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Eltobgy A, Aljabali A, Farag A, Elshorbgy M, Hamed M, Hamouda E, Hamouda H, Refaey N, Kabeel M, Amro S, Abouheseba T, Tarek M. Effects of pubic hair grooming on women's sexual health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:171. [PMID: 38468306 PMCID: PMC10926629 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pubic hair grooming involves the partial or complete removal of pubic hair, and it is a common practice among men and women. Grooming is more prevalent in women, who employ various methods such as shaving, waxing and laser removal. However, it is associated with variable rates of post-grooming adverse outcomes including lacerations and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing women's sexual health outcomes between those who groom and those who don't. METHODS We followed the MOOSE guidelines and conducted a computerized-based search using (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid Medline), till June 20th, 2022, for eligible studies using the relevant keywords; (pubic hair grooming) OR (pubic hair removal OR Genital hairless OR Bikini hair removal OR pubic hair depilation). Cross-sectional studies included which compared grooming practices among women in terms of motivation and health outcomes. Women's satisfaction and incidence of STIs were pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR) respectively. RESULTS Twenty-Two cross-sectional studies were included in our review with 73,091 participant.The odds of having gram-negative gonorrheal and chlamydial infection in Pubic hair groomers were found to be statistically significant (OR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.31, 1.84], P < 0.001) (OR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.32, 1.85], P < 0.001] respectively. There was no difference between groomer and non-groomer women regarding viral infections such as genital herpes (OR = 1.40, 95% CI [0.56, 3.50], P = 0.47) and Condyloma acuminata (OR = 1.75, 95% CI [0.51, 6.01], P = 0.37). The most common grooming side effect is genital itching (prevalence = 26.9%, P < 0.001). Non-electrical razor (prevalence = 69.3%, P < 0.001) is the most common grooming method. White women (prevalence = 80.2%, P < 0.001) remove pubic hair more frequently compared to black women (prevalence = 12.2%, P < 0.001). Women practice complete grooming (50.3%, P < 0.001) of the pubic hair more frequently than partial grooming (33.1%, P < 0.001). There are no differences in women's satisfaction between the two groups (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40], P = 0.39). CONCLUSION This review aligns with previous observational studies regarding sexual health outcomes of pubic hair grooming. There is a need to raise awareness among women regarding the safe practice of pubic hair grooming, emphasizing the clarification of hazards and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Eltobgy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine For Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Aljabali
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Farag
- Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Elshorbgy
- Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Hamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Gharyan University, Gharyan, Libya
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa Hamouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Hamouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen Refaey
- Department of Physical Therapy for Women's Health, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Kabeel
- Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Amro
- Faculty of Medicine, Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Toka Abouheseba
- Faculty of Medicine, Asyut University, Asyut, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Tarek
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 3050, Cairo, Egypt
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Müller VL, Kreuter A, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P. [Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VII increasingly causes anogenital infections]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 75:48-54. [PMID: 38189829 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In the course of globalization, migration and global warming, we are increasingly confronted with pathogens that do not occur naturally in our latitudes or appear in a different form. We know keratinophilic dermatophytes as the cause of tinea pedis, onychomycosis and also tinea corporis and capitis. Transmission usually occurs via domestic or farm animals and via autoinoculation. In recent years dermatophytes have gained additional importance as a possible sexually transmitted disease between immunocompetent persons. For the first time, dermatophytosis was described as a sexually transmitted infection in travelers who developed pronounced pubogenital or anogenital tinea after travelling in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, mostly after intensive sexual contact. Molecular and cultural analyses have identified Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes ITS (internal transcribed spacer) genotype VII as the main pathogen. Although this dermatophyte genotypically belongs to the zoophilic complex, direct (sexual) and occasionally indirect human-to-human contact with infected persons is suspected to be the current route of transmission. The infection can lead to inflammatory and purulent dermatophytosis, causing a high level of suffering. In this respect, a rapid and reliable diagnosis is essential in order to be able to initiate targeted treatment. The discovery of infection pathways and the awareness of the need to take rare diseases into account in our everyday lives will increasingly accompany us over the next few years and present us with new challenges, particularly in terms of prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Laura Müller
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Johannes Klinikum Duisburg, Dieselstr. 185, 47166, Duisburg, Deutschland.
