Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Risk of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Cigarette smoking constitutes one of the most important modifiable factors of osteoporosis, as well as contributes to an early death, tumors, and numerous chronic diseases. The group with an increased risk of a lower bone mineral density are patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. In fact, tobacco smoke, which contains more than 7000 chemical compounds, affects bone mineral density (BMD) both directly and indirectly, as it has an impact on the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, intestinal microbiota composition, and calcium–phosphate balance. Constant cigarette use interferes with the production of protective mucus and inhibits the repair processes in the intestinal mucus. Nicotine as well as the other compounds of the cigarette smoke are important risk factors of the inflammatory bowel disease and osteoporosis. Additionally, cigarette smoking may decrease BMD in the IBD patients. Interestingly, it affects patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in different ways—on the one hand it protects against ulcerative colitis, whereas on the other it increases the risk of Crohn’s disease development. Nevertheless, all patients should be encouraged to cease smoking in order to decrease the risk of developing other disorders.

Population-Based Evidence From a Western Canadian Province of the Decreasing Incidence Rates and Trends of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults

Background and Aims

Canada has one of the highest inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence rates worldwide. Higher IBD incidence rates have been identified among urban regions compared to rural regions. The study objectives were to (i) estimate IBD incidence rates in Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2016 and (ii) test for differences in IBD incidence rates for rural and urban regions of Saskatchewan.

Methods

A population-based study was conducted using provincial administrative health databases. Individuals aged 18+ years with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis were identified using a validated case definition. Generalized linear models with a negative binomial distribution were used to estimate incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) adjusted for age group, sex and rurality with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

The average annual incidence rate of IBD among adults in Saskatchewan decreased from 75/100,000 (95% CI 67 to 84) in 1999 to 15/100,000 (95% CI 12 to 18) population in 2016. The average annual incidence of IBD declined significantly by 6.9% (95% CI -7.6 to -6.2) per year. Urban residents had a greater overall risk of IBD (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.27) than rural residents. This risk difference was statistically significant for Crohn's disease (IRR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.36), but not for ulcerative colitis (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.19).

Conclusions

The incidence of IBD in Saskatchewan dropped significantly from 1999 to 2016 with urban dwellers having a 19% higher risk of IBD onset compared to their rural counterparts. Health care providers and decision-makers should plan IBD-specific health care programs considering these specific IBD rates.

The prevalence of sarcopenia and its effect on prognosis in patients with Crohn's disease

Background/Aims

Crohn’s disease is associated with altered body composition, such as low muscle mass, which can affect clinical outcomes. However, there are few studies regarding the effect of sarcopenia on prognosis of Crohn’s disease. In this study, we evaluated the body composition at the initial diagnosis of Crohn’s disease and analyzed the clinical meaning of sarcopenia.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients who were diagnosed as Crohn’s disease and underwent computed tomography within 3 months after diagnosis. Sarcopenia was defined as an L3 skeletal muscle index (SMI) of < 49 cm²/m² for men and < 31 cm²/m² for women. Outcomes such as need for hospitalization, surgery, use of steroids, immunomodulators and biologics were analyzed.

Results

A total of 79 patients (male, 73.4%; mean age, 29.9 years) were included and 40 patients (51%) were diagnosed as sarcopenia. C-reactive protein (CRP) level was correlated with sarcopenia (P= 0.044). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) showed a tendency to decrease inversely with SMI (r = –0.320, P= 0.008) and hemoglobin and albumin tended to increase in proportion to SMI (hemoglobin: r = 0.271, P= 0.016 and albumin: r = 0.350, P= 0.002). However, there was no statistically significance in time-to-first-event analysis in aspects of sarcopenia.

Conclusions

Approximately 50% of patients with newly diagnosed as Crohn’s disease had sarcopenia. CRP levels were higher in the sarcopenia group and SMI correlated with ESR, hemoglobin, and albumin. However, none of prognostic values were demonstrated.

Iranian Registry of Crohn's and Colitis: study profile of first nation-wide inflammatory bowel disease registry in Middle East

Background/Aims

A recent study revealed increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Iran. The Iranian Registry of Crohn’s and Colitis (IRCC) was designed recently to answer the needs. We reported the design, methods of data collection, and aims of IRCC in this paper.

Methods

IRCC is a multicenter prospective registry, which is established with collaboration of more than 100 gastroenterologists from different provinces of Iran. Minimum data set for IRCC was defined according to an international consensus on standard set of outcomes for IBD. A pilot feasibility study was performed on 553 IBD patients with a web-based questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire evaluated by Cronbach’s α.

Results

All sections of questionnaire had Cronbach’s α of more than 0.6. In pilot study, 312 of participants (56.4%) were male and mean age was 38 years (standard deviation=12.8) and 378 patients (68.35%) had ulcerative colitis, 303 subjects (54,7%) had college education and 358 patients (64.74%) were of Fars ethnicity. We found that 68 (12.3%), 44 (7.9%), and 13 (2.3%) of participants were smokers, hookah and opium users, respectively. History of appendectomy was reported in 58 of patients (10.48%). The most common medication was 5-aminosalicylate (94.39%).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, IRCC is the first national IBD registry in the Middle East and could become a reliable infrastructure for national and international research on IBD. IRCC will improve the quality of care of IBD patients and provide national information for policy makers to better plan for controlling IBD in Iran.

Malignancy and mortality in paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a 3-year prospective, multinational study from the paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN

BACKGROUND

Risk benefit strategies in managing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are dependent upon understanding the risks of uncontrolled inflammation vs those of treatments. Malignancy and mortality in IBD have been associated with disease-related inflammation and immune suppression, but data are limited due to their rare occurrence.

AIM

To identify and describe the most common causes of mortality, types of cancer and previous or current therapy among children and young adults with paediatric-onset IBD.

METHODS

Information on paediatric-onset IBD patients diagnosed with malignancy or mortality was prospectively collected via a survey in 25 countries over a 42-month period. Patients were included if death or malignancy occurred after IBD diagnosis but before the age of 26 years.

RESULTS

In total, 60 patients were identified including 43 malignancies and 26 fatal cases (9 due to cancer). Main causes of fatality were malignancies (n = 9), IBD or IBD-therapy related nonmalignant causes (n = 10; including 5 infections), and suicides (n = 3). Three cases, all fatal, of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma were identified, all were biologic-naïve but thiopurine-exposed. No other haematological malignancies were fatal. The 6 other fatal cancer cases included 3 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 3 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs). Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was present in 5 (56%) fatal cancers (1 colorectal carcinoma, 3 CCAs and 1 hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma).

