills - the independent ones. The PIRNCA is a valid and reliable instrument. Hospital management can use the instrument to explore the prevalence of rationed care, followed by the application of prevention strategies. Our findings represent the base for further exploration of rationed care using the PIRNCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kalánková
- Department of Nursing, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Riitta Suhonen
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Welfare Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Stolt
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Radka Kurucová
- Department of Nursing, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Jouko Katajisto
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katarína Žiaková
- Department of Nursing, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Elena Gurková
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Tilburt JC, Sulmasy DP. Context and scale: Distinctions for improving debates about physician "rationing". Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2017; 12:5. [PMID: 28851402 PMCID: PMC5576279 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-017-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Important discussions about limiting care based on professional judgment often devolve into heated debates over the place of physicians in bedside rationing. Politics, loaded rhetoric, and ideological caricature from both sides of the rationing debate obscure precise points of disagreement and consensus, and hinder critical dialogue around the obligations and boundaries of professional practice. We propose a way forward by reframing the rationing conversation, distinguishing between the scale of the decision (macro vs. micro) and its context (ordinary allocation vs. extraordinary re-allocation) avoiding the word "rationing." We propose to shift the terminology, using specific, descriptive words to defuse conflict and re-focus the debate towards substantive issues. These distinctions can clarify the real ethical differences at stake and facilitate a more constructive conversation about the clinical and social responsibilities of physicians to use resources ethically at the bedside and their role in allocating medical resources at a societal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C. Tilburt
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Biomedical Ethics Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Health Care Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Daniel P. Sulmasy
- Departments of Philosophy and Medicine, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
- The Kennedy Institute of Bioethics, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
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Fanelli S, Zangrandi A. Assessment for improving the performance of NICUs: The Italian experience. Health Serv Manage Res 2017; 30:168-178. [PMID: 28548000 DOI: 10.1177/0951484817710856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Italy using a set of organizational variables identifying management profile. The correlations between variables, and how these are impacted by structural aspects of the department or hospital, are investigated. The research was conducted within the 5-year far-reaching and complex SONAR study run by the Italian Neonatal Network, which maps NICU, monitors outcomes of member centres, defines organizational models, and identifies best practices to improve care quality. Seven variables relating to activities, organization processes, and behaviour models used in the SONAR study were used here to assess NICU. Data from 54 Italian NICUs, 1601 nursing staff, and 643 doctors were used. We identified high levels of variation in NICUs for all aspects of organization. We also identified important opportunities for improvement, especially in the areas of performance measurement, quality improvement, and learning for healthcare staff. In terms of structural characteristics, we identified big differences between NICUs in the north and south of Italy. The findings provide a description of NICUs in Italy and identify a set of variables useful for management in assessing NICU, which are among the most complex and costly operational units in a hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fanelli
- Department of Public Management, Universita degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonello Zangrandi
- Department of Public Management, Universita degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Pinho M, Pinto Borges A, Cookson R. Do Healthcare Professionals have Different Views about Healthcare Rationing than College Students? A Mixed Methods Study in Portugal. Public Health Ethics 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Pinho
- University Portucalense, Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies - REMIT, Portucalense Institute for Legal Research - IJP and University of Aveiro, Research Unit in Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies - GOVCOPP
| | - Ana Pinto Borges
- Núcleo de Investigação do ISAG – European Business School, Lusíada University of North
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Strech D, Deh U, Schmitz S, Gürkan I, Ostermann H, Krause SW. Workshop - Ökonomische Steuerungsmechanismen: Beispiel Hämatologie und Onkologie. Oncol Res Treat 2015; 38 Suppl 1:3-22. [DOI: 10.1159/000368873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Medicine price awareness in chronic patients in Belgium. Health Policy 2014; 119:217-23. [PMID: 25533549 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under increasing pressure to contain health expenditures governments across Europe have implemented policies to increase responsible medicine use, e.g. by increasing co-insurance paid for by patients. In times of austerity, how do chronic disease patients perceive the medicine price they have to pay? METHOD We used a mixed methods research design. First, we distributed a close-ended questionnaire among 983 chronic disease patients in 30 Flemish pharmacies. Second, we performed semi-structured interviews with 15 of these patients. We surveyed for knowledge on the prescription medicine they bought, as well as for their needs for information and their therapeutic compliance. RESULTS Although patients express a lack (and a need) of information on prices during the consultation with the general practitioner (GP), (s)he hardly addresses medicine prices. Patients often only know the medicine price when they are at the pharmacy and patients need to decide to buy the medicine or not. This often results in patients taking the medicine when considered affordable within their social and financial context. CONCLUSION It seems essential that patients are better informed about medicine prices as well as the constraints on physicians to prescribe cost-effectively. Therefore, medicine prices should be discussed more often during physician consults.