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Johannes Klinikum Duisburg, Dieselstr. 185, 47166, Duisburg, Deutschland
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Helios St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen/Universität Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Deutschland
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- labopart - Medizinische Laboratorien, Labor Leipzig-Mölbis, Rötha OT Mölbis, Deutschland
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- labopart - Medizinische Laboratorien, Labor Leipzig-Mölbis, Rötha OT Mölbis, Deutschland
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Galbarczyk A, Marcinkowska UM, Klimek M, Jasienska G. Extreme pubic hair removal as a potential risk factor for recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19045. [PMID: 37923873 PMCID: PMC10624866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infections experienced by women. Previously, scalp and facial hair in men have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Here we hypothesize that having hairy genitalia might protect women from UTI. This study investigated grooming habits and occurrence of UTIs in the past 12 months in 2409 women (aged 18-45). Women who reported removing all their pubic hair at least weekly were defined as extreme groomers (66.8%). We collected additional information on covariates including age, having a first UTI at or before age 15, spermicide use, having a new sex partner, and frequency of sexual intercourse during the past year. Extreme grooming was not associated with the risk of being diagnosed with UTI (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.90-1.52), but was associated with a higher risk of recurrent UTIs, defined as three or more UTIs within 12 months (OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.35-7.06), after controlling for age, history of UTIs, and sexual practices. Other studies have found that hygienic purposes are the most common motivations for pubic hair removal. These results suggest that along with their pubes, women may be getting rid of important microbial niche and protection against recurrent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Urszula M Marcinkowska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimek
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Mezin-Sarbu E, Wohlrab J. Epilation und Depilation im Intimbereich - Motivation, Methoden, Risiken und Handlungsempfehlungen aus dermatologischer Sicht. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:455-463. [PMID: 37183736 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14993_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Mezin-Sarbu
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale)
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale)
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Deans R, Cui CK, Tam C, Coronel ABL, Rosa G, Gerstl B. Attitudes and practices associated with pubic hair grooming behaviours: A cross-sectional study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2023; 63:109-117. [PMID: 36529139 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female pubic hair grooming (PHG) habits have changed in the last 20 years. Most studies present findings around female PHG attitudes, practices, and behaviours, lacking data on male attitudes and practices. AIMS We explored the attitudes and practices of PHG from male and female perspectives. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional convenience survey was conducted online with 1560 male and female young adult participants aged 18 to 25 years. The study was conducted over two time periods (2014 and 2021). The survey explored attitudes, practices, and behaviours around PHG. Descriptive statistics included frequencies and proportions for categorical variables and the median for continuous variables. Males and females were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. We used logistic regression to explore independent factors of PHG. RESULTS Seventy-two percent (n = 471/728) of females and 64.7% (n = 257/728) of males were likely to engage in PHG. Participants were more likely to groom their pubic hair for reasons associated with religion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 9.01, 95% CI: 2.87-28.2), comfort when wearing clothing (aOR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.52-9.71), a neater and cleaner genital appearance (aOR: 3.90, 95% CI: 1.62-9.41) and before attending a healthcare consultation (aOR: 4.79, 95% CI: 2.27-10.09). Moreover, twice as many females compared with male groomers reported watching pornography (69.7% vs 30.3%). CONCLUSION Several factors can influence PHG. Our findings demonstrate that the reasons participants engage in PHG practices are for hygiene, aesthetics, comfort, and sexual satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Deans
- School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Tam
- School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Gabriela Rosa
- The Rosa Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brigitte Gerstl
- Academic Unit of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Services (AUCS), SWSLHD and Ingham Institute.,Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Burmann SN, Oellig F, Gräser Y, Michalowitz AL, Paschos A, Kreuter A. Sexually acquired pubogenital dermatophytosis induced by Trichophyton quinckeanum. Int J STD AIDS 2022; 33:508-510. [PMID: 35282716 DOI: 10.1177/09564624211068782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tinea corporis is a common superficial dermatophytosis mostly located at the trunk and extremities. In contrast, tinea of the anogenital region is rare and predominantly occurs in tropical countries. In recent years, a distinctive variant of pubogenital tinea (PT) characterized by deep tissue infiltration and systemic symptoms has been reported, and transmission via sexual contacts has been hypothezised. In the majority of cases, a new genotype of Trichophyton mentagrophytes classified as T. mentagrophytes VII was detected as the causative pathogen. We report a case of PT caused by T. quinckeanum that experienced a strong inflammatory reaction following initiation of successful antifungal treatment with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Niklas Burmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS St Elisabeth, Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Germany
| | - Frank Oellig
- Pathology Rhein-Ruhr, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- National Reference Laboratory for Dermatophytes, Institute for Microbiology and Infection Immunology, 14903Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Alena-Lioba Michalowitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS St Elisabeth, Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Germany
| | - Alexandros Paschos
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS St Elisabeth, Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS St Elisabeth, Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Germany
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Greenstadt E, Walsh-Buhi ML, Robertson M, Dao B, Walsh-Buhi ER. "While You're Down There": The Unexplored Role of Estheticians in the Health of Their Clients. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:321-329. [PMID: 33225767 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1840498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Young women (18-25 years) are more likely to engage in pubic hair removal and experience higher rates of negative sexual health outcomes (e.g., sexually transmitted infections [STIs]). Hair removal salons may serve as novel environments for health interventions. The Sexual Health and Esthetician (SHE) Study aimed to better understand the pubic hair removal profession, explore the esthetician-client relationship, and assess potential for esthetician offices/salons serving as health promotion/sexual health promotion intervention settings. Using an exploratory qualitative design, in-depth interviews (N = 28) were conducted with licensed estheticians who provided pubic waxing services. In a large urban area in Southern California, the catchment area of salons included five unique neighborhoods, each with high reported STI rates. Data were analyzed using a social constructivist perspective and emergent themes from interviews. Synthesis of data showed estheticians provide a variety of waxing services for young women; during appointments, sex-related discussions occur, creating "sexy spaces" where otherwise taboo conversations happen with ease; they notice clients' possible health concerns, including STIs, but have no protocols/procedures for handling these occurrences; and interactions with clients often result in the development of an intimate bond. Results indicate estheticians may be effective conveyors of sexual health promotion and risk reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greenstadt