CONCLUSIONS

We report the largest number of paediatric-onset IBD patients with cancer and/or fatal outcomes to date. Malignancies followed by infections were the major causes of mortality. We identified PSC as a significant risk factor for cancer-associated mortality. Disease-related adenocarcinomas were a commoner cause of death than lymphomas.

Inflammatory bowel disease incidence in Czech children: A regional prospective study, 2000-2015

AIM

To examine the incidence and trends in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) over 2000-2015 and project the incidence to 2018.

METHODS

A 16-year prospective study of IBD patients < 19 years of age was conducted in the Czech Republic (the Pilsen region). All incident IBD cases within a well-defined geographical area were retrieved from a prospectively collected computerized clinical database. Historical Czech data were used for comparison (1990-2001). Our catchment population was determined from the census data. We calculated the incidence by relating the number of newly diagnosed cases to the size of the pediatric population-at-risk in each calendar year. Age/sex, disease type, place of residence, and race/ethnicity were identified.

RESULTS

In total, 170 new IBD cases [105 Crohn’s disease (CD), 48 ulcerative colitis (UC), and 17 IBD-unclassified (IBD-U)] were identified. The median age at IBD diagnosis was 14.2 years, 59.4% were males, and 97.1% were Caucasians. A male preponderance of IBD (P = 0.026) and CD (P = 0.016) was observed. With 109209 person-years in the catchment area, the average incidence of IBD per 100000 person-years was 10.0 (6.2 for CD, 2.8 for UC, and 1.0 for IBD-U) for children aged 0 to 19 years; for those aged 0 to 15 years, the incidence rate was 7.3 (4.6 for CD, 2.0 for UC, and 0.7 for IBD-U). An increase in incidence with age was observed (P = 0.0003). Over the 16-year period, the incidence increased for IBD patients (P = 0.01) and CD in particular (P < 0.0001), whereas the incidence for UC (P = 0.09) and IBD-U (P = 0.339) remained unchanged. IBD-projected data from 2016 to 2018 were 12.1, 12.3 and 12.6 per 100000 person-years, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Pediatric-onset IBD incidence is around its highest point. The increase, which is particularly pronounced for CD, may be challenging to relate to causes of pediatric disease.

5-ASA-loaded SiO2 nanoparticles-a novel drug delivery system targeting therapy on ulcerative colitis in mice

The targeting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a first-line therapeutic agent for mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis (UC), to the site of inflammation has remained a challenge and an unmet requirement in the treatment of UC. However, nanoscale carriers for targeted drug delivery are promising for pharmacotherapy, and nanoparticles improve the pharmacokinetics of the loaded therapeutics based on their physical properties. To design and prepare 5‑ASA‑loaded silicon dioxide nanoparticles (5‑ASA‑SiO2 NPs), a micro‑emulsion method was conducted, and their respective therapeutic effects were validated in a mouse model of UC. Cytotoxicity of 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NPs was detected in vitro using the Cell Counting Kit‑8 method. The therapeutic effect of 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NPs was assessed based on their disease activity index (DAI), colon histopathology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and levels of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6). SiO2 NPs were successfully prepared, and cytotoxicity of 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NPs was identified as being similar to 5‑ASA and SiO2 NPs. DAI and colonic histopathology scores in the normal dosage, high dosage and the 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NP groups demonstrated a significant improvement when compared with the model group. DAI in the high dosage and 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NP groups also demonstrated a significant improvement when compared with the normal dosage group. However, MPO, serum IL‑6 and TNF‑α levels in normal dosage, high dosage and 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NPs groups were significantly lower than in the model group, and these indexes in the high dosage group and 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NP group were significantly lower than that in the normal dosage group. Expression of IL‑6 and TNF‑α mRNA in colonic mucosa in the normal dosage, high dosage and 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NP group was significantly lower than that in the model group. Colonic mucosal IL‑6 and TNF‑α mRNA expression in the high dosage and 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NP groups was significantly lower than that in the normal dosage group (P<0.05). In conclusion, 5‑ASA‑SiO2 NPs are a selective drug release system that target the inflamed colon, characteristics of UC, and can greatly increase therapeutic efficacy in UC.

Demethyleneberberine alleviates inflammatory bowel disease in mice through regulating NF-κB signaling and T-helper cell homeostasis

OBJECTIVE

The activation of NF-κB signaling and unbalance of T-helper (Th) cells have been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of colitis. Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (CPC) is commonly used to treat inflammation and diarrhea. Demethyleneberberine (DMB), a component of CPC, was reported to treat alcoholic liver disease as a novel natural mitochondria-targeted antioxidant in our previous study. In this study, we investigated whether DMB could protect against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory colitis in mice by regulation of NF-κB pathway and Th cells homeostatis.

METHODS

Inflammatory colitis mice were induced by 3% DSS, and DMB were orally administered on the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg. In vitro, DMB (10, 20, 40 μM) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 5 mM) were co-cultured with RAW264.7 for 2 h prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and splenocytes from the mice were cultured ex vivo for 48 h for immune response test.

RESULTS

In vivo, DMB significantly alleviated the weight loss and diminished myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, DMB decreased interferon (IFN)-γ, increased IL-4 concentration in the mice splenocytes and the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a in the serum. In vitro, ROS production and pro-inflammation cytokines were markedly inhibited by DMB in RAW264.7 cell.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed that DMB alleviated mice colitis and inhibited the inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathway and regulating the balance of Th cells.

Nationwide prevalence and drug treatment practices of inflammatory bowel diseases in Hungary: A population-based study based on the National Health Insurance Fund database

BACKGROUND

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory diseases associated with a substantial healthcare utilization.

AIM

Our aim was to estimate the national prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), CD and UC and to describe current drug treatment practices in CD and UC.

METHODS

Patients and drug dispensing events were identified according to international classification codes for UC and CD in in-patient care, non-primary out-patient care and drug prescription databases (2011-2013) of the National Health Insurance Fund.

RESULTS

A total of 55,039 individuals (men: 44.6%) with physician-diagnosed IBD were alive in Hungary in 2013, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.55% (95% CI, 0.55-0.56). The prevalence of CD 0.20% (95% CI, 0.19-0.20), and UC was 0.34% (95% CI, 0.33-0.34). The prevalence both in men and women was the highest in the 20-39 year-olds in CD. Current use of immunosuppressives and biological therapy was highest in the pediatric CD population (44% and 15%) followed by adult CD (33% and 9%), while their use was lowest in elderly patients. Interestingly, current use of 5-ASA (5-aminosalicylates) was high in both UC and CD irrespective of the age group.

CONCLUSIONS

The Hungarian IBD prevalence based on nationwide database of the National Health Insurance Fund was high. We identified significant differences in the drug prescription practices according to age-groups.

