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Donaldson SI, Beard T, Dormanesh A, Pérez C, Escobedo P, Unger JB, Wipfli HL, Galimov A, Allem JP. Monitoring website marketing among leading e-cigarette brands and vendors in California: content analysis. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058000. [PMID: 37643863 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) brands and vendors use websites to promote pro-tobacco messages that may increase susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never users or help sustain continued e-cigarette use among current users. E-cigarette website marketing is lightly regulated, and little is known about promotional strategies used on e-cigarette companies' websites. This study conducted a content analysis of website marketing from leading e-cigarette companies selling products in California. METHODS This study identified 20 e-cigarette vendors and 6 e-cigarette brands that had products available for purchase online in California. Two coders visited 26 websites between 06 February 2022 and 17 April 2022. Websites were coded for marketing themes, promotional and interactive content, availability of flavoured e-cigarette products, presence of health warnings, and reference to tobacco control policies. RESULTS Marketing themes related to physical health benefits of e-cigarette use were found on 50.0% of the websites. 57.7% of the websites had sales/discounts/coupons. 65.4% of the websites had fruit-flavoured disposable e-cigarettes, while 73.1% of the websites had fruit-flavoured e-liquids available for purchase. 69.2% of the websites allowed users to sign up for email newsletters, and 88.9% of such websites did not require users to create an age-verified account to receive email newsletters. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study can be used to inform statewide regulations of promotional communications found on e-cigarette companies' websites and encourage enforcement of age-verification procedures. This may help reduce susceptibility to use, or continued use of, e-cigarette products among price-sensitive populations, such as adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott I Donaldson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Trista Beard
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Allison Dormanesh
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cindy Pérez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patricia Escobedo
- Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather Lynn Wipfli
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Artur Galimov
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jon-Patrick Allem
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Welwean RA, Stupplebeen DA, Vuong TD, Andersen-Rodgers E, Zhang X. Perspectives of licensed tobacco retailers on tobacco sales bans in Manhattan Beach and Beverly Hills, California. Tob Control 2022; 31:e213-e214. [PMID: 34799434 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Welwean
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David A Stupplebeen
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tam D Vuong
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Xueying Zhang
- California Tobacco Control Program, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
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Welwean RA, Andersen-Rodgers E, Akintunde A, Zhang X. Evaluating the Impact of Strong and Weak California Flavored Tobacco Sales Restriction Policies on the Tobacco Retail Environment. Am J Health Promot 2022; 36:687-696. [PMID: 35105227 DOI: 10.1177/08901171211068469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate success of local flavored tobacco (FT) policies in reducing availability of FT products in California. DESIGN Matched-jurisdiction cross-sectional design compared availability of FT at licensed tobacco retailers (LTR) in jurisdictions with and without such policies in 2013 and 2019. Flavor policy jurisdictions were split into strong and weak groups using Flavored Tobacco Policy Rating Rubric. SETTING 32 local California jurisdictions. SUBJECTS Final sample included 306 LTR in 2013 and 1441 LTR in 2019. LTR were classified as convenience store, liquor store, pharmacy, small market, supermarket, gas station booth, tobacco/vape product store, or other. MEASURES Retail availability of menthol cigarettes and flavored non-cigarette tobacco. ANALYSIS Logistic regression analysis including covariate (store type) determined whether differences existed in availability of FT in jurisdictions with and without FT policies. Percentage change assessed difference in proportion of retailers that sold FT in 2013 (i.e. before-policies-passed) and in 2019 (i.e. after-policies-became-effective). RESULTS Strong flavor-policy jurisdictions significantly differed from matched no-policy jurisdictions in availability of menthol cigarettes (OR = .04, 95% CI: .02-.08) and flavored non-cigarette tobacco (OR = .07, 95% CI: .05-.11). From 2013 to 2019, these jurisdictions experienced significant declines in menthol cigarettes (87.9% to 35.4%) and flavored non-cigarette tobacco sales (63.8% to 37.0%). CONCLUSION Strong FT sales restriction policies appear to be effective in reducing availability of FT, thereby creating a healthier retail environment in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Amuanyu Welwean