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego Health
| | | | | | - Brandon Dao
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology
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Davis AC, Arnocky S. An Evolutionary Perspective on Appearance Enhancement Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3-37. [PMID: 33025291 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have highlighted numerous sociocultural factors that have been shown to underpin human appearance enhancement practices, including the influence of peers, family, the media, and sexual objectification. Fewer scholars have approached appearance enhancement from an evolutionary perspective or considered how sociocultural factors interact with evolved psychology to produce appearance enhancement behavior. Following others, we argue that evidence from the field of evolutionary psychology can complement existing sociocultural models by yielding unique insight into the historical and cross-cultural ubiquity of competition over aspects of physical appearance to embody what is desired by potential mates. An evolutionary lens can help to make sense of reliable sex and individual differences that impact appearance enhancement, as well as the context-dependent nature of putative adaptations that function to increase physical attractiveness. In the current review, appearance enhancement is described as a self-promotion strategy used to enhance reproductive success by rendering oneself more attractive than rivals to mates, thereby increasing one's mate value. The varied ways in which humans enhance their appearance are described, as well as the divergent tactics used by women and men to augment their appearance, which correspond to the preferences of opposite-sex mates in a heterosexual context. Evolutionarily relevant individual differences and contextual factors that vary predictably with appearance enhancement behavior are also discussed. The complementarity of sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives is emphasized and recommended avenues for future interdisciplinary research are provided for scholars interested in studying appearance enhancement behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Davis
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada.
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Bhargava P, Singdia H, Nijhawan S, Mathur DK, Bhargava RK. A study of biophysical profile of inguinal skin: An implication for health and disease. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2021; 42:7-13. [PMID: 34765931 PMCID: PMC8579585 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_101_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Inguinal skin is prone to various infectious dermatological conditions such as erythrasma, intertrigo, hidradenitis suppurativa, folliculitis, dermatophytic infection, and various sexually transmitted diseases, as compared to the skin elsewhere. Aim: Our study attempts to compare the biophysical profile parameters (BPPs) of the genital skin with that of the rest of the body, while taking skin of the upper back as control. It also attempts to find out if there is a difference in BPPs of the two sites and that how the change in the BPPs, bring about change in microbiome and make inguinal skin more prone to infections. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based comparative study conducted over 976 patients (600 males and 376 females) of age group 18–60 years, where BPP parameters such as hydration, skin pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and sebum content were measured over the skin of the upper back and right inguinal region, and the results were summarized and presented as proportions (%). Chi-square test was used to compare abnormal findings. P ≤ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. MedCalc 16.4 version software was used for all statistical calculations. Results: Significant difference was noted in skin pH and TEWL, where P value came out to be <0.05, which was statistically significant, whereas there was minimal difference in sebum content and skin hydration in both the areas, in males and females. Conclusion: Raised skin pH disturbs organization of lipid bilayers (disturbed barrier), decreases lipid processing (impaired SC cohesion), and increases serine protease activity (reduced AMP). Increased TEWL (defect in physical barrier) and decreased hydration predispose the genital skin to infections. Use of pH buffered solutions (3–4), barrier repair creams containing ceramides, and barrier protective creams with dimethicone can help prevent these inguinal dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Bhargava
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Heena Singdia
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shivi Nijhawan
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak K Mathur
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rishi K Bhargava
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Bauer IL. Healthy, safe and responsible: the modern female traveller. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 34090539 PMCID: PMC8180038 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-021-00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One-half of all travellers are women; yet, there is a distinct lack of detailed travel health knowledge on topics of unique relevance to women. While there is medical advice relating to stages in the female lifecycle, it neglects women-specific practical aspects despite their ability to harm travellers’ health and cause inconvenience. This paper discusses comprehensively three major aspects of travel as they relate to women. First, it suggests the management of personal hygiene, bodily functions, menstruation and sexual behaviour, and alerts to the limited knowledge on travel mental health issues. Second, apart from travelling in a female body with its specific demands, being a woman requires special attention to safety and security. Within various travel contexts, women have many opportunities for minimising potential risks. Finally, guided by travel medicine’s acknowledgment of its role in the concept of responsible travel, this article goes beyond the usual general statements and broad advice and offers detailed and practical suggestions on how the female traveller can contribute to the overall goal of minimising any potential harm to fellow humans and the natural environment. Recognising the scarcity of women-specific travel information, pathways to better education, and a range of suggestions for urgent research facilitate the provision of high-quality travel health care tailored specifically to women’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard L Bauer
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
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Pubic Hair Grooming and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Clinic-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 47:419-425. [PMID: 32187167 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pubic hair grooming has been correlated with a self-reported history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We examined this relationship further in a cross-sectional survey of patients attending an urban STI clinic in San Francisco in 2018. METHODS Pubic hair grooming practices and detailed sexual histories were obtained. Sexually transmitted infections were confirmed via laboratory diagnosis or physical examination by a licensed provider. RESULTS A total of 314 individuals completed the survey. The median age of participants was 31 years. In total, there were 247 (80%) men, 58 (19%) women, and 5 (2%) transgender participants. Of the 247 men, 177 (72%) identified as gay or bisexual. Twenty-five (82%) of 314 patients reported pubic hair grooming within the past 3 months. Seventy-eight (25%) patients were diagnosed with a new STI during their visit. There were no significant associations between reporting any anal or genital grooming and being diagnosed with an STI. However, anal groomers were 3 times as likely to be diagnosed with a rectal STI after adjustment (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.5) compared with genital only groomers and nongroomers. Participants who report removing all of their pubic hair more than 6 times within the past year had higher prevalence of genital STIs (33.3%, 6-10 times; 28.6%, >10 times) compared with participants who never groom all of their pubic hair (15.3%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We found no association between recent grooming and genital STIs. Anal grooming was associated with rectal STIs in gay and bisexual men.