Ulcerative Colitis and Its Association with Salmonella Species. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2016;2016:5854285. [PMID: 26904116 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5854285] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by presence of ulcer in colon and bloody diarrhea. The present study explores the possibility of association between Salmonella and ulcerative colitis. The present study comprised 59 cases of UC, 28 of colon cancer (CC), 127 of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 190 of healthy control. The serological study was done by Widal and Indirect Haemagglutination Assay (IHA) for ViAb. Nested PCR was performed targeting fliC, staA, and stkG gene for Typhi and Paratyphi A, respectively. A total of 15.3% patients were positive for Salmonella “O” antigen among them 18.6% UC, 35.5% CC, 12.6% IBS, and 15.3% healthy control. A total of 36.9% patients were positive for “H” antigen including 39.0%, 57.1%, and 67.7% UC, CC, and IBS, respectively. About 1.73% show positive agglutination for AH antigen including 3.4%, 3.6%, and 1.6%, UC, CC, and IBS. A total of 10.89% were positive for ViAb. While 6.8% of UC, 10.7% of CC, 11.0% of IBS, and 12.1% of healthy subjects were positive for the antibody, the PCR positivity rates for Salmonella specific sequences were 79.7% in UC, 53.6% in CC, 66.1% in IBS, and 16.3% in healthy controls. The present study suggested that higher prevalence of Salmonella might play important role in etiopathogenesis of UC, IBS, and CC

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by presence of ulcer in colon and bloody diarrhea. The present study explores the possibility of association between Salmonella and ulcerative colitis. The present study comprised 59 cases of UC, 28 of colon cancer (CC), 127 of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 190 of healthy control. The serological study was done by Widal and Indirect Haemagglutination Assay (IHA) for ViAb. Nested PCR was performed targeting fliC, staA, and stkG gene for Typhi and Paratyphi A, respectively. A total of 15.3% patients were positive for Salmonella “O” antigen among them 18.6% UC, 35.5% CC, 12.6% IBS, and 15.3% healthy control. A total of 36.9% patients were positive for “H” antigen including 39.0%, 57.1%, and 67.7% UC, CC, and IBS, respectively. About 1.73% show positive agglutination for AH antigen including 3.4%, 3.6%, and 1.6%, UC, CC, and IBS. A total of 10.89% were positive for ViAb. While 6.8% of UC, 10.7% of CC, 11.0% of IBS, and 12.1% of healthy subjects were positive for the antibody, the PCR positivity rates for Salmonella specific sequences were 79.7% in UC, 53.6% in CC, 66.1% in IBS, and 16.3% in healthy controls. The present study suggested that higher prevalence of Salmonella might play important role in etiopathogenesis of UC, IBS, and CC.

Increasing rate of inflammatory bowel disease: a 12-year retrospective study in NingXia, China

Background

In China, the incidence of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has shown a significant growth trend. Analysis of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic means, and treatment of IBD will further improve the clinician's understanding of IBD, improve knowledge and further enable early diagnosis and standardized therapeutic management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of IBD inpatients in General Hospital of NingXia Medical University over a 12-year period to identify trends in clinical and epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, and treatment programs.

Methods

By excluding188 patients with incomplete information or incompatible with the 2012 Guidlines cases, we retrospectively analyzed the case records of 567 inpatients with a diagnosis of IBD admitted to the General Hospital of NingXia Medical University between January 2002 and December 2014. The clinical epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic status were analyzed.

Results

Over the study period, IBD hospitalization rates in 2002 and 2014 groups was 1.96 % and 4.05 %, increased 2.07 times. Of 567 cases of IBD, 483 (85.19 %) cases were categorized as ulcerative colitis (UC) and 84 as Crohn’s disease (CD) (14.81 %). Total male cases were 321 (56.61 %). Mean age of cases was 49.06 ± 14.92 years for UC and 44.84 ± 14.67 years for CD. The majority of UC was located in the colon, with a moderate level of disease activity. A combination of clinical manifestations and colonoscopy was mostly used to make a diagnosis; relatively the rate of pathological diagnosis was low, with a small proportion of patient’s diagnosed based on radiology. Treatment with SASP/5ASA and steroids was applied to the majority of inpatients and 47.83 % were treated with antibiotics; in contrast, only 1.86 % cases were treated with immunosuppressive therapy.

Conclusions

An increasing trend of admissions for IBD can be observed in our study; there are some differences in clinical features and treatment compared with Western countries, and further research into this is required.

Effects of Malva sylvestris and Its Isolated Polysaccharide on Experimental Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Malva sylvestris is an edible plant that is consumed as a herbal supplement for its antiulcer and colon cleansing properties in traditional Persian medicine. This study was designed to evaluate its effects on ulcerative colitis, which is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Colitis was induced by rectal instillation of acetic acid solution. Rats in different groups received aqueous, n-hexane, or ethanolic fractions of the plant before induction of colitis. Isolated polysaccharide of plant was also tested in 2 groups before and after induction of colitis. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of colitis showed that the aqueous fraction was very effective in preventing the inflammation and efficacy was lower for ethanolic and n-hexane fractions. Polysaccharide was effective in reducing signs of inflammation, especially as pretreatment. These beneficial effects provide evidences that this plant can be suggested for patients with this disease to improve their health condition or to reduce adverse effects of their medication.

Uygur medicine Xipayi Kui Jie'an affects gene expression profiles in intestinal tissue lesions in a rat model of ulcerative colitis

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Uygur medicine KJA on UC in a rat model.

Methods

UC was induced in Wistar rats by application of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene and acetic acid and were then treated with three different doses of KJA, and normal saline as control. After treatment for 20 days, the gene expression profile of colonic tissue was analyzed by microarray and verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

Results

Animals treated with the three different doses of KJA were compared with normal saline controls, wherein microarray analysis identified 1991, 2163, and 1677 differentially expressed genes respectively, of which 444 genes were raised and 670 genes were decrease spliced together in the three doses tested. The KEGG pathway analyses found commonly raised genes related to several different biological functions. Interesting genes included TRL2, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and NF-κB were confirmed by quantitative PCR.

Conclusions

The therapeutic effect of KJA on UC is likely explained by specific effects on the expression of genes, which are the effector molecules known to be involved in the development of UC. Further studies on differentially expressed genes will help explain the mechanism of action of Uygur medicine KJA.