- Department of Epidemiology, 174610Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Adebayo Akintunde
- California Tobacco Control Program, 117025California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Xueying Zhang
- California Tobacco Control Program, 117025California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Stalgaitis CA, Djakaria M, Jordan JW. The Vaping Teenager: Understanding the Psychographics and Interests of Adolescent Vape Users to Inform Health Communication Campaigns. Tob Use Insights 2020; 13:1179173X20945695. [PMID: 32843842 PMCID: PMC7418471 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x20945695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescent vaping continues to rise, yet little is known about teen vape users beyond demographics. Effective intervention requires a deeper understanding of the psychographics and interests of adolescent vape users to facilitate targeted communication campaigns. Methods: We analyzed the 2017-2018 weighted cross-sectional online survey data from Virginia high school students (N = 1594) to identify and describe subgroups of adolescents who vaped. Participants reported 30-day vape use, identification with 5 peer crowds (Alternative, Country, Hip Hop, Mainstream, Popular), social prioritization, agreement with personal values statements, social media and smartphone use, and television and event preferences. We compared vaping rates and frequency by peer crowd using a chi-square analysis with follow-up testing to identify higher-risk crowds and confirmed associations using binary and multinomial logistic regression models with peer crowd scores predicting vaping, controlling for demographics. We then used chi-square and t tests to describe the psychographics, media use, and interests of higher-risk peer crowds and current vape users within those crowds. Results: Any current vaping was the highest among those with Hip Hop peer crowd identification (25.4%), then Popular (21.3%). Stronger peer crowd identification was associated with increased odds of any current vaping for both crowds, vaping on 1 to 19 days for both crowds, and vaping on 20 to 30 days for Hip Hop only. Compared with other peer crowds and non-users, Hip Hop and Popular youth and current vape users reported greater social prioritization and agreement with values related to being social and fashionable. Hip Hop and Popular youth and current vape users reported heavy Instagram and Snapchat use, as well as unique television show and event preferences. Conclusions: Hip Hop and Popular adolescents are most likely to vape and should be priority audiences for vaping prevention campaigns. Findings should guide the development of targeted health communication campaigns delivered via carefully designed media strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayo Djakaria
- Research Department, Rescue Agency, San Diego, CA, USA
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Shih RA, Rodriguez A, Parast L, Pedersen ER, Tucker JS, Troxel WM, Kraus L, Davis JP, D'Amico EJ. Associations between young adult marijuana outcomes and availability of medical marijuana dispensaries and storefront signage. Addiction 2019; 114:2162-2170. [PMID: 31183908 DOI: 10.1111/add.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated associations between the density of medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs) around young adults' homes and marijuana use outcomes. DESIGN Secondary data analysis. SETTING Los Angeles County, CA, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1887 participants aged 18-22 years, surveyed online in 2016-17. MEASUREMENTS Outcomes were past-month marijuana use (number of days used, number of times each day), positive expectancies and perceived peer use. Density was measured as the total number of MMDs and number of MMDs with storefront signage indicative of marijuana sales, within 4 miles of respondents' homes. FINDINGS Eighty-four per cent of respondents had 10 or more MMDs within 4 miles of their homes. Multiple linear regression analyses that adjusted for individual-level socio-demographic characteristics and neighborhood socio-economic status indicated that living near a higher number of MMDs was associated with greater number of days used in the past month [β = 0.025; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.001, 0.049; P = 0.04] and higher positive marijuana expectancies (β = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.007; P = 0.04). Living near more MMDs with storefront signage had a four- to six-fold larger effect on number of times used per day and positive expectancies, respectively, compared with associations with the total MMD count. Adjusting for medical marijuana card ownership attenuated the association with number of days used in the past month and positive expectancies, and an unexpected association emerged between higher MMD density and fewer number of times used each day (β = -0.005; 95% CI = -0.009, -0.001; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS For young adults in Los Angeles County, living near more medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs) is positively associated with more frequent use of marijuana within the past month and greater expectations of marijuana's positive benefits. MMDs with signage show stronger associations with number of times used each day and positive expectancies.