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Patel PU, Tan A, Levell NJ. A clinical review and history of pubic lice. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:1181-1188. [PMID: 33811771 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ectoparasite Pthirus pubis (PtP), commonly known as the crab or pubic louse, has plagued primates from prehistoric apes to Homo sapiens. We combed the literature from antiquity to the present day, reviewing the pubic louse's origins, its evolution with mankind, and its presentation and management. MEDLINE and EMBASE provided the greatest yield of literature compared with other databases. Estimates for PtP incidence range from 0.3% to 4.6% and for prevalence around 2% in adults. War, disasters and overcrowding support lice transmission, but modern pubic hair grooming has reduced the incidence of PtP in recent years. PtP, is usually found on pubic hair, but may infest scalp and body hair, eyebrows and eyelashes. Reports suggest the possibility of PtP as a vector for Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp., which require further study. Transmission of PtP is via close contact, so sexual abuse and concomitant sexually transmitted infections should be considered. Symptoms and signs of infestation include pruritus, red papules and rust/brown deposits from feeding or faecal matter. Visualization of live lice confirms the diagnosis. Traditional treatments include hand-picking and combing, but in modern times pediculicidal products may generate faster resolution. Permethrin or pyrethrins are the first-line recommendations. Resistance to pediculicides is common with head lice and is presumed likely with PtP, although data are lacking. Pseudoresistance occurs as a result of poor compliance, incorrect or ineffective dosing, and reinfestation. In true resistance, a different pediculicide class should be used, e.g. second-line agents such as phenothrin, malathion or ivermectin. Lice have existed long before humans and given their adaptability, despite habitat challenges from fashion trends in body hair removal, are likely to continue to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P U Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - A Tan
- Genitourinary Medicine Department, iCASH Norwich, Cambridge Community Services NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - N J Levell
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
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13
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Bare Versus Hair: Do Pubic Hair Grooming Preferences Dictate the Urogenital Microbiome? Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2020; 27:532-537. [PMID: 33181518 DOI: 10.1097/spv.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether the genitourinary microbiome differs between and within women with and without pubic hair. METHODS Premenopausal women who self-identified into 2 groups were recruited: in the "hair" group, women did not remove any pubic hair, and in the "bare" group, all pubic hair was removed routinely. Participants submitted a vaginal swab, a voided urine sample, and a catheterized urine sample, and then "crossed over." The "hair" group removed all hair for 1 month, and the "bare" group grew hair for 2 months. After crossover, participants again submitted a vaginal swab, a voided urine sample, and a catheterized urine sample. Ten participants acted as controls. DNA was extracted, and the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the MiSeq platform. Paired-end sequences were imported into QIIME2-2018.6. Alpha diversity (the number and proportion of species in an individual sample) and beta diversity (differences in microbial composition between samples) were evaluated. RESULTS Forty-two participants were analyzed: 16 "bare to hair" crossovers, 16 "hair-to-bare" crossovers, and 10 controls. The microbiome varied by sample type: vaginal swabs had the lowest alpha diversity and catheterized urine had the highest (P < 0.001). At baseline, there were no differences in the alpha or beta diversity of urine or vaginal microbiomes between groups. Vaginal beta diversity at visit 2 was greater within crossovers than controls (P = 0.004), suggesting that altering hair status alters the microbiome composition. Urinary beta diversity was not different at visit 2 (P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Pubic hair status does not determine one's baseline genitourinary microbiome, but women who change their hair status may alter their vaginal microbiome.