The th17/treg immune balance in ulcerative colitis patients with two different chinese syndromes: dampness-heat in large intestine and spleen and kidney yang deficiency syndrome

Objective. To investigate the Th17/Treg immune balance in the ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with two Chinese syndrome: dampness-heat in large intestine (DHLI) and spleen and kidney Yang deficiency (SKYD). Methods. Ninety UC patients (45 were diagnosed with DHLI and 45 with SKYD syndrome) and 23 healthy people were recruited. The serumIL-17 and TGF-β1 levels of these participants were measured with ELISA; the expression of IL-17 and TGF-β 1 in colonic mucosa tissue was determined with immunohistochemistry and the percentage of Th17 and Treg in peripheral blood with flow cytometry. Results. The levels of IL-17 and Th17 were significantly higher in both DHLI and SKYD groups than in healthy control group and higher in DHLI than in SKYD group (P < 0.05). The levels of TGF-β1 and Treg were significantly lower in the two UC patients groups than in healthy control group; and lower in SKYD group than in DHLI group (P < 0.05). Conclusions. UC with DHLI syndrome could be characterized by the elevation of Th17 and IL-17 levels, which indicated an accentuation of inflammatory reaction; UC with SKYD syndrome could be characterized by the reduction of serum Treg and TGF-β1 levels, which represented a depression of immune tolerance.

Biological therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: Access in Central and Eastern Europe

Biological drugs opened up new horizons in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This study focuses on access to biological therapy in IBD patients across 9 selected Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, namely Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Literature data on the epidemiology and disease burden of IBD in CEE countries was systematically reviewed. Moreover, we provide an estimation on prevalence of IBD as well as biological treatment rates. In all countries with the exception of Romania, lower biological treatment rates were observed in ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to Crohn’s disease despite the higher prevalence of UC. Great heterogeneity (up to 96-fold) was found in access to biologicals across the CEE countries. Poland, Bulgaria, Romania and the Baltic States are lagging behind Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic in their access to biologicals. Variations of reimbursement policy may be one of the factors explaining the differences to a certain extent in Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland, but association with other possible determinants (differences in prevalence and incidence, price of biologicals, total expenditure on health, geographical access, and cost-effectiveness results) was not proven. We assume, nevertheless, that health deterioration linked to IBD might be valued differently against other systemic inflammatory conditions in distinct countries and which may contribute to the immense diversity in the utilization of biological drugs for IBD. In conclusion, access to biologicals varies widely among CEE countries and this difference cannot be explained by epidemiological factors, drug prices or total health expenditure. Changes in reimbursement policy could contribute to better access to biologicals in some countries.

Latitude, sunshine, and human lactase phenotype distributions may contribute to geographic patterns of modern disease: the inflammatory bowel disease model

Countries with high lactase nonpersistence (LNP) or low lactase persistence (LP) populations have lower rates of some “western” diseases, mimicking the effects of sunshine and latitude. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ie, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is putatively also influenced by sunshine. Recent availability of worldwide IBD rates and lactase distributions allows more extensive comparisons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which modern day lactase distributions interact with latitude, sunshine exposure, and IBD rates. National IBD rates, national distributions of LP/LNP, and population-weighted average national annual ultraviolet B exposure were obtained, estimated, or calculated from the literature. Negative binomial analysis was used to assess the relationship between the three parameters and IBD rates. Analyses for 55 countries were grouped in three geographic domains, ie, global, Europe, and non-Europe. In Europe, both latitude and ultraviolet B exposure correlate well with LP/LNP and IBD. In non-Europe, latitude and ultraviolet B exposure correlate weakly with LP/LNP, but the latter retains a more robust correlation with IBD. In univariate analysis, latitude, ultraviolet B exposure, and LP/LNP all had significant relationships with IBD. Multivariate analysis showed that lactase distributions provided the best model of fit for IBD. The model of IBD reveals the evolutionary effects of the human lactase divide, and suggests that latitude, ultraviolet B exposure, and LP/LNP mimic each other because LP/LNP follows latitudinal directions toward the equator. However, on a large scale, lactase patterns also follow lateral polarity. The effects of LP/LNP in disease are likely to involve complex interactions.

Incidence and paris classification of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

New epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. As a result the burden of disease accounts for more strains to the health care system. The clinical variability queries whether disease characteristics are related to clinical outcome. Our aim was to delineate the latest results of incidence trends in pediatric IBD and to compare the first experiences with Paris Classification. Incidence of pediatric IBD has been increasing in Western Europe and in Eastern Europe. To better characterize IBD, Paris Classification was introduced and validated recently. Ileocolonic involvement is the most characteristic disease location in Crohn's disease (CD) based on applying Paris Classification. The rate of perianal disease and complicated behaviour in CD was similar. It is of interest that CD patients with colonic involvement were less likely to have stricturing disease compared with patients with ileal involvement. In addition, pancolitis dominated in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, most countries lack prospective, nationwide epidemiological studies to estimate incidence trends. This review emphasizes the importance of nationwide registries that enroll all pediatric IBD cases serving reliable data for “everyday practice.” These first reports have shown that Paris Classification is a useful tool to determine the pediatric IBD phenotype.

Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases in iran and Asia; a mini review

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is set to stabilize in Western Europe and North America, as opposed to its increasing trend in developing countries in Asia. The epidemiology of IBDs in areas where the incidence and prevalence are relatively low provides an opportunity for researchers to determine the unknown aspects of them. In this review article, the PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched from 1970 to 2012 and the epidemiological aspects assessed in Iranian articles were compared with identical subjects in other Asian countries. During this period, there were 21 documented articles on IBD epidemiology in Iran and 52 in Asia. According to the present review, CTLA-gene polymorphism and male/female ratio in ulcerative colitis (UC), incidence of extra-intestinal manifestations, extent of intestinal involvement, and family history in both UC and Crohn's disease (CD) seemed to be different between Asia and Iran. In contrast, the incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in IBD patients and association between NO2/CARD15 mutation and CD as C3435-T allele and UC were nearly the same. The rate of IBD has increased significantly in Iran, as has that of other Asian countries during the last decade. A thorough, well-designed, population-based, multi-regional epidemiologic study seems mandatory due to the substantial demographic and characteristic variability in IBD patients in our region.

Epidemiology of intrafamilial inflammatory bowel disease throughout Europe

The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have distinctly changed over the past decades throughout Europe. From former North-South and West-East risk gradients, nowadays, classic high-risk areas for IBD in North and West present more stable incidences whereas in formerly low-risk zones the incidence is rising. These changes cannot be explained by genetic modifications in IBD patients' background, which draws attention to the possible existence of potent environmental factors triggering this epidemiologic shift. Important lessons can be drawn from different European population-based studies assessing the influence of environmental factors in familial IBD that may impact on the outcome of the disease and the management of the patients and their relatives.

Incidence, disease phenotype at diagnosis, and early disease course in inflammatory bowel diseases in Western Hungary, 2002-2006

BACKGROUND

Recent trends indicate a change in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), with previously low incidence areas now reporting a progressive rise in the incidence. Our aim was to analyze the incidence and disease phenotype at diagnosis in IBD in the population-based Veszprem Province database, which included incident patients diagnosed between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2006.