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Strech D. [Avoidance of overuse as an integral part of medical professionalism. Conceptual analysis and new perspective]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 47:17-22. [PMID: 24389719 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-013-0590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The topics of rationing and priority setting have been increasingly discussed over the past 5 years in Germany by physicians together with other health care stakeholders. The topic of overuse, however, has not been discussed with similar intensity and publicity. OBJECTIVES This analysis paper outlines the relationships and differences between efficiency, priority setting, and rationing. Furthermore, it argues why and how German physicians should address the topic of overuse with more transparency and intensity. DISCUSSION Efforts of physicians to rationalize health care mainly comprise efforts to decrease overuse. The identification of important areas of overuse includes the prioritization of indications and medical interventions. Rationing health care can be unavoidable, for example, because other strategies such as rationalization, price regulation or disinvestments are not sufficient to avoid scarcity of financial resources. In such a case, rationing health care is unavoidable and, therefore, cannot be unethical per se. However, the debate on rationing becomes more legitimate if physicians demonstrate sufficient efforts to reduce overuse sufficiently. The Choosing Wisely initiative in the USA is outlined as one interesting option of how physicians could demonstrate and prove such efforts. Additional and more effective strategies to decrease overuse might be possible. CONCLUSION German physicians demand a more explicit communication within their communities and together with other stakeholders on the appropriateness of existing and potential future activities to decrease overuse. Such initiatives to avoid and decrease overuse should primarily be motivated through the ethical principle of beneficence, while the effect of cost containment should be considered as a welcomed side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strech
- CELLS- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Institut für Geschichte, Ethik und Philosophie der Medizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland,
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Strech D. [Rationalization and rationing at the bedside. A normative and empirical status quo analysis]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2014; 109:27-33. [PMID: 24384726 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-013-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The topic of bedside rationing is increasingly discussed in Germany. Further need for clarification exists for the question how bedside rationing (e.g., in the area of overcare) can be justified despite coexistent inefficiencies. DISCUSSION This paper outlines and analyses the relationship of waste avoidance and rationing from an ethical perspective. Empirical findings regarding the status quo of bedside rationing and rationalization are presented. These normative and empirical explorations will then be further specified regarding opportunities for future physician-driven activities to tackle overuse. CONCLUSION The self-government partners in Germany should communicate more explicitly within their communities and to the public how and with which benchmarks they aim to reduce inefficient health care (overuse) in an appropriate manner. Physician-driven activities such as the "Choosing Wisely®" initiative in the USA could provide a first step to raise the awareness for overuse among physicians as well as in the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strech
- Institut für Geschichte, Ethik und Philosophie der Medizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland,
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Strech D. [Would you mind a little bit less? Methodological and ethical challenges posed by the reduction of overtreatment]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EVIDENZ FORTBILDUNG UND QUALITAET IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2013; 107:156-63. [PMID: 23663912 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present paper outlines two central challenges that should be taken into account when making a concerted effort to reduce excessive medical care (overdiagnosis and overtreatment): first, the inevitability of value judgements in the risk-benefit assessment of medical treatment measures in conjunction with the need to go beyond the individual doctor-patient relationship and make these value judgements while, at least in part, assuming the role of acting deputy; and second, the need for a sufficient level of competence and trust in evidence-based medicine on the part of both physicians and patients. The paper will explain how one can say in a methodologically reasonable and ethically acceptable manner that a certain medical measure - in the context of the regular care setting - will objectively cause a "net harm" to the patient. Relevant institutions in the German healthcare system will be described that are currently conducting risk-benefit assessments (by different means and with different purposes). Taking the known entity of clinical guidelines as an example, the paper will demonstrate that the subjects of overdiagnosis and overtreatment as well as shortage of medical care can be more explicitly communicated by employing certain additional methodological tools. Finally, some central implementation barriers to a successful application of "Less is more!" will be presented and critically discussed. (As supplied by publisher).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strech
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Institut für Geschichte, Ethik und Philosophie der Medizin, Hannover.
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