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Zare A, Janghorban R. Awareness and Practice of Female Beauty Salon Staff about Human Papilloma Virus and Its Transmission in Pubic Hair Removal Using Wax in Shiraz, Southwest of Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2020; 9:24. [PMID: 33072636 PMCID: PMC7532815 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_241_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The most common sexually transmitted infection is infection by human papilloma virus (HPV). Although the main transmission route of HPV is through sexual intercourse, the contact of the skin with the genital area skin is another known method for transmission. This study aims to examine the awareness and practice of female beauty salon staff about HPV and its transmission in pubic hair removal using wax. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 female beauty salon staff who do bikini waxing in Shiraz, Iran. Demographic information, awareness, and practice of them were gathered using the researcher-constructed questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 18. Results: Mean awareness and practice scores of beauty salon staff about HPV and its transmission in bikini waxing were 26.6 ± 12.8 and 5.5 ± 0.8, respectively, and in average range. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between practice and education (P = 0.04), but the relationship between the awareness and education was not seen (P = 0.72). There was no statistically significant relationship between age and work experience with awareness and practice of staff (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The awareness and practice of beauty salon staff about HPV and its transmission in bikini waxing are moderate. Therefore, it seems that the implementation of continuous educational program by the Union of women’s beauty salons is necessary to increase and improve the awareness and practice of female beauty salon staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zare
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roksana Janghorban
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Community-Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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G. Haufs M. Some Additional Aspects. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 117:612. [PMID: 33263533 PMCID: PMC7805583 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Haufs
- *Facharztpraxis für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, Allergologie, Umweltmedizin Münster
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16
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Jenkins A, O’Doherty KC. The clean vagina, the healthy vagina, and the dirty vagina: Exploring women’s portrayals of the vagina in relation to vaginal cleansing product use. FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0959353520944144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal cleansing products such as douches, sprays, wipes, powders, washes, and deodorants are part of a growing $2 billion industry in North America. Part of the appeal of these products is supposedly attaining vaginal cleanliness, which is marketed in association with product use. Although these products are promoted as healthy, medical research indicates potential health risks for some of these products (e.g. yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and disruption of the vaginal microbiota). Despite these risks, many women use these products. In this paper, we draw on interviews with women who use vaginal cleansing products to examine the ways in which particular portrayals of the vagina are connected with broader societal messages about female genitalia and with motivations to use vaginal cleansing practices. These portrayals include the healthy vagina, the clean vagina, and the dirty vagina. We show that although participants in our study valued both a clean vagina and a healthy vagina, when tension occurred between these two portrayals, participants prioritized vaginal cleanliness over vaginal health. We argue that this prioritization of the idealized clean vagina is connected to societal pressures of needing to attain unrealistic standards of vaginal cleanliness.
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17
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Beksinska M, Lulie B, Beesham I, Smit J. Pubic hair grooming practices in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: prevalence, side effects and association with sexually transmitted infections. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:1034-1039. [PMID: 32753000 DOI: 10.1177/0956462420941709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pubic hair grooming is common in many countries, but little is known about this practice in Africa. Grooming has been positively associated with self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and safety of pubic hair grooming in two South African settings. In KwaZulu-Natal province, 1218 women participating in the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes Trial completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire on pubic hair grooming practices, and were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Pubic hair removal was reported by 705 (58.2%) of women. Common areas for grooming were the pubis (n = 616, 99.4%), vagina/perineum (n = 529, 85.3%) and inner thigh (n = 255, 41.1%). Half (n= 361, 51.4%) removed some or all of their pubic hair at least monthly and 59 (8.4%) once a week or more often. Common side effects reported included itching (n = 439, 77.1%) and pimples and blisters (n = 249, 43.9%). A quarter (n = 173, 24.5%) of groomers had a positive result for either or both of CT and NG compared to a fifth (n = 98, 19.4%) of non-groomers (p-value < 0.033). There was no difference between the groups for HSV-2. After adjusting for age and having more than one sex partner, groomers were significantly more likely to have CT or NG than non-groomers (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.19-1.45). Similarly, those who experienced hair removal-related complications had 1.26 times the odds of testing positive for CT or NG (95% CI: 1.03-1.54). The practice of pubic hair removal is common and reporting of side effects is high in this population. These injuries could put women at a higher risk of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mags Beksinska
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bethel Lulie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Ivana Beesham
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jenni Smit
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
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18
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Borkenhagen A, Mirastschijski U, Strauss B, Gieler U, Braehler E. Body hair removal: Prevalence, demographics, and body experience among men and women in Germany. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:2886-2892. [PMID: 32167230 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body hair removal is an increasing trend that has an impact on the individual's body image. AIMS To characterize current body hair removal practices in Germany and the extent to which body hair removal was related to demographic characteristics, body image, and body mass index. PATIENTS/METHODS A national survey was conducted from September to October 2016 in men and women in Germany. Body experience was measured by a standardized questionnaire. In addition to sociodemographic data, age, gender, education, marital status, monthly income, and body mass index were collected. RESULTS A total of n = 2510 participants aged 14 to 94 years (Mage = 48.4 years (SD = 18.2), 53.4% females) were randomly selected from the general population. 69% of the questioned women removed their body hair while only 41% of men do. The gender effect is statistically significant (χ2 = 203.43; df = 1; P < .001). Income, a higher level of education, and living in an urban region were significantly associated with body hair removal in both, men and women. Furthermore, significant differences with regard to body image were found between hair removers and nonremovers which are associated with a different attitude toward the own body. CONCLUSIONS Germans were likely to remove body hair if they were of younger age, better educated, and with high income. Hair removal is above all a women's issue. Especially, female hair removers experience their body as an esthetic entity with the need of active reshaping. There is a "shift" from ideal of a naturally hairy body to an increased hairlessness in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Borkenhagen