METHODS

Data of 393 incident patients were analyzed (ulcerative colitis [UC]: 220, age-at-diagnosis: 40.5 years; Crohn's disease [CD]: 163, age-at-diagnosis: 32.5 years; and indeterminate colitis [IC]: 10). Both hospital and outpatient records were collected and comprehensively reviewed.

RESULTS

Adjusted mean incidence rates were 8.9/10(5) person-years for CD and 11.9/10(5) person-years in UC. Peak onset age in both CD and UC patients was 21-30 years old. Location at diagnosis in UC was proctitis in 26.8%, left-sided colitis in 50.9%, and pancolitis in 22.3%. The probability of proximal extension and colectomy after 5 years was 12.7% and 2.8%. The disease location in CD was ileal in 20.2%, colonic in 35.6%, ileocolonic in 44.2%, and upper gastrointestinal in four patients. Behavior at diagnosis was stenosing/penetrating in 35.6% and perianal in 11.1%. Patients with colonic disease were older at diagnosis compared to patients with ileal or ileocolonic disease. In a Kaplan-Meier analysis, probability of surgical resection was 9.8%, 18.5%, and 21.3% after 1, 3, and 5 years of disease duration, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of IBD in Veszprem Province in the last decade was high, equal to that in high-incidence areas in Western European countries. Early disease course is milder compared to data reported in the literature.

IBD-related carcinoma and lymphoma

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Risk factors are extent and severity of colonic inflammation, concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis, and a positive family history of sporadic CRC. The chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and hypermethylation pathways form the molecular background of IBD-related carcinogenesis, which is not different from sporadic CRC. The dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of IBD-related colorectal carcinogenesis makes patients suitable for endoscopic surveillance. In the future, new molecular biomarkers and endoscopic techniques may improve early detection of precursor lesions of IBD-related CRC. The potential of aminosalicylates and ursodeoxycholic acid as chemopreventive agents needs to be studied in randomized clinical trials. Patients with IBD who are being treated with thiopurines have a slightly increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders, whereas patients with small bowel Crohn's disease have a high relative risk and a small absolute risk of developing small bowel adenocarcinoma.

Perinatal lipid nutrition alters early intestinal development and programs the response to experimental colitis in young adult rats

The long-chain polyunsaturated n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients in membrane biogenesis and regulate gene expression via their eicosanoid metabolites. We investigated whether the n-6 and n-3 fatty acid supply as determined by maternal diet alters colonic phospholipid fatty acids, intestinal morphology, and epithelial barrier permeability during milk feeding with lasting effect on mucosal responsiveness to dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in young adulthood. Female rats were fed diets with 20% energy from safflower oil (SO) or canola oil (CO), or 8% fish oil (FO) plus 2% SO (10% FO) or 18% FO plus 2% SO (20% FO) throughout gestation and lactation and offspring weaned to a standard diet at 21 days of age. At 15 days of age, pups in the 20% and 10% FO groups had lower 20:4n-6 and higher 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in colon phospholipids (P < 0.01), shorter crypts (P < 0.05), and higher paracellular permeability than SO or CO groups. At 3 mo of age, male offspring in the FO groups showed lasting reduction of crypt depth and a heightened inflammatory response to DNBS. We demonstrate that early decreased colon 20:4n-6 with increased n-3 fatty acids impairs intestinal barrier development and sensitizes the colon response to inflammatory insults later in life.

[Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in the health area of Navalmoral de la Mata (Caceres, Spain) between 2000 and 2009]

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has changed in our area and whether it has been influenced by the growing immigrant population.

POPULATION AND METHODS

From 2000 to 2009, a prospective population-based study was conducted in the population aged over 15 years old and was compared with a study carried out from 1994 to 1998 in the health area of Campo Arañuelo. The distribution of Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and age and sex were analyzed and compared with European rates for the standard population, both for the total population and for the local population.

RESULTS

From 2000 to 2009, IBD was diagnosed in 73 patients (36 men and 37 women). CD was diagnosed in 25 patients (34.2%), UC in 46 (63.0%) and there were two cases (2.8%) of indeterminate colitis (IC), which were excluded from the analysis. The mean annual incidence of CD was 5.70 per 100,000 inhabitants (5.79 in men and 5.60 in women). The annual incidence of UC was 11.47 per 100,000 inhabitants (10.79 in men and 12.17 in women). The incidence of UC was significantly higher than that of CD. The UC/CD ratio was 1.87. The mean age of patients with CD was 31.44 ± 15.81 years (range: 15 to 79 years), which was significantly lower than that for patients with UC: 43.26 ± 18.63 years (range: 15 to 85 years), with a difference of 11.82 years (confidence interval [CI]: 3.05-20.59 years). No immigrants were diagnosed. The incidence related to the total population aged between 15 and 64 years old was 5.74 per 100,000 inhabitants per year (95% CI: 3.43-8.04) in CD and 9.48 per 100,000 inhabitants per year (CI: 5.63-13.32) in UC. The incidence related to the local population aged between 15 and 64 years old was 5.90 per 100,000 inhabitants per year (95% CI: 3.52-8.28) in CD and 9.75 (CI: 5.80-13.70) in UC.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of UC in our area is one of the highest in Spain. Although this incidence is lower than that from 1994 to 1998, this decrease is not significant. The number of CD cases has not increased. Both diseases affect men and women equally. CD is diagnosed in earlier ages than UC. Exclusion of immigrants from the study increases these rates but not significantly.

Systematic review: the costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries

BACKGROUND

Early onset and complications such as hospitalization and surgery contribute to the economic burden of ulcerative colitis.

AIM

To review systematically the literature on costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries.

METHODS

Studies estimating costs of ulcerative colitis in Western countries were identified using Medline, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science and were rated based on relevance and reliability of estimates. All costs were adjusted to 2008 currency values. A parallel review focused on the impact of disease severity on costs, hospitalizations and surgeries.

RESULTS

Estimated annual per-patient direct medical costs of ulcerative colitis ranged from $6217 to $11,477 in the United States and from euro8949 to euro10,395 in Europe. Hospitalizations accounted for 41-55% of direct medical costs. Indirect costs accounted for approximately one-third of total costs in the United States and 54-68% in Europe. Total economic burden of ulcerative colitis was estimated at $8.1-14.9 billion annually in the United States and at euro12.5-29.1 billion in Europe; total direct costs were $3.4-8.6 billion in the United States and euro5.4-12.6 billion in Europe. Direct costs, hospitalizations and surgeries increased with worsening disease severity.

CONCLUSIONS

Ulcerative colitis is a costly disease. Hospitalizations contribute significantly to direct medical costs, and indirect costs are considerable, having previously been substantially underestimated.