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Sussman S, Cruz TB, Smiley SL, Chou CP, Unger JB, Kintz N, Rodriguez YL, Barahona R, Lienemann BA, Pentz MA, Samet J, Baezconde-Garbanati L. Tobacco regulatory compliance with STAKE Act age-of-sale signage among licensed tobacco retailers across diverse neighborhoods in Southern California. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16. [PMID: 31321095 PMCID: PMC6637954 DOI: 10.18332/tid/91846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The California Stop Tobacco Access to Kids Enforcement (STAKE) Act requires licensed tobacco retailers to post minimum age-of-sale signage at the point of sale. This study investigated STAKE Act compliance in licensed tobacco retailers across four racial/ethnic communities in Southern California. METHODS The sample consisted of 675 licensed tobacco retailers (excluding chain store supermarkets and pharmacies) randomly selected based on zip codes from predominantly non-Hispanic White (n=196), African American (n=193), Hispanic/Latino (n=186), and Korean American (n=100) communities. A protocol for assessing signage was completed at each store by community health workers (promotoras de salud). The law changed from a minimum age of 18 to 21 years (Tobacco 21) during data collection, as of 9 June 2016. Differences in signage compliance were evaluated before and after changes in the State law. RESULTS Overall, 45% of the stores were compliant with posting the required age-of-sale signage (which varied in minimum age by date of collection); 14% of stores did not have any store interior age-of-sale signs, and 41% of stores had some type of age-of-sale sign but were not compliant with the STAKE Act (e.g. 29.5% of the stores had non-compliant tobacco industry We Card signs but not STAKE Act signs). Stores observed after the 2016 implementation of Tobacco 21 had significantly lower STAKE Act signage compliance rates (38.6%) compared to stores observed before the change in the State law (70.9%) (z=6.8623, p<0.001). The difference in STAKE Act sign compliance between stores located in AA communities (16.9%) and stores located in NHW communities (41.5%) observed within the first three months after the change in law was statistically significant (χ2(1)=20.098, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the need for prompt, educational outreach to licensed tobacco retailers on age-of-sale signage changes, multiple compliance checks, and enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Sabrina L Smiley
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Natalie Kintz
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Yaneth L Rodriguez
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Rosa Barahona
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Brianna A Lienemann
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Jonathan Samet
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati
- USC Tobacco Center for Regulatory Sciences in Vulnerable Populations, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
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Watson KA, Gammon DG, Loomis BR, Juster HR, Anker E. Trends in Cigarette Advertising, Price-Reducing Promotions, and Policy Compliance in New York State Licensed Tobacco Retailers, 2004 to 2015. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32:1679-1687. [PMID: 29566536 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118764852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the presence of licensed tobacco retailers (LTRs), cigarette advertisements, price-reducing promotions, and compliance with tobacco control policies in New York State from 2004 to 2015 and to discuss implications and lessons learned from 11 years of experience conducting LTR surveys. DESIGN Annual surveys of tobacco advertising from cross-sectional, stratified random samples of LTRs in New York State from 2004 to 2015 were conducted by professional data collectors. Data for 2013 were unavailable as the survey was not fielded in that year. SETTING New York State. PARTICIPANTS Licensed tobacco retailers, which are stores licensed to sell tobacco in the state of New York. Between 3.6% (n = 800) and 19.7% (n = 3945) of all LTRs were sampled annually. MEASURES The presence and number of cigarette advertisements and the presence of price-reducing promotions, required age-of-sale signage, and self-service tobacco displays were documented. ANALYSIS We tested for significant differences between 2014 and 2015 and significant trends overall and by outlet type. We used logistic regression for binary outcomes and Poisson regression for count variables. RESULTS The number of LTRs in New York State decreased 22.9% from 2004 (n = 25 740) to 2015 (n = 19 855). The prevalence and number of cigarette advertisements and the prevalence of cigarette price-reducing promotions decreased significantly over time. Compliance with posting required age-of-sale signs increased significantly from 2004 to 2015 and from 2014 to 2015. Compliance with the ban on self-service tobacco displays was consistently near 100%. CONCLUSION The tobacco retail environment in New York State improved substantially from 2004 to 2015. The implications of these findings for youth and adult smoking and the associated social costs are unknown; however, decreases in pro-tobacco marketing, decreases in the number of LTRs, and improvements in compliance are likely to have positive impacts on youth and adult smoking outcomes, such as reduced initiation and increased cessation, given previous research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Watson
- 1 Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Doris G Gammon
- 1 Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brett R Loomis
- 1 Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harlan R Juster
- 2 Department of Health, Bureau of Tobacco Control, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anker
- 2 Department of Health, Bureau of Tobacco Control, Albany, NY, USA