- University Hospital for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Strauss
- Institut of Psychosocial Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Gieler
- Clinic of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Elmar Braehler
- Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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García-Souto F, Pérez-Gil A, Peña-Sánchez R, Escudero-Ordoñez J. Worsening of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) with pubic hair removal. Int J Dermatol 2019; 59:e46-e48. [PMID: 31646621 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amalia Pérez-Gil
- Department of Dermatology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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20
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McBride KR. Examining Heterosexual Women's Anal Sexual Health Knowledge and Product Use. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:1070-1082. [PMID: 29746181 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1467368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence rates indicate that receptive anal sex is increasingly part of heterosexual women's sexual repertoire. However, there is a body of literature linking this behavior to risk for adverse sexual health outcomes. Women's anal sexual health knowledge and awareness of behaviors associated with elevated risk have received less attention in the research literature. The aim of the current study was to examine anal sexual health knowledge and product use among heterosexual women aged 18 to 30 years. A total of 33 self-identified heterosexual women recruited from the general population participated in one of six focus groups. The results suggest that knowledge was variable. Salient sexual health themes centered on risks of human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infections (HIV/STIs), other infections, and physical harm/damage. Product-use themes included cleanliness/hygiene, comfort, and product safety. Participants expressed the desire for anal sexual health education. The results have implications for sexual health research, education, and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R McBride
- School of Population Health
- Health Disparities Research Collaborative, University of Toledo
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21
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Association between pubic hair grooming and prevalent sexually transmitted infection among female university students. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221303. [PMID: 31483828 PMCID: PMC6726136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have suggested an association between pubic hair grooming and self-reported history of sexually transmitted infection (STI), specifically gonococcal infection (GC), chlamydial infection (CT), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We evaluated the association between self-reported extreme grooming and laboratory-confirmed prevalence of GC/CT. Between April 2017 and April 2018, we enrolled English-speaking, adult, female students at a large, Midwestern university who presented on-campus for STI testing. Participants completed a questionnaire on demographics and sexual and grooming behaviors, which was linked to their GC/CT test results based on nucleic acid amplification testing. We defined extreme grooming as removal of all pubic hair either at least weekly in the past 12 months or ≥6 times in the past 30 days. We used two separate logistic regression models to determine whether odds of GC/CT varied by extreme groomer status for either time interval. In the study sample of 214 women, prevalence of GC/CT was 9.8%. Nearly all participants (98.1%) reported ever grooming; 53.6% were extreme groomers in the past year and 18% in the past month. Extreme grooming was not associated with prevalent GC/CT in the past year (odds ratio [OR] = 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3-1.9; adjusted OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.3-2.0) or in the past month (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.1-2.0; aOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.1-1.9). Pubic hair grooming was common among female university students attending for STI testing. Findings do not support pubic hair grooming as an STI risk factor in this population.
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22
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Kupsch C, Czaika V, Deutsch C, Gräser Y. Trichophyton mentagrophytes
– ein neuer Genotyp des zoophilen Dermatophyten verursacht sexuell übertragbare Infektionen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:493-502. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13776_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kupsch
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für DermatophytenInstitut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsimmunologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | | | - Cornelia Deutsch
- Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für DermatophytenInstitut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsimmunologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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23
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Klann AM, Rosenberg J, Wang T, Parker SE, Harlow BL. Exploring Hygienic Behaviors and Vulvodynia. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2019; 23:220-225. [PMID: 30973443 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vulvodynia is common and characterized by vulvar discomfort and pain. However, few studies have assessed hygienic practices in relation to onset. We investigated whether hygienic behaviors were associated with the onset of vulvodynia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed a self-reported history of personal hygienic behaviors, including wearing tight-fitting clothing, vulva care and genital washing, pubic hair removal, douching, and powdering, a year before first reported onset of vulvar pain among 213 clinically confirmed cases and a similar time period among 221 general population controls. RESULTS Compared with women who reported never wearing tight-fitting jeans or pants, women wearing tight-fitting jeans or pants 4 or more times per week had twice the odds of vulvodynia (95% CI = 1.14-3.95). Relative to controls, women with vulvodynia were substantially less likely to report use of soaps and gels to cleanse the vulva (95% CI = 0.17-0.63). Among women who chose to remove pubic hair, those who removed pubic hair from the mons pubis compared with bikini-area only hair removal, were 74% more likely to have vulvodynia (95% CI = 1.05-2.89). Finally, compared with women who reported bikini-area only hair removal less than monthly, those who removed hair from the mons pubis weekly or more were nearly 2 times more likely to be vulvodynia cases (95% CI = 0.83-3.49). CONCLUSIONS Wearing tight-fitting jeans or pants and removing hair from the mons pubis area were associated with increased odds of vulvodynia. Research on how hygienic practices could influence vulvar pain in larger and more temporally addressed populations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanran Wang
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Bernard L Harlow
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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24