Ulcerative colitis in the Tuzla region of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1995 and 2006: epidemiological and clinical characteristics

BACKGROUND

Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is one of the Eastern European countries that lacks data on the epidemiology of ulcerative colitis (UC).

AIMS

We aimed to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of UC in Tuzla Canton of B&H during a 12-year period (1995-2006).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated hospital records of both UC inpatients and outpatients residing in Tuzla Canton of B&H (total of 496 280 inhabitants) between 1995 and 2006. Patients that firmly satisfied the diagnostic criteria for UC were included in the study. Incidence rates were calculated with age standardization using European population standards. Trends in incidence were evaluated as moving 3-year averages.

RESULTS

During the observed period, 214 patients met the diagnostic criteria for UC. The average age-standardized incidence was found to be 3.43/10 inhabitants [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.97-3.89], ranging from 0.22 to 7.44 per 10. The mean annual crude incidence in the last 5 years of study (2002-2006) was 5.55/10 (95% CI = 4.63-6.48). The prevalence of UC during the observed period was found to be 43.1/10 (95% CI = 37.3-48.8). The incidence of UC increased dramatically from the average of 1.01/10 in the period between 1995 and 1997 to 6.04/10 between 2004 and 2006, as did the number of colonoscopies performed, from 29 in 1995 to 850 in 2006. The average yearly incidence of confirmed UC cases detected on colonoscopy was 5.56 per 100 colonoscopies per year (95% CI = 4.81-6.30) and only 3.92 per 100 colonoscopies (95% CI = 3.26-4.57) in the last 5 years of the observed period.

CONCLUSION

Tuzla Canton of B&H is a region with an increasing incidence of UC, which is most likely a direct consequence of a wider use of colonoscopy. We believe that in the next few years, the incidence of UC in this region will probably reach the annual incidence rate of 6 per 10 inhabitants.

NOD2, IL23R and ATG16L1 polymorphisms in Lithuanian patients with inflammatory bowel disease

AIM: To investigate the frequency of NOD2, IL23R and ATG16L1 genetic variants in a case-control panel for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from Lithuania.

METHODS: One hundred and eighty unrelated IBD patients [57 Crohn’s disease (CD) and 123 ulcerative colitis (UC)] and 186 healthy controls were genotyped for the following known genetic susceptibility variants: NOD2 - Arg702Trp (rs2066844), Gly908Arg (rs2066845) and Leu1007insC (rs2066847), as well as IL23R - Arg381Gln (rs11209026) and ATG16L1 - Thr300Ala (rs2241880).

RESULTS: The effect that carriership of at least one NOD2 risk allele predisposes to CD was replicated in the Lithuanian population (41.1% CD vs 16.9% controls, P = 2 × 10^-4, OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.81-6.72). In the allelic single marker analysis, Leu1007insC was strongly associated with CD (21.4% CD vs 4.7% controls, P = 3.687 × 10^-8, OR = 5.54, 95% CI: 2.85-10.75). Neither the other two NOD2 variants, nor the known variants in IL23R and ATG16L1 were found to be risk factors for CD, UC or IBD. However, our relatively small study population was underpowered to demonstrate such weak to moderate disease associations.

CONCLUSION: The results support a strong association between CD susceptibility and the Leu1007insC variant in NOD2 in the Lithuanian study population.

Incidence and prevalence rates of inflammatory bowel diseases, in midwestern of São Paulo State, Brazil

CONTEXT

The incidence and populational prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, hitherto unknown in Brazil, were estimated for a region in the Midwest of São Paulo State, Brazil.

METHODS

Using a sequential registry of 115 adult patients (>15 years old) with inflammatory bowel diseases - exclusively residing in the studied region with 533,508 inhabitants (2005) and attended at the reference hospital during a 20 year interval (1986-2005) - were estimated, in four consecutives periods of 5 years each, the incidences according to gender, type of the disease and the prevalence of these diseases, and its inner-relations evaluated by the Poisson regression model.

RESULTS

The inflammatory bowel diseases in the studied region predominated among young, white race and people living in urban area, and the incidence on the female population rose during this period. The incidence of ulcerative colitis were higher than Crohn's disease and non-classified colitis, and showed a progressive increase in the first three periods with a decrease in the last one (2001-2005), where the observed rates of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and non-classified colitis were 4.48, 3.50 and 1.75 cases/100,000 inhabitants, with prevalence of 22.61, 14.81, 5.65, 2.14 cases/100,000 inhabitants for total inflammatory bowel diseases.

CONCLUSION

The inflammatory bowel diseases incidence in the studied area was as low as in other countries of Latin America and smaller than that found in countries of South Europe. The crescent prevalence justifies the policies to adequate medical cares for inflammatory bowel diseases patients in this area.

Mucosal immunology of geohelminth infections in humans

There is limited data on the human mucosal immune response to geohelminths, but extensive data from experimental animals. Geohelminth infections may modulate mucosal immunity with effects on parasite expulsion or persistence and mucosal inflammation. Geohelminths are considered to have important effects on immunity to mucosal vaccines, infectious disease susceptibility, and anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. This review will discuss the findings of studies of human immunity to geohelminths and their potential effects on non-parasite mucosal immune responses. Such effects are likely to be of public health importance in middle- and low-income countries where these parasites are endemic. There is a need for human studies on the effects of geohelminth infections on mucosal immunity and the potential for anthelmintic treatment to modify these effects. Such studies are likely to provide important insights into the regulation of mucosal immunity and inflammation, and the development of more effective mucosal vaccines.

Ulcerative colitis: current medical therapy and strategies for improving medication adherence

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is chronic inflammation of large intestine and often requires lifelong medication. Medical therapy aims to induce and maintain a clinical remission, reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and improve quality of life. Aminosalicylates are currently the first choice therapy both for the induction and the maintenance of remission in the patients with mild-to-moderate UC. For moderate-to-severe cases or those who do not respond to aminosalicylate therapy, additional treatment options including corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biological agents, cyclosporin, tacrolimus and surgery are available. Poor adherence to medication has been an important barrier to successful management of UC. Nonadherence has been associated with increased relapse rates, higher risk of colorectal cancer, poor quality of life and significantly increased healthcare costs. Therefore, improving adherence to medication is an important approach for a better care of the patients with UC. Definitive strategies are required to help the patients effectively self manage their disease and improve adherence. This review examines current medical therapy for UC, research progresses on medication adherence and the possible strategies for improving adherence in these patients.