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Balappanavar AY, Mohanty V, Hussain A. Compliance with Tobacco Promotion and Sale Laws in School Neighbourhoods in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:563-570. [PMID: 28345846 PMCID: PMC5454759 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.2.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Regulation of sale of tobacco has given sufficient attention in India and little information exists about
the impact of bans near schools. Our study aim was to check the levels of tobacco promotion, advertising and sales
in school neighborhoods’ of Central Delhi. Methods: Using multistage random sampling 15 schools were selected
in Central Delhi. Areas 100 meters around each were mapped using a map tool and screened using a self designed
questionnaire consisting of 26 questions, both closed and open ended, to determine the details of outlets, sales of tobacco
and tobacco products, advertising, promotions, school roles, and children seeking tobacco. The data were subjected
to statistical analysis. Results: The response rate was 65%. Outlet licenses were present in only 6 (3.47%). The point
sale of tobacco was most frequently in tea stalls and a total of 173 (41.2%) outlets had some form of tobacco sale. The
brands of smokeless tobacco sold more were shikar (50%) and classic citrus (30%). Advertisement or promotion of
sales was mainly in the form of signs and displays (53%). Major schools did not have any no tobacco boards displayed.
Conclusion: Sale of tobacco continues in central Delhi with a lack of compliance with the rules of COPTA. The
implications of this non compliance in the Capital region is of major significance for the rest of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Y Balappanavar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India,For Correspondence:
| | - Vikrant Mohanty
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abrar Hussain
- 4th year BDS student, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Roeseler A, Hagaman T, Kurtz C. The Use of Training and Technical Assistance to Drive and Improve Performance of California’s Tobacco Control Program. Health Promot Pract 2016; 12:130S-43S. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839911419297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Control Program uses a social norm–change strategy to reduce the uptake and continued use of tobacco products. The statewide media campaign frames the message, community-level projects implement advocacy campaigns, and statewide-funded projects build the capacity of community-level projects. The California Tobacco Control Program’s technical assistance (TA) system has evolved over time because of changing needs, evaluation findings, and budget considerations. However, TA services continue to strategically align with four statewide policy priorities: to eliminate secondhand smoke exposure, to counter protobacco influences, to reduce the availability of tobacco, and to promote cessation services. TA is the engine powering social change across California by playing a key role in the uptake of a single policy to facilitating the adoption of hundreds of tobacco control policies statewide. The inclusion of expert and peer-to-peer TA models broadly disseminates both evidence-based and tacit community-based knowledge. Comprehensive TA also levels the playing field for organizations and communities to effectively implement policy interventions. Together these approaches accelerate change throughout California communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Roeseler
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tonia Hagaman
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Kurtz
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Rosenberg M, Ferguson R. Maintaining relevance: an evaluation of health message sponsorship at Australian community sport and arts events. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1242. [PMID: 25471254 PMCID: PMC4289268 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health message sponsorship at community sport and arts events is an established component of a health promotion settings approach. Recent increases in commercial sponsorship of sport and community events has swelled competition for consumer attention and potentially reduced the impact of health message sponsorship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate awareness, understandings and behavioural intentions of health messages promoted at sponsored community sport and arts events. Methods Interview and self-administered surveys were completed by 2259 adults attending one of 29 sport and arts events held in Western Australia between 2008 and 2013. The surveys measured participant awareness of the health message promoted at the event, as well as comprehension, acceptance and behavioural intention as a result of exposure to health messages. Results Awareness of the sponsored health message was 58% across all sponsored events, with high levels of comprehension (74%) and acceptance (92%) among those aware of the health message. Forming behavioural intentions was significantly related to the type of sponsored message promoted at the event, being female and over 40 years of age. Messages about sun protection and promoting mental health were the most likely to result in behavioural intention. Conclusions Health message sponsorship, at least within a comprehensive sponsorship program, appears to remain an effective health promotion strategy for generating awareness and behavioural intention among people attending sport and arts events. Remaining relevant within a modern sponsorship environment appears closely aligned to selecting health messages that promote behavioural action relevant to the sponsored event that are also supported by broader health promotion campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenberg
- Health Promotion Evaluation Unit, School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, (M408) 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, Western Australia.