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Kupsch C, Czaika VA, Deutsch C, Gräser Y. Trichophyton mentagrophytes - a new genotype of zoophilic dermatophyte causes sexually transmitted infections. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:493-501. [PMID: 30775844 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new genotype of the zoophilic fungal species Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes was recently described in two studies. It was isolated from three patients who had visited Southeast Asia and one patient who had visited Egypt. In contrast to these studies, we have observed a number of cases with the dimensions of an epidemic outbreak. PATIENTS AND METHODS At the University Hospital Charité Berlin, 43 patients, mostly suffering from highly inflammatory, painful and persistent infections of the pubogenital region were observed between January 2016 and July 2017. Mycological examination was performed with fungal culture and sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of the ribosomal DNA. Three additional genomic regions were spot-checked. RESULTS In 37 of the cases, a new genotype of T. mentagrophytes (referred to here as T. mentagrophytes VII) was isolated as the etiological agent, and sequencing revealed identical sequences for all isolates. Most of the infected patients had no history of travel, and only two patients reported contact with animals. CONCLUSIONS The new genotype clustered phylogenetically among the strains of the zoophilic species T. mentagrophytes with four different DNA markers. While human-to-human transmission of zoophilic dermatophytes is rare, transmission via sexual contact seemed to be quite effective here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kupsch
- National Reference Laboratory for Dermatophytes, Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Deutsch
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- National Reference Laboratory for Dermatophytes, Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Rouzi AA, Berg RC, Turkistani J, Alamoudi R, Alsinani N, Alkafy S, Alwazzan A. Practices and complications of pubic hair removal among Saudi women. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2018; 18:172. [PMID: 30348152 PMCID: PMC6196448 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Pubic hair grooming, including the complete removal of pubic hair, has become an increasingly common practice, particularly among young women. Although widespread, there is limited data regarding the methods, products, reasons, and complications of pubic hair removal, particularly among Saudi women. The objective was to examine pubic hair removal practices and the prevalence of its complications among Saudi women living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Saudi women between 16 and 60 years of age who had the ability to read and speak Arabic, were eligible to complete an anonymous and self-administered survey on pubic hair removal practices and its complications. Results Between December 2015 and September 2016, 400 Saudi women completed the survey. The age was 26.3 ± 6.9, 16–58 (mean ± SD, range) years. About three quarters (77.0%) self-removed their pubic hair, while the remainder made use of professional personnel in medical clinics (15.5%), beauty salons (5.3%), and professional services at home (2.2%). Many women (41.8%) used a combination of hair removal methods, with non-electric razor as the most common single method used (33.5%), followed by laser (8.7%), sugaring (6.0%), waxing (4.5%), trimming (2.0%), electric razor (2.0%), and cream (1.5%). Three-quarters of women (75.5%) reported complications, and although they were mostly minor injuries, treatment had to be sought for 17.9% of complications. Multivariable analyses showed that no variables remained correlated with the occurrence of complications (age of starting hair removal, income, BMI, level of education, mode of removal, advice on removal). Conclusions Saudi women initiate pubic hair removal in early adolescence. While most complications are minor, close to one in five women experience complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahim A Rouzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rigmor C Berg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, The University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - Jamela Turkistani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alamoudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Alsinani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souzan Alkafy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alwazzan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
CONTEXT: Infections are common in contact sports. This review aims to describe the epidemiology, presenting signs and symptoms, treatment guidelines, and regulations for several common infections seen in contact sport athletes. The conditions discussed include bacterial skin infections, herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum, common warts, tinea, scabies, head lice, conjunctivitis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and vaccine-preventable illnesses. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Searches were performed across PubMed and MEDLINE research databases. In addition, general internet search engine results and reviews of reference lists of relevant papers were used to identify additional sources of evidence. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4. RESULTS: The most common infections seen in contact sport athletes include bacterial skin infections, herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum, common warts, tinea, scabies, head lice, conjunctivitis, and vaccine-preventable illnesses. Other infections, including human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C, are uncommon but potentially life threatening. CONCLUSION: Infections are common in contact sport athletes. The provider who cares for these athletes should be aware of the most common infections and their appropriate management. Early diagnosis and appropriate clinical management are important for treating the infected athlete, minimizing risk of transmission, minimizing time lost from competition, and preventing large outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Peterson
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Emma Nash
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - B.J. Anderson
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Boynton Health Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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27
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Grossman SL, Annunziato RA. Risky business: is pubic hair removal by women associated with body image and sexual health? Sex Health 2018; 15:269-275. [DOI: 10.1071/sh17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Body hair removal is a behaviour that has become normative among women in Westernised cultures, and is presented by the media as the feminine ideal, despite being painful and a potential cause of infection. Of concern, removal may be part of a more global pattern of appearance dissatisfaction and risky sexual behaviour. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships among pubic hair removal, body image and sexual health indicators. Methods: Women (n = 264; Mage = 33.82, s.d. = 11.13, range = 18–66) completed self-report questionnaires assessing these constructs, including an assessment of body hair removal practices. Results: Greater appearance concerns (as measured by thin-ideal internalisation, appearance investment and self-objectification) and sexual health indicators (i.e. less condom use self-efficacy when a partner disapproves of condom use) all predicted greater importance of reasons for pubic hair removal (R2 = 0.315, F(8184) = 9.97, P < 0.001), controlling for age groups. Additionally, women who removed a greater amount of hair reported more thin-ideal internalisation and appearance investment than those who removed less hair. Conclusions: Women who express stronger reasoning for pubic hair removal, and remove a larger amount of it, may endorse problematic beliefs and behaviours particularly related to appearance concerns. It is important for practitioners to consider this practice as distinct from grooming and to be aware of its association with a broader array of risky beliefs and behaviours that can compromise women’s well-being.