Role of major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecules A*A5.1 allele in ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients. Immunology. 2009;128:e230-e236. [PMID: 19016911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02953.x] [Cited by in Crossref: 22] The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules A (MICA) is a stress-inducible cell surface antigen that is recognized by intestinal epithelial Vdelta1 gammadelta T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8(+) T cells with NKG2D receptor participating in the immunological reaction in the intestinal mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate the functions of the MICA*A5.1 allele in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the Chinese population. The microsatellite polymorphisms of MICA were genotyped in 124 unrelated Chinese patients with UC and 172 ethnically matched healthy controls using a semiautomatic fluorescently labelled polymerase chain reaction. MICA*A5.1-expressing Raji cells were generated by gene transfection. Cytotoxicity of NK cells to Raji cells expressing different MICA molecules was detected using the lactate dehydrogenase method. Soluble MICA in the culture supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The frequency of MICA*A5.1 was significantly higher in UC patients compared with the healthy controls (29.0% versus 17.4%, P = 0.001, corrected P = 0.005, OR = 1.936, 95% CI 1.310-2.863) and the frequency of a MICA*A5.1/A5.1 homozygous genotype was increased in UC patients (18.5% versus 7% in healthy controls, P = 0.0032, corrected P = 0.048, OR = 3.036, 95% CI 1.447-6.372). Raji cells with MICA*A5.1 expression produced more soluble MICA (t = 5.75, P < 0.01) than Raji cells with full-length MICA expression in culture supernatant. Raji cells with MICA*A5.1 expression were more resistant to killing by NK cells than Raji cells with full-length MICA expression. The MICA*A5.1 allele and MICA*A5.1/A5.1 genotype are significantly associated with Chinese UC patients in central China. MICA*A5.1 may play a role in the development of UC by producing more soluble MICA and resistance to NK cells

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules A (MICA) is a stress-inducible cell surface antigen that is recognized by intestinal epithelial Vdelta1 gammadelta T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8(+) T cells with NKG2D receptor participating in the immunological reaction in the intestinal mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate the functions of the MICA*A5.1 allele in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the Chinese population. The microsatellite polymorphisms of MICA were genotyped in 124 unrelated Chinese patients with UC and 172 ethnically matched healthy controls using a semiautomatic fluorescently labelled polymerase chain reaction. MICA*A5.1-expressing Raji cells were generated by gene transfection. Cytotoxicity of NK cells to Raji cells expressing different MICA molecules was detected using the lactate dehydrogenase method. Soluble MICA in the culture supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The frequency of MICA*A5.1 was significantly higher in UC patients compared with the healthy controls (29.0% versus 17.4%, P = 0.001, corrected P = 0.005, OR = 1.936, 95% CI 1.310-2.863) and the frequency of a MICA*A5.1/A5.1 homozygous genotype was increased in UC patients (18.5% versus 7% in healthy controls, P = 0.0032, corrected P = 0.048, OR = 3.036, 95% CI 1.447-6.372). Raji cells with MICA*A5.1 expression produced more soluble MICA (t = 5.75, P < 0.01) than Raji cells with full-length MICA expression in culture supernatant. Raji cells with MICA*A5.1 expression were more resistant to killing by NK cells than Raji cells with full-length MICA expression. The MICA*A5.1 allele and MICA*A5.1/A5.1 genotype are significantly associated with Chinese UC patients in central China. MICA*A5.1 may play a role in the development of UC by producing more soluble MICA and resistance to NK cells.

Crohn's disease in Tuzla region of Bosnia and Herzegovina: a 12-year study (1995-2006)

BACKGROUND

Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is one of the Eastern European countries with lacking data on Crohn's disease (CD) epidemiology.

GOAL

We aimed to assess incidence of CD in Tuzla Canton of B&H during a 12-year period (1995-2006).

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated hospital records of both CD inpatients and outpatients residing in Tuzla Canton of B&H (total of 496,280 inhabitants) between 1995 and 2006. Patient that satisfied previously described criteria were included in the study. Incidence rates were calculated with age standardisation using European standard population. Trends in incidence were evaluated as moving 3-year averages.

RESULTS

During the observed period, 140 patients met the diagnostic criteria for CD. Mean annual incidence was found to be 2.3/10(5) (95% CI=1.6-3.0) inhabitants ranging from 0.20 to 6.45 per 10(5). Mean annual crude incidence during the last 5 years of study (2002-2006) was 4.15/10(5) (95% CI=3.35-4.95). The prevalence of CD, at the end of the observed period was found to be 28.2/10(5) (95% CI=23.5-32.9). CD incidence increased dramatically from 0.27/10(5) in 1995-1997 to 4.84/10(5) in 2004-2006, as well as did the number of colonoscopies performed; from 29 in 1995 to 850 in 2006. We observed almost constant trend of around three new cases of CD per 100 colonoscopies performed.

CONCLUSIONS

(1)Our area is the region of moderate incidence of CD with the trend that remains toward continuing increase in the rates of CD, which is most likely a direct consequence of the growing number of performed colonoscopies. (2) We believe that in the future years, CD incidence in our region will probably further increase and stabilise at a level of around five cases per 10(5) inhabitants.

Inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and disease characteristics in Barbados, West Indies

BACKGROUND

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be lower among people of African descent than Caucasians. However, incidence studies among the former are uncommon and are often limited by incomplete case ascertainment or uncertainty about the size of the "at-risk" population.

METHODS

We report the incidence and prevalence of IBD among people of African ancestry in Barbados from island-wide disease surveillance over a 25-year period beginning January 1980.

RESULTS

The annual incidence of IBD age standardized to the world population was 1.85 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-2.22) for ulcerative colitis (UC) and 0.70 per 100,000 person-years (0.51-0.95) for Crohn's disease (CD). These incidence rates increased to 2.09 and 0.76 when standardized to the US population. The UC incidence rate increased from 1.3 in 1980-1984 to 2.3 in 1995-1999, and decreased to 1.6 in 2000-2004. The CD incidence rate followed a similar trend, rising from 0.3 in 1980-1984 to 1.3 in 1990-1994 before decreasing to 0.6. IBD prevalence in December 2004 was 44.3 per 100,000 person-years (36.7-53.0) for UC and 16.7 per 100,000 person-years (12.2-22.4) for CD. In the island-nation of Barbados, with a population in 2000 of 270,000, we expect between 4.3 and 6.1 new cases of UC and between 1.5 and 2.6 new cases of CD each year.

CONCLUSIONS

The reported rates are generally lower than reported for European and North American Caucasians, and are similar to The French West Indies--the only other IBD disease register in the Caribbean.

Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Malta between 1993 and 2005: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

The primary aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in Malta in a well-defined population during a 13-year study period.

METHODS

Diagnostic criteria for CD and UC were defined. A diagnosis of IBD was obtained from the histopathology reports at St. Luke's Hospital, Malta, between January 1993 and December 2005. The date of diagnosis was defined as the date of the first histopathology report revealing signs of IBD.