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Lee JGL, Henriksen L, Myers AE, Dauphinee AL, Ribisl KM. A systematic review of store audit methods for assessing tobacco marketing and products at the point of sale. Tob Control 2014; 23:98-106. [PMID: 23322313 PMCID: PMC3849332 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over four-fifths of reported expenditures for marketing tobacco products occur at the retail point of sale (POS). To date, no systematic review has synthesised the methods used for surveillance of POS marketing. This review sought to describe the audit objectives, methods and measures used to study retail tobacco environments. METHODS We systematically searched 11 academic databases for papers indexed on or before 14 March 2012, identifying 2906 papers. Two coders independently reviewed each abstract or full text to identify papers with the following criteria: (1) data collectors visited and assessed (2) retail environments using (3) a data collection instrument for (4) tobacco products or marketing. We excluded papers where limited measures of products and/or marketing were incidental. Two abstractors independently coded included papers for research aims, locale, methods, measures used and measurement properties. We calculated descriptive statistics regarding the use of four P's of marketing (product, price, placement, promotion) and for measures of study design, sampling strategy and sample size. RESULTS We identified 88 store audit studies. Most studies focus on enumerating the number of signs or other promotions. Several strengths, particularly in sampling, are noted, but substantial improvements are indicated in the reporting of reliability, validity and audit procedures. CONCLUSIONS Audits of POS tobacco marketing have made important contributions to understanding industry behaviour, the uses of marketing and resulting health behaviours. Increased emphasis on standardisation and the use of theory are needed in the field. We propose key components of audit methodology that should be routinely reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. L. Lee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Allison E. Myers
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda L. Dauphinee
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Kurt M. Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Nagler RH, Viswanath K. Implementation and research priorities for FCTC Articles 13 and 16: tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship and sales to and by minors. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:832-46. [PMID: 23291641 PMCID: PMC3601914 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Article 13 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS), and Article 16 calls for prohibition of tobacco sales to and by minors. Although these mandates are based on sound science, many countries have found provision implementation to be rife with challenges. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the history of tobacco marketing and minor access restrictions in high-, middle-, and low-income countries, identifying past challenges and successes. We consider current challenges to FCTC implementation, how these barriers can be addressed, and what research is necessary to support such efforts. Specifically, we identify implementation and research priorities for FCTC Articles 13 and 16. DISCUSSION Although a solid evidence base underpins the FCTC's call for TAPS bans and minor access restrictions, we know substantially less about how best to implement these restrictions. Drawing on the regulatory experiences of high-, middle-, and low-income countries, we discern several implementation and research priorities, which are organized into 4 categories: policy enactment and enforcement, human capital expertise, the effects of FCTC marketing and youth access policies, and knowledge exchange and transfer among signatories. Future research should provide detailed case studies on implementation successes and failures, as well as insights into how knowledge of successful restrictions can be translated into tobacco control policy and practice and shared among different stakeholders. CONCLUSION Tobacco marketing surveillance, sales-to-minors compliance checks, enforcement and evaluation of restriction policies, and capacity building and knowledge transfer are likely to prove central to effective implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah H Nagler