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28
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Truesdale MD, Osterberg EC, Gaither TW, Awad MA, Elmer-DeWitt MA, Sutcliffe S, Allen I, Breyer BN. Prevalence of Pubic Hair Grooming-Related Injuries and Identification of High-Risk Individuals in the United States. JAMA Dermatol 2017; 153:1114-1121. [PMID: 28813560 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Pubic hair grooming is a common practice that can lead to injury and morbidity. Objective To identify demographic and behavioral risk factors associated with pubic hair grooming-related injuries to characterize individuals with high risk of injury and develop recommendations for safe grooming practices. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study conducted a national survey of noninstitutionalized US adults (aged 18-65 years). The web-based survey was conducted through a probability-based web panel designed to be representative of the US population. Data were collected in January 2014 and analyzed from August 1, 2016, through February 1, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Grooming-related injury history (yes or no), high-frequency injuries (>5 lifetime injuries), and injury requiring medical attention. Results Among the 7570 participants who completed the survey (4198 men [55.5%] and 3372 women [44.5%]; mean (SD) age, 41.9 [18.9] years), 5674 of 7456 (76.1%) reported a history of grooming (66.5% of men and 85.3% of women [weighted percentages]). Grooming-related injury was reported by 1430 groomers (weighted prevalence, 25.6%), with more women sustaining an injury than men (868 [27.1%] vs 562 [23.7%]; P = .01). Laceration was the most common injury sustained (818 [61.2%]), followed by burn (307 [23.0%]) and rashes (163 [12.2%]). Common areas for grooming-related injury for men were the scrotum (378 [67.2%]), penis (196 [34.8%]), and pubis (162 [28.9%]); for women, the pubis (445 [51.3%]), inner thigh (340 [44.9%]), vagina (369 [42.5%]), and perineum (115 [13.2%]). After adjustment for age, duration of grooming, hairiness, instrument used, and grooming frequency, men who removed all their pubic hair 11 times or more during their lifespan had an increased risk for grooming injury (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.97; 95% CI, 1.28-3.01; P = .002) and were prone to repeated high-frequency injuries (AOR, 3.89; 95% CI, 2.01-7.52; P < .001) compared with groomers who did not remove all their pubic hair. Women who removed all their pubic hair 11 times or more had increased odds of injury (AOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.53-3.19; P < .001) and high-frequency injuries (AOR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.78-5.01; P < .001) compared with groomers who do not remove all their pubic hair. In women, waxing decreased the odds of high-frequency injuries (AOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.03-0.43; P = .001) compared with nonelectric blades. In total, 79 injuries among 5674 groomers (1.4%) required medical attention. Conclusions and Relevance Grooming frequency and degree of grooming (ie, removing all pubic hair) are independent risk factors for injury. The present data may help identify injury-prone groomers and lead to safer grooming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Truesdale
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, General Hospital, San Francisco
| | - E Charles Osterberg
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, General Hospital, San Francisco.,Department of Surgery, University of Texas Dell Medical School, Austin
| | - Thomas W Gaither
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, General Hospital, San Francisco
| | - Mohannad A Awad
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, General Hospital, San Francisco
| | - Molly A Elmer-DeWitt
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, General Hospital, San Francisco
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Isabel Allen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Benjamin N Breyer
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, General Hospital, San Francisco.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco
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Veraldi S, Schianchi R, Ramoni S, Nazzaro G. Pubic hair removal and Phthirus pubis infestation. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 29:103-104. [DOI: 10.1177/0956462417740292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Schianchi
- European Institute of Dermatology and Centro Dermatologico Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ramoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Épilation génitale intégrale : un rôle-clef pour le dermatologue dans la prévention des IST ? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:720-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vena GA, Cassano N. Molluscum contagiosum and pubic hair removal in male patients. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28:1360. [DOI: 10.1177/0956462417732650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gino Antonio Vena
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari and Barletta, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cassano
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari and Barletta, Italy
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Hodges AL, Holland AC. Prevention and Treatment of Injuries and Infections Related to Pubic Hair Removal. Nurs Womens Health 2017; 21:313-317. [PMID: 28784212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The 21st century has witnessed an increasingly prevalent trend of women removing their pubic hair. Body hair removal norms have changed significantly over the past several decades. Regardless of the motivation or technique behind pubic hair grooming, this trend is presenting a unique challenge for health care professionals with regard to health education about safe removal and treatment for associated injuries and infections. To provide appropriate education to women, nurses and other clinicians should be familiar with cultural norms, motivations, expectations, methods, dangers, best practices, and treatment options. They should be comfortable discussing grooming practices with women and be prepared to provide guidance on best practices. Women should also be made aware that pubic hair removal may put them at increased risk for transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
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Füeßl HS. [Not Available]. MMW Fortschr Med 2017; 159:36. [PMID: 28224527 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-017-9268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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