RESULTS

Incidence rates were standardized using the direct method on the European Standard Population. The mean incidence of UC in males was 8.16 per 100,000 per year and for females was 7.59 per 100,000 per year, while that for CD in males was 0.96 per 100,000 per year and for females 1.622 per 100,000 per year. Using linear regression, in UC there is an almost significant (P = 0.069) increasing trend with time but no difference by gender (P = 0.591). On the other hand, in CD there is no significant trend with time (P = 0.555) but almost a significant difference by gender (P = 0.078).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first Maltese study in which the incidence of IBD has been recorded. In Malta the incidence of UC is similar to the overall incidence of other European countries while the incidence of CD is lower. In fact, the incidence rates of CD are among the lowest in Europe, similar to other southern European countries.

Enzymes in feces: useful markers of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;381:63-68. [PMID: 17368600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.02.025] [Cited by in Crossref: 74] BACKGROUNDUlcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are characterized by a chronic intestinal inflammation. Since the precise etiology is still unknown, current therapies are aimed at reducing or eliminating inflammation.METHODSEndoscopy and histology on biopsy specimens remain the gold standard methods for detecting and quantifying bowel inflammation. These technique are expensive, invasive and not well tolerated by patients since the need of repeated examinations affects their quality of life. Although disease activity scores and laboratory inflammatory markers are widely used they showed unreliable relations with endoscopy and histology. Fecal markers have been investigated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by many authors for diagnostic purposes, to assess disease activity and of risk of complications, to predict relapse or recurrence, and to monitor the effect of therapy. Many inflammatory mediators have been detected in the feces such as leukocytes, cytokines and proteins from neutrophil activation. Some of these, particularly lactoferrin and calprotectin, have been demonstrated to be useful in detecting active inflammatory bowel disease, in predicting recurrence of disease after surgery or monitoring the effects of medical therapy. Calprotectin and lactoferrin are remarkably stable and easily detect in stool using ELISA so they appear to be equally recommendable as inflammation markers in the lower gastrointestinal tract especially in IBD patients.CONCLUSIONFecal markers are non-invasive, simple, cheap, sensitive and specific parameters and are useful to detect strointestinal inflammation

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are characterized by a chronic intestinal inflammation. Since the precise etiology is still unknown, current therapies are aimed at reducing or eliminating inflammation.

METHODS

Endoscopy and histology on biopsy specimens remain the gold standard methods for detecting and quantifying bowel inflammation. These technique are expensive, invasive and not well tolerated by patients since the need of repeated examinations affects their quality of life. Although disease activity scores and laboratory inflammatory markers are widely used they showed unreliable relations with endoscopy and histology. Fecal markers have been investigated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by many authors for diagnostic purposes, to assess disease activity and of risk of complications, to predict relapse or recurrence, and to monitor the effect of therapy. Many inflammatory mediators have been detected in the feces such as leukocytes, cytokines and proteins from neutrophil activation. Some of these, particularly lactoferrin and calprotectin, have been demonstrated to be useful in detecting active inflammatory bowel disease, in predicting recurrence of disease after surgery or monitoring the effects of medical therapy. Calprotectin and lactoferrin are remarkably stable and easily detect in stool using ELISA so they appear to be equally recommendable as inflammation markers in the lower gastrointestinal tract especially in IBD patients.

CONCLUSION

Fecal markers are non-invasive, simple, cheap, sensitive and specific parameters and are useful to detect strointestinal inflammation.

What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:620-625. [PMID: 17068271 DOI: 10.1136/pmj.2006.047035] [Cited by in Crossref: 19] Despite more than a century of existence as a clinical entity, the true origin of ulcerative colitis still remains elusive. Several factors probably contribute to the development of this condition. Recently discovered technologies have clarified the role of bacterial species, which may account for intestinal dysbiosis, as a factor triggering ulcerative colitis. Genetic susceptibility together with abnormal innate immunoreactivity probably comprise the essential prerequisites for the initiation and perpetuation of ulcerative colitis. Although the genetic background has been more clearly recognised in patients with Crohn's disease than in those with ulcerative colitis, some candidate loci associated with ulcerative colitis have also been intensively studied. Additionally, environmental factors may interfere with inherent predispositions to ulcerative colitis, and either suppress or reinforce them. Whatever the origin, the search for the aetiology of ulcerative colitis must have the same goal: the improvement of treatment and the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis

Despite more than a century of existence as a clinical entity, the true origin of ulcerative colitis still remains elusive. Several factors probably contribute to the development of this condition. Recently discovered technologies have clarified the role of bacterial species, which may account for intestinal dysbiosis, as a factor triggering ulcerative colitis. Genetic susceptibility together with abnormal innate immunoreactivity probably comprise the essential prerequisites for the initiation and perpetuation of ulcerative colitis. Although the genetic background has been more clearly recognised in patients with Crohn's disease than in those with ulcerative colitis, some candidate loci associated with ulcerative colitis have also been intensively studied. Additionally, environmental factors may interfere with inherent predispositions to ulcerative colitis, and either suppress or reinforce them. Whatever the origin, the search for the aetiology of ulcerative colitis must have the same goal: the improvement of treatment and the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Management of inflammatory bowel diseases in Eastern Europe

Limited data are available on the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in East European countries. The diagnostic tools and most treatment options are also available in Eastern Europe. The diagnostic procedures commonly used became more sophisticated in the past few years, with a greater use of computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and serology testing; however, double contrast barium enema, enteroclysis, and endoscopy remained standard. The medical therapy and surgical strategies are also somewhat different from those applied in Western countries. In ulcerative colitis, besides mesalazine, the use of sulphasalazine is still frequent, while azathioprine is only used in a minority of patients. The use of conventional corticosteroids is common and the rate of non-colorectal cancer associated colectomies is low. In contrast, 5-aminosalicylates are still used for maintenance in Crohn's disease and azathioprine is generally less frequently given compared with Western Europe. Biological agents have also become available about five years ago, yet their use is restricted mainly to specialised centres.

Recent trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: Up or down?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is traditionally considered to be common in the Western world, and its incidence has sharply increased since the early 1950s. In contrast, until the last decade, low prevalence and incidence rates have been reported from other parts of the world including Eastern Europe, South America, Asia and the Pacific region. Recent trends indicate a change in the epidemiology of IBD with previously low incidence areas now reporting a progressive rise in the incidence, while in West European and North American countries the figures have stabilized or slightly increased, with decreasing incidence rates for ulcerative colitis. Some of these changes may represent differences in diagnostic practices and increasing awareness of the disease. The quality of studies is also variable. Additional epidemiologic studies are needed to better define the burden of illness, explore the mechanism of association with environmental factors, and identify new risk factors.