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Frick M, Castro MC. Tobacco retail clustering around schools in New York City: Examining “place” and “space”. Health Place 2013; 19:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Widome R, Brock B, Noble P, Forster JL. The relationship of point-of-sale tobacco advertising and neighborhood characteristics to underage sales of tobacco. Eval Health Prof 2012; 35:331-45. [PMID: 22615496 DOI: 10.1177/0163278712447624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine how point-of-sale tobacco marketing may relate to sales to minors. The authors used data from a 2007 cross-sectional study of the retail tobacco marketing environments in the St. Paul, MN metropolitan area matched with a database of age-of-sale compliance checks (random, covert test purchases by a minor, coordinated by law enforcement) of tobacco retailers and U.S. Census data to test whether certain characteristics of advertising or neighborhoods were associated with compliance check failure. The authors found that tobacco stores were the most likely type of store to fail compliance checks (44% failure), supermarkets were least likely (3%). Aside from a marginally significant association with Hispanic population proportion, there was no other association between either store advertising characteristics or neighborhood demographics and stores' compliance check failure. Though our findings were null, the relationship between advertising and real youth sales may be more nuanced as compliance checks do not perfectly simulate the way youth attempt to purchase cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Widome
- VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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15
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Abstract
Evidence of the causal role of marketing in the tobacco epidemic and the advent of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have inspired more than half the countries in the world to ban some forms of tobacco marketing. This paper briefly describes the ways in which cigarette marketing is restricted and the tobacco industry's efforts to subvert restrictions. It reviews what is known about the impact of marketing regulations on smoking by adults and adolescents. It also addresses what little is known about the impact of marketing bans in relation to concurrent population-level interventions, such as price controls, anti-tobacco media campaigns and smoke-free laws. Point of sale is the least regulated channel and research is needed to address the immediate and long-term consequences of policies to ban retail advertising and pack displays. Comprehensive marketing restrictions require a global ban on all forms of promotion, elimination of packaging and price as marketing tools, and limitations on the quantity, type and location of tobacco retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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16
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Francis JA, Abramsohn EM, Park HY. Policy-driven tobacco control. Tob Control 2010; 19 Suppl 1:i16-20. [PMID: 20382645 PMCID: PMC2976507 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the passage of Proposition 99, California's comprehensive tobacco control programme has benefited from a localised policy adoption process that allows for the innovation and diffusion of strong local tobacco control policies throughout the state. METHODS The policy adoption continuum is described in the context of California's smoke-free workplace movement, and the influence of policy-driven tobacco control initiatives on social norms, behaviour and the public's health was examined. RESULTS The Smoke-free California policy adoption continuum reflects a general approach for policy innovation and diffusion that builds social acceptance and influences social norms, while minimising unintended consequences and creating best practices in tobacco control. California's local smoke-free workplace policies have reduced secondhand smoke exposure and supported attitude and behaviour changes. The effects of local policy adoption led to the nation's first statewide smoke-free workplace law. CONCLUSIONS Proposition 99 created an unprecedented tobacco control infrastructure that supported local policy innovation and diffusion to influence social norms and behaviours. Tobacco control policy efforts should address campaign challenges, oppose pre-emption and confront tobacco industry influence. Advocates must be cautious of pursuing a statewide policy prematurely, as it may result in a weak and/or pre-emptive policy that can stymie local policy efforts and prolong the adoption of a meaningful statewide policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Francis
- California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Control Program, PO Box 997377, MS 7206, Sacramento, California 95899-7377, USA.
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Rogers T. The California Tobacco Control Program: introduction to the 20-year retrospective. Tob Control 2010; 19 Suppl 1:i1-2. [PMID: 20382644 PMCID: PMC2976472 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.036